Nanomaterials for Water Remediation: Inorganic Oxide Materials, Volume 2

Transcription

1 Contents 1 Mercury Removal onto Smart Materials Smart Materials General Characterisation Mercury Methods for its Removal and Determination Smart Materials used for Mercury Removal Nanometals and Nanooxides Carbon-Based Smart Materials Aluminosilicate-Based Smart Materials Smart Materials with a Magnetic Core Conclusions Nanometal Oxide Adsorbents for the Remediation of Heavy Metals in Water Introduction Adsorption onto Nanometal Oxides Synthesis, Preparation and Characterisation of Nanometal Oxides Nanoaluminium Oxide Nanocopper(II) Oxide Nanoiron Oxide Nanomanganese Oxide Nanonickel Oxide Nanotitanium Dioxide Nanozinc Oxide Nanoiron(III) Aluminium(III) Mixed Oxide Nanostrontium Hydroxyapatite/Magnetite ix

2 Nanomaterials for Water Remediation: Inorganic Oxide Materials, Volume Guar Gum Nanozinc Oxide Biocomposite Use of Nanooxides as Adsorbents for Heavy Metals Removal of Arsenic(III and V) Cadmium Chromium Lead Future Perspectives and Conclusion Nanoadsorbents for the Removal of Harmful Fluoride from Drinking Water Introduction Occurrence and Sources Effects on Human Health Methods of Defluoridation Membrane Techniques Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Dialysis and Electrodialysis Adsorption Technique Nanoadsorbents for Fluoride Removal Conclusions Characterisation of Natural Bentonite Materials and their Applications Introduction Chemical Composition of Materials Bentonite Smectite Group Clay Montmorillonite Material Structure Structure of Bentonite Octahedral Layer x

3 Contents Tetrahedral Layer Structure of Clay Structure of Montmorillonite Behaviour and Characterisation Models Physical and Chemical Properties Grain Size Grain Density Specific Surface Area and Charges Swelling Thermal and Hydraulic Conductivity Purification of Bentonite Materials Applications Applications in Industry Applications in Construction and Civil Engineering Adsorbents used for Impurity Removal Heavy Metal Impurities Inorganic Impurities Organic Impurities Pathogens Bentonite Materials as Catalysts Nanocomposite Materials Application of Bentonite Materials for the Removal of Pathogens, Nanocomposite Materials and Medical Implementations Summary and Future Direction Removal of Ammonium from the Aquatic Environment using Bentonite and its Modified Forms Introduction xi

4 Nanomaterials for Water Remediation: Inorganic Oxide Materials, Volume Adsorption of Ammonia and Ammonium from Water using Zeolites Bentonite as a Promising Adsorbent for Ammonia Adsorption Adsorption of Ammonia from Aqueous Solutions using Bentonite Adsorption of Ammonia from Aqueous Solutions using Modified Bentonite Adsorption of Total Ammonia Nitrogen from Aquaculture: A Case Study Future Direction for the Application of Bentonite in the Aquaculture Industry Conclusions Ion-Imprinted Thermosensitive Macroporous Cryogels for Heavy Metal Removal Introduction Materials and Methods Materials Preparation of Polymeric Hydrogels Prepolymer Complex of N-Methacryloyl-L- Cysteine with Cd(II) Ions Preparation of Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide-N- Methacryloyl-L-Cysteine)-Cd(II) Hydrogels Characterisation of the Hydrogels Temperature Dependence of Swelling Ratios Swelling Rate Fourier-Transform Infrared Characterisation Hydrogel Morphology Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis Adsorption and Desorption Studies Temperature-Dependent Adsorption Studies Desorption and Reusability Studies xii

5 Contents Selectivity Experiments Results and Discussion Preparation of Hydrogels Temperature Dependence of the Hydrogel Swelling Ratios Swelling Rates Fourier-Transform Infrared Characterisation Scanning Electron Microscopy Observation of Hydrogels Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis Adsorption Studies Adsorption Rate Effect of ph Adsorption Capacity Temperature-Dependent Adsorption Selectivity Experiments Desorption and Reusability Determination of Cd(II) Ions in a Certified Sample Conclusion Silver and Gold Nanoparticles for the Detection of Heavy Metals in Water Introduction Electrochemical Detection Colorimetric Detection Gold Nanoparticles for the Detection of Hg 2+, Pb 2+ and As 3+ in Water Electrochemical Detection Detection of Hg Detection of Pb Detection of As xiii

6 Nanomaterials for Water Remediation: Inorganic Oxide Materials, Volume Colorimetric Detection Detection of Hg Detection of Pb Detection of As Silver Nanoparticles for the Detection of Hg 2+, Pb 2+ and As 3+ in Water Electrochemical Detection Detection of Pb Detection of As Colorimetric Detection Detection of Hg Detection of Pb Detection of As Nanomaterials: Versatile Tools for Water Remediation Introduction Nanoremediation Process Classification of Nanomaterials as Nanoadsorbents Nanomaterials as Remediation Agents Metallic Nanoparticles Silver Nanomaterials Nanoscale Iron Nanoparticles Metallic Oxide Nanoparticles Titanium Dioxide-Based Nanoparticles Zinc Oxide-Based Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoparticles Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotubes Graphene-Based Nanoparticles Silicon Nanomaterials xiv

7 Contents Nanoclays Dendrimers Polymer-Supported Nanosorbents Nanofibres Other Nanomaterials Environmental Risk Conclusion Future Aspects Abbreviations Index xv

8 Nanomaterials for Water Remediation: Inorganic Oxide Materials, Volume 2 xvi