Phylogeny of Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Eudicots (or Tricolpates)

Transcription

1 Phylogeny of Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal eudicots Ranunculales Proteales Buxales Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Rosids Caryophyllales Asterids After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:

2 Phylogeny of Asterids Asterids Cornales Ericales Lamiids Campanulids Cornales Ericales Lamiids: Garryales Gentianales Lamiales Solanales Campanulids: Aquifoliales Apiales Dipsacales Asterales After APG, 2003; Judd and Olmstead, 2004, and Soltis et al., 2005

3 Synapomorphies for Asterids and Core Asterids Synapomorphies for Asterids: Iridoid compounds; Unitegmic ovules; Tenuinucellate ovules. Synapomorphies for Core Asterids (Lamiids + Campanulids): Gamopetalous corollas; A single whorl of stamens that alternate with the petal lobes; Epipetalous stamens; 2 fused carpels.

4 Ericaceae (Rhododendron family) Rhododendron macrophyllum (Pacific Rhododendron, WA State Flower)

5 Ericaceae (Rhododendron family) Textbook DVD WSJ Vaccinium corymbosum; Textbook DVD KRR & DLN The genus Vaccinium contains about 450 species, including blueberry, cranberry, huckleberry, etc..

6 Ericaceae (Rhododendron family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Gautheria shallon; Salal Cassiope tetragona Photo: Yaowu Yuan Cremation_Urn/urn_finished.jpg Menziesia ferruginea Photo: Yaowu Yuan Note the more or less pendulous flowers and the urn-shaped corolla.

7 Ericaceae (Rhododendron family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KMN Pieris japonica Vaccinium arboreum Note that the anthers often have spur- or awn-like appendages.

8 Ericaceae (Rhododendron family) Menziesia ferruginea Photo: Yaowu Yuan Note that anther opens by 2 terminal pores poricidal dehiscence.

9 Ericaceae (Rhododendron family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Kalmia latifolia Note that although corolla can be more spread and not urn-shaped, anther usually opens by terminal pores.

10 Ericaceae (Rhododendron family) Monotropa uniflora Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD KRR Monotropa hypopithys Ericaceae includes a mycoparasitic (holoparasitic) group, the monotropoids. In fact, the entire family is strongly associated with mycorrhizal fungi. Mycotrophic: nutritionally dependent on fungi underground, which, in turn are dependent on other green plants through mycorrhizal connection. It s a parasitic relationship, since there is no exchange from the Ericaceae plants; fungi obtain nutrients from nearby other plant roots.

11 Ericaceae (Rhododendron family) Ericaceae genera/4100 species, including Rhododendron, blueberry, etc.. Trees, shrubs, sometimes mycoparasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll. Leaves simple, often thick and leathery. Plants often mycotrophic. Flowers actinomorphic, but slightly zygomorphic in Rhododendron. perianths usually 5 parted; flowers more or less pendulous; corolla gamopetalous, often urn-shaped. Stamens (5-) 10; anthers poricidal with 2 terminal pores, sometimes with spur- or awn- like appendages; (stamens act like salt shaker (poricidal dehiscence often with flowers that are pendulous). Carpels 3-5, connate. Fruit a berry capsule, or drupe.

12 Polemoniaceae (Phlox family) Phlox sp. Photo: Yaowu Yuan

13 Polemoniaceae (Phlox family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Collomia sp. Ipomopsis aggregata Note the three stigma lobes; gamopetalous corolla with a narrow corolla tube.

14 Polemoniaceae (Phlox family) Polemonium reptans Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Note the three stigma lobes; 5 unequally inserted, epipetalous stamens; gamosepalous calyx (sepals are fused). Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Phlox subulata

15 Polemoniaceae (Phlox family) Polemoniaceae - 18 genera/380 species, most diverse in W North America. Herbaceous, sometimes slightly woody at base (as in some species of Phlox). Leaves simple, but compound in Polemonium. Flowers actinomorphic. perianths 5 parted; Calyx Gamosepalous (sepals fused); Corolla Gamopetalous, often forms a narrow corolla tube. 5 stamens, often unequally inserted on corolla tube. Ovary superior; Carpels 3, connate 3 conspicuous stigma lobes. Fruit a capsule.

16 Solanaceae (Potato or nightshade family) btopenworld.com/potato_1.jpg Solanum tuberosum uploads/2008/05/ulster-sceptre-flowers.jpg Solanaceae contains many important food crops, drug plants, and popular ornamentals. Nicotiana tabacum Textbook DVD WSJ

17 Solanaceae (Potato or nightshade family) Textbook DVD KRR Petunia hybrida Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD KRR Physalis ixocarpa; tomatillos Solanum lycopersicon Atropa belladonna; belladonna Textbook DVD KRR Datura metel; jimsonweed Capsicum frutescens; pepper

18 Solanaceae (Potato or nightshade family) Unlike other members of the Asterids, Solanaceae has alkaloids instead of iridoids as means of chemical defense. Alkaloids in various forms gives these plants various uses, including: Culinary (capsaicin = alkaloid in chilies, producing the hot flavor) Medicinal (atropine in belladonna) Narcotic (nicotine in tobacco) Hallucinogenic (various alkaloids in jimsonweeds) Poison (nightshade)

19 Solanaceae (Potato or nightshade family) Note from the previous images that Solanaceae flowers with 5 petals, strongly connate, forming a wheel-shaped, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular corolla, distinctly plicate (with fold lines). Solanum melongena (eggplant), showing the plicate corolla It also has 5 sepals that are connate and persistent, sometimes enlarging as fruit develops. Textbook DVD DLN Physalis ixocarpa; tomatillos Textbook DVD KRR Physalis alkekengi;

20 Solanaceae (Potato or nightshade family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Solanum spp. Photo: Yaowu Yuan The genus Solanum (more than 1000 species, 50% of the family) and a few related genera have wheel-shaped corolla, connivent anthers and anthers with terminal pores (see the next slide) what kind of pollination syndrome?

21 Solanaceae (Potato or nightshade family) Solanum sp.; showing the anther terminal pores Photo: Yaowu Yuan

22 Solanaceae genera/2510 species, including tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, eggplants, tomatillos, tobacco, belladonna, jimsonweed, petunia, etc.. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple, or sometimes lobed (e.g., tomato, potato). Presence of alkaloids. Flowers actinomorphic (some zygomorphic, but not in N. America). 5 connate sepals (sometimes enlarging as fruit develops); 5 strongly connate petals (lobes plicate, folded like a fan); 5 stamens, connivent in Solanum (50% of species in this family), with wheel-shaped flowers hanging down and anthers with terminal pores buzz pollination. Stigma capitate; Carpels 2, connate, ovary superior, axile placentation. Fruit a berry or capsule. Solanaceae (Potato or nightshade family)

23 Boraginaceae (Borage family) Not many members of this family have been used by humans. But it s a very prominent component of the flora of PNW. Textbook DVD DLN Myosotis sp.; forget-me-not

24 Boraginaceae (Borage family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Borago officinalis Note the hispid hair (stiff & prickly; rough to the touch); and the inflorescence as a helicoid or scorpioid cyme. Photo: Yaowu Yuan Symphytum officinale Scorpioid cyme Helicoid cyme

25 Boraginaceae (Borage family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Mertensiana virginica Cynoglossum amabile Textbook DVD WSJ Note the gynobasic style and the four parted ovary in fruit, the four schizocarps or nutlets. Gynobasic style: a style which is attached to the gynobase as well as to the carpels. Gynobase: an elongation or enlargement of the receptacle, as in the flowers of the Boraginaceae.

26 Gersten and Olmstead, unpublished data. Boraginaceae (Borage family)

27 Boraginaceae (Borage family) The Boraginaceae we teach here includes both the traditionally recognized Boraginaceae s.s. and Hydrophyllaceae. Both Boraginaceae s.s. and formerly Hydrophyllaceae have hispid hairs and helicoid (or scorpioid) cymes as inflorescences. synapomorphies for Boraginaceae s.l.. Difference in the gynoecium structure Ovary, 2 fused carpels: Boraginaceae s.s. with each carpel containing 2 ovules and being divided by a false septum into 2 distinct parts, forming a 4-parted ovary, each locule containing 1 ovule. Formerly Hydrophyllaceae with each carpel containing many ovules, and not being divided into 2 distinct parts. Style: Boraginaceae s.s. with a gynobasic style and capitate stigma. Formerly Hydrophyllaceae with a terminal, 2-forked style

28 Boraginaceae (Borage family) Boraginaceae genera/2650 species, prominent in the flora of PNW Herbs (all of ours), shrubs, or small trees (in tropics), occasionally root parasites Leaves alternate, usually with stiff hispid hairs. Flowers actinomorphic, 5 parted. Helicoid (or scorpioid) inflorescence; Corolla gamopetalous, plicate (with fold lines); 5 stamens; Carpels 2, connate, ovary superior, in Boraginaceae s.s. 4-parted, each locule with 1 ovule, and a gynobasic style; in formerly Hydrophyllaceae each carpel with many ovule and not 4- parted, and a terminal, 2-forked style. Fruit 4 nutlets (schizocarps) in Boraginaceae s.s. or a capsule in formerly Hydrophyllaceae.