Gene effects and heterosis in sunflower (Helianthis annuus L.)

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1 Agricultural Science Research Journal 5(4); pp , April 2014 Available online at ISSN: International Research Journals Full Length Research Paper Gene effects and heterosis in sunflower (Helianthis annuus L.) *Amin El Sir A. 1, Mohamed Y. M. 2, Abubaker A. Abdallah 1 1 Damazin Agricultural Research Station, P.O. Box 128 Damazin, Sudan 2 Gezira Agricultural Research Station, P.O. Box 126 Wad Medani, Sudan *Corresponding Author s aminalnosh@yahoo.com Abstract The experiment was carried out in two phases. The first one was the propagation of materials, this phase conducted during the summer and winter 2004/2005, respectively at Damazin Research Station Farm under rain fed conditions. The propagated materials were evaluated in summer 2005 at Gezira Research Station Farm (phase two), Wad Medani, Sudan. The objectives of this study were to determine the type of gene effects (gene actions) that controlled traits and degree of heterosis in sunflower. Data collected on plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, leaf area, stem diameter, head diameter, seed number / head, percentage of empty seed, percentage of filled seed, percentage of seed set, harvest index, 100 seed weight and seed yield / plant of two sunflower genotypes. Statistically, analysis of variance was used to analyze the collected data. Genetic analysis was applied by using generation mean analysis method (consisted of scaling test and component of generation means). Scaling test indicated that dominance dominance (l) type of non allelic gene interaction was controlled most of the traits under the study. Component of generation means indicated that dominant gene effect was controlled the most traits tested. The estimation of heterosis was highly significant (P>0.01) for most traits of sunflower in this study. Keyword: Gene, Heterosis, sunflower INTRODUCTION Cultivated sunflower belongs to the genus Helianthus. The Helianthus genus represents 82 species of which two are utilized as a food source (Heiser, 1978). The most important species for consumption is H. annuus L. This species is mainly produced for its oil, but also for bird feed, as a meal supplement for animal feed and for human consumption as confectionary kernels. The other species utilized as a food source is H. tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke) of which the tubers are consumed (Dorrel, 1978). In Sudan sunflower is a potential oil seed crop, the crop is grown in two seasons, as a summer crop under rainfed system and as a winter crop under irrigated system. Sunflower seed was the fourth largest source of oil worldwide following soybean, cotton seed and groundnuts. (FAO, 2005). Sunflower is one of three crop spices along with soybean and rapeseed which account approximately 78% of the world vegetable oil (Ahmed et al., 2005). The objective of sunflower breeding is to develop the high yielding hybrids with high oil quality or disease resistance (Dudhe et al., 2009). Application of suitable breeding program and selection involves to understanding the nature of heritability, genetic advance and association of crop traits. The information about gene effects including mean (m), additive and dominance gene effects (d and h) and the three types of non-allelic gene interactions, viz., additive x additive (i), additive x dominance (j) and dominance x dominance (I) is helpful in deciding breeding procedures to be adopted for the improvement of quantitative characters like yield (Singh and Singh, 1992). Based on the evaluated genetic parameters, selection in advanced generations might be effective for number of kernels per spike, kernel weight, fertile tillers number and grain yield, due to dominance and epistatic effects (Erkul et al., 2010). The objectives of the present study to identify the

2 58 Table 1. Values of A, B, C and D scales for sunflower yield and its components at Gezira Research Station Farm (GRSF), Wad Medani, Sudan, (summer 2005). Character Season A B C D Days to 50 % flowering S Plant height S 21.16* ** Days to maturity S * 2.2 Leaf area S Stem diameter S ** ** Head diameter S 7.07** ** 0.34 Seeds number / head S -297** ** 35 Percentage of empty seeds S 7.03* ** 4.96 Percentage of seed set S * Harvest index S * seed weight S 3.0** Seed yield / plant S 21.53** *, ** Significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively. model of gene action and heterosis for seed yield and its components in sunflower that could be help to found a good and efficient sunflower breeding strategies in Sudan by improved the characters mentioned which supports sunflower cultivation in Sudan. Materials and methods Field experiment was carried out during 2004/2005 (propagation and evaluation, respectively) at two sites, the first site was Damazin Agricultural Research Station Farm (Lat. 11º 47 N, long. 31º 21 E, 492 m asl), in cracking heavy clay soil. The chemical analysis of the top soil (0 20) and the sub soil (20 40 cm) of the site was as the follow PH(1:5 H 2 O) 7.0 and 7.3, total N (%) and 0.044, available P 3.9 and 3.9 mg/kg, exchangeable K, 0.63 and 0.59 cmol/kg, O. C.,0.593 and %, C/N ratio 14 and 13, respectively. The second site was Gezira Agricultural Research Station Farm (Lat. 14 º 24 N, Long. 33 º 29 E). The materials included six generations namely, P 1 (Velga-D), P 2 (NSH-111-D) developed at Gezira Agricultural Research Station, Sudan and F 1, F 2, BC 1 and BC 2 developed at Damazin Agricultural Research Station, Sudan. In 2004 during autumn the two parents P 1 and P 2 were crossed (a male sterility was made in P 2 (NSH-111-D) by using gibberelic acid (Seetharim, A. ; Ksuma, K. P., 1975) to produce F 1 progeny under rainfed conditions at Damazin Agricultural Research Station Farm. During the winter of 2004 / 2005 F 1 seed were planted, some of F 1 plants were backcrossed to parent P 1 (velga-d) and some to P 2 (NSH-111-D) to produce BC 1 of each parent. Some F 1 plants were self pollinated to obtain F 2 progeny of each parent at Damazin Agricultural Research Station Farm. The six generations were planted in July (autumn) 2005 for evaluation at Gezira Agricultural Research Station Farm. Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad Medani. Sudan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications, plot area was 13.5 m 2, spacing between rows was 0.75m and between plants was 0.3m. Irrigation was given when needed. No fertilizers applied. Data collected on plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, leaf area, stem diameter, head diameter, seed number / head, percentage of empty seed, percentage of filled seed, percentage of seed set, harvest index, 100 seed weight and seed yield / plant. The collected data were statistically analyzed. The genetic analysis carried out by using scaling test according to (Hayman and Mather, 1955) and component of generation means according to (Hayman, 1958). RESULT AND DISCUSSION Scaling test Results of scaling test are presented in (Table 1). The significance of C scale for days to maturity, head diameter, seed number / head, percentage of seed set and harvest index indicated that dominance dominance (l) type of non allelic gene interaction was controlled these traits. The significance of both C and D scales for stem diameter suggested that additive additive (i) and dominance dominance (l) type of non allelic gene interaction were controlled this trait. In other side the significance of D scale for plant height indicated that additive additive (i) type of non allelic gene interaction was controlled this character in sunflower. The non significance scales for days to 50% flowering, leaf area, 100 seed weight and seed yield / plant indicated the absence of non allelic types of gene interaction.

3 59 1- The significance of A and B scales indicates the presence of all the three types of non - allelic gene interactions, viz., additive additive (i), additive dominance (j), and dominance dominance (I). 2- The significance of C scale suggests dominance dominance (1) type of non - allelic gene interaction. 3- The significance of D scale reveals additive additive type of gene interaction, and significance of both C and D scales indicated additive additive and dominance dominance types of gene interaction. Component of generation means The genetic estimation by using Component of generation means (Table 2) indicated that there was no any significant of all types of gene effects for day to 50% flowering. This result in contrast with Gangappa et al., (1999) whom reported that additive gene effect was involved in the inheritance of this trait in sunflower. Also plant height was significant for all types of gene effects. This result in line with Marinkovic (1982) who reported that dominance gene effect most important for conditioning conventional height in conventional sunflower. Moreover, lay and khan (1985) have reported approximately 57 % of the total genetic variation controlling conventional height was due to dominance and 30% due to additive gene action. Also Gangappa et al., (1997) reported that dominance epistatic gene effect was also important in the inheritance of plant height. In other side result shows there was no any significant of gene effect types for days to maturity in summer, while there was a significant of dominance gene effect, additive gene effect and dominance x dominance gene effect for days to maturity in winter. These results agree with the findings of Jan (1986) who found that an early - ness was dominant over late - ness and was controlled by a single dominant gene, also with Singh - DP and Singh - SB (2000) have noticed that additive and non - additive were equally important for the inheritance of days to maturity. In both summer and winter there was no significant of all types of gene effect for leaf area, while significant of dominance gene effect and additive x additive gene effect indicated their importance in the inheritance of stem diameter in both summer and winter. This result supported by the work of Gangappa et al., (1997) they studied genetic architecture of yield and its component they found that both additive and dominance gene effects were equally important in the inheritance of stem diameter. Also in summer the estimation of dominance gene effect, and dominance x additive gene effect was significant for the inheritance of head diameter, but in winter the estimation of dominance gene effect and additive x additive gene effect was significant for the inheritance head diameter. This finding is in accordance with Gangappa et al., (1997) have noticed predominance of non- fixable genetic effect, dominance and dominance based epistatic gene effects (additive x dominance and dominance x dominance) were noticed for head diameter. However there was no any significant of gene effect for seed number / head in summer, whereas only dominance gene effect was significant for seed number / head in winter. These results agree with Rao and Singh (1977) have reported a large portion of total genetic variance controlling seed number / head due to the dominance. Also result shows that no significant of all types of gene effects for percentage of empty seeds and percentage of seed set in summer and winter was reported. Whereas there was no any significant of gene effect for seed weight in summer, but the dominance gene effect and additive x additive gene effect were significant in winter. These findings in line with putt (1966) and marinkovic and skoric (1985) they found both additive and non additive gene action were important in the inheritance of seed weight in moreover to Gangappa et al., ( 1997 ) have noticed that both additive and dominance were involved in the inheritance of seed weight. In other side the estimation of gene effect indicted only significant of dominance gene effect for seed yield / plant. These result supported by Gangappa et al., (1999) and Singh - DP and Singh - SB (2000) whom observed that seed yield / plant appeared to be under control of dominance gene effect. Heterosis The superiority of a hybrid in one or more characters over its parents is known as a heterosis. Measurements of heterosis over different environments provide use full information in the selection of lines or hybridization (Liage et al., 1969). The average of heterosis was calculated for all traits (Table 3). Heterosis varied from character to other. In both summer and winter heterosis was highly significant and positive (P>0.01) for seed yield /plant, seed weight, harvest index, percentage of empty seeds, head diameter, leaf area and plant height. Percentage of seed set had highly significant (P>0.01) and positive heterosis in winter, while it had a positive significant (P>0.05) heterosis in summer. Seed number / head and head diameter had appositive and highly significant (P>0.01) heterosis in summer and negative heterosis in winter. These results in agreement with Yilamaz and Emiroglu (1995) whom reported heterotic values of 27,8%, 65,7%, 24,75% to 40.36, 77.9%, and 30% to 73%, respectively for seed yield. Moreover Yilamaz and Emiroglu (1995) reported 20% to 77% heterosis for seed number / head. Sassikumar and Gopalan (1999) reported heterosis of 14.52% for 100 seed weight and 25.2% for head diameter. Stem

4 60 Table 2: Estimation of gene effects (m, d, h, i, j and l) on six parameters genetic model of Hayman (1958), for sunflower yield and its components at Gezira Research Station Farm (GRSF), Wad Medani, Sudan, (summer 2005). Character Season d H i j L Days to 50 % flowering S Plant height S 8.77* 63.7** 42.38** 10.49* ** Days to maturity S Leaf area S Stem diameter S ** 0.5** Head diameter S * * Seeds number / head S Percentage of empty seeds S Percentage of seed set S Harvest index S ** seed weight S Seed yield / plant S * *, ** Significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively d = additive gene effect, h = dominance gene effect, i = additive additive gene effect, j = additive dominance gene effect, l = dominance dominance gene effect. Table 3. Heterosis (H %) for sunflower yield and its components Station Farm (GRSF), Wad Medani, Sudan, (summer 2005). at Gezira Research Character Season H (%) SE ( + ) Days to 50 % flowering S Plant height S 15.75** 4.08 Days to maturity S Leaf area S 25.43** 13.7 Stem diameter S Head diameter S 67.42** 0.79 Seeds number / head S 7.63** 5.85 Percentage of empty seeds S 18.02** 1.54 Percentage of seed set S 0.34* 1.62 Harvest index S 44.51** seed weight S ** 0.57 Seed yield / plant S 78.36** 4.88 *, ** Significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively. diameter showed negative heterosis in both summer and winter, in other hand days to 50% flowering showed negative heterosis in summer and winter, this indicated to earliness in F1 population. Similar results reported by Radhika et al., (2001) whom observed that heterosis was positive for all characters except for days to 50% flowering. Generally, genotypes with early maturity habit are desirable. Conclusion The improvement of sunflower must be emphasized on development of a heterotic hybrid that can be achieved tapping the excellent combining ability and heterotic vigour available in the genetically diverse parental lines. The present study revealed that no reason to believe that only additive and dominance model was adequate in explaining the inheritance of all characters as evident from the significance of only one scale at least from the other three scales. This indicated the involvement of the other parameters such as digenic epistatic gene effect in the inheritance of these traits. Components of generation means showed that seed yield / plant and seed weight appeared to be predominantly under control of dominant gene effect in the two seasons. Therefore the recurrent selection which exploits on additive gene effect could be improved the seed yield and seed weight.

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