You are encouraged to answer/comment on other people s questions. Domestication conversion of plants or animals to domestic uses

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1 The final exam: Tuesday, May 8 at 4:05-6:05pm in Ruttan Hall B multiple choice questions for 150 points 50 questions from Lecture questions directly from the first two exams. Key for exam 1 and 2 are posted on the course website On next Thursday May 3 we will review for the exam. Please review Lecture and Exams 1 and 2 before next Thursday, and write down any questions you have in this google doc (log in with your UMN google account) mg-mat4favguk0dtbrkms1c/edit You are encouraged to answer/comment on other people s questions Domestication conversion of plants or animals to domestic uses Plants were domesticated in several regions around 10,000 years ago. The development of human civilizations is correlated with the development of agriculture Wheat, barley, pea, lentil ~ 13,000 years ago Rice, soybean ~ 9000 years ago Rice, bean ~ 8500 years ago Corn, squash, bean, potato ~ 10,000 years ago Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.: [Nature] Diamond, J. (2002). Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature 418: , copyright

2 Are there any crop being domesticated independently in different regions? Wild Domesticated Domesticated plants vs. their wild relatives Doebley et al

3 Lettuce leaf size/shape, fewer secondary compounds 3

4 Doebley et al Wild rice From the grass genus Zizania, not closely related to the cultivated rice Oryza Harvested from the wild by native Americans for centuries, and only recently being cultivated 4

5 Harvesting wild rice Does wild rice have shattering or non-shattering grains? Does wild rice ripen uniformly? Common characteristics of domesticated crops Increased reproductive investment with fruit or seed size Uniform ripening, no seed dormancy, uniform germination, annual life cycle. Loss of seed dispersal mechanisms (hairs, burrs etc.), non-shattering seed, non-dehiscent fruit. Most crops and their wild relatives are self-pollinating so that the crop breeds true and is genetically isolated from wild relatives. Improved palatability (sugar content, lower toxicity) 5

6 Selection of desired traits Planting seeds from good plants increased their representation in subsequent generations Natural variation within population Image courtesy of University of California Museum of Paleontology, Understanding Evolution - During maize domestication cob size increased Cobs from archeological sites in the Valley of Tehuacan, Mexico 7000 years ago 500 years ago Photo Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. All Rights Reserved. 6

7 The hard casings around many grains were eliminated through change in a single gene Teosinte, the wild relative of maize, has hard coverings over each grain. Humans selected against these during maize domestication Changes in teosinte glume architecture 1 (tga1), a transcription regulator à no hard casting Photo by Hugh Iltis; Reprinted from Doebley, J.F., Gaut, B.S., and Smith, B.D. (2006). The Molecular Genetics of Crop Domestication. Cell 127: , with permission 2013 American from Elsevier. Society of Plant Biologists Decrease in branching resulted from changes in another key gene Teosinte branched1 (Tb1): dictates difference in plant architecture Studer et al.,

8 The genetic basis of non-shattering Non-shattering is the hallmark of domestication in most seed crops because it renders a plant species primarily dependent on humans for survival and propagation It is often controlled by a small number of key genes Two genes play key roles in reduced shattering in cultivated rice Improved Green-Revolution plants dramatically increased crop yields Introduction of disease-resistant, semi-dwarf varieties through conventional breeding, fertilization, mechanization, and irrigation in the 1950s and 60s The green revolution turned countries from grain importers to grain exporters Source: FAO via Brian0918 8

9 The development of hybrid corn led to a big increase in yields A B x A A x B B The progeny of two genetically different parents often show enhanced growth this effect is termed hybrid vigor (also known as heterosis) Shull, G.H. (1909) A pure line method in corn breeding. Am. Breed. Assoc. Rep. 5, by permission of Oxford University Press. Side effects of domestication: domesticated plants are less fit in nature Prevent seed scattering à Non-bursting pods (peas) or non-shattering heads (grains) Eliminate germination Inhibition Nature: favors a reservoir of seeds in the soil that only a proportion of them germinate under favorite environmental conditions Agriculture: favors seeds that germinate quickly all at once Less secondary compounds to deter pests Changes in Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Self-fertilization 9

10 Genetic diversity: genetic differences within a species. Domestication resulted in genetic bottlenecks and loss of genetic diversity Genetic diversity in wild relatives is an important source for additional crop traits. Doebley et al Monoculture with uniform genetic background is susceptible to diseases and pests Genetic diversity in wild relatives encodes disease resistance genes and additional desirable traits. Crop improvement depends on maintaining genetic diversity. Locations of domestication contain the highest representation of wild relatives to crops. More than 4,000 varieties of native potatoes grow in the Andean highlands of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador 10

11 Example: Introgression of a disease resistance gene We want to add a disease resistance trait to an elite tomato plant. Elite tomato Poor tomato but disease resistant (resistance gene indicated) Example: Introgression of a disease resistance gene We cross the two plants. Some of their progeny inherit the disease resistance trait, some don t how can we tell the difference? Photo by Stephen Ausmus USDA 11

12 Example: Introgression of a disease resistance gene We can use markers to look at their DNA and identify those with the resistance gene. It s faster and easier than infecting them to see the phenotype Example: Introgression of a disease resistance gene Is this an elite, disease-resistant tomato? No, half of its genes are from the poor tomato 12

13 Example: Introgression of a disease resistance gene We have to repeatedly cross back to the elite tomato, using markers to identify plants with the disease resistance gene Example: Introgression of a disease resistance gene Markers greatly accelerate breeding programs After several generations, elite, disease resistant tomato 13

14 Svalbard Seed Vault in permafrost in Norway -18 C and limited oxygen hinders metabolism and delays seed aging. If power supply fails, permafrost will keep the surrounding temperatures cold 500 seeds per sample, currently around 1 million samples. 14

15 Lecture 26 Study Guide Domestication conversion of plants or animals to domestic uses. Many plants were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Some, such as rice and cotton, were domesticated independently by people in different regions. Common characteristics of domesticated crops: increased reproductive investment with fruit or seed size uniform ripening, no seed dormancy, uniform germination, annual life cycle. loss of seed dispersal mechanisms (hairs, burrs etc), non-shattering seed, non-dehiscent fruit. Non-shattering is often regarded as the hallmark of domestication in most seed crops because it renders a plant species primarily dependent on humans for survival and propagation Most crops and their wild relatives are self-pollinating, so that the crop breeds true and is genetically isolated from wild relatives. There are usually only a few genes necessary to convert a wild relative into a crop. Genetic diversity - genetic differences within a species. Domestication of crops occurs through selection and results in a genetic bottleneck in which only a portion of the genetic diversity available in the wild population is captured in the domesticated crop. This means that many important gene such as disease resistance genes need to be introgressed into crop varieties. What are characteristics of green revolution plants? these are generally semi dwarf varieties. Higher levels of fertilizer can be applied to these varieties and they are lodging-resistant (they are less likely to fall over if high fertilizer amounts are applied). The wild precursor to maize is teosinte. What is hybrid vigor? It is also known as heterosis. It is an increase in growth and yield when most genes are present in a heterozygous condition. This is achieved by crossing two inbred (homozygous) parents to obtain the hybrid seed. The Svalbard seed vault is a repository for plant genetic diversity that could be used to introduce wild genes into crop varieties. 15

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