Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses
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1 Conditions Affecting Herbicide Control of Grasses Candice Prince Aquatic Weed Control Short Course 2018
2 Grasses and Varying Environments Many problematic grasses are able to tolerate a wide variety of environmental conditions
3 Environment and Herbicide Efficacy Environmental conditions prior to, during, and after herbicide application affect efficacy Direct: absorption and translocation Indirect: growth and physiology From Tao et al. 2016
4 Control Salinity Drought Cold Heat American Phytopathological Society, 2018
5 Factors affecting herbicide efficacy Leaf traits affect how much herbicide is taken up by plants Ben Himme Cuticle width Leaf number and size Leaf angle From Tao et al Benjamin Cummings
6 Factors affecting herbicide efficacy Plants that are not actively growing may see limited translocation of systemic herbicides Photosynthetic rate Brian Hazell
7 Factors affecting herbicide efficacy Biomass can affect management success in rhizomatous species Jailisse Knowles Root to shoot ratios Regrowth potential Delaware Invasive Species Council Chis Evans, Bugwood.org
8 Fabian Menalled, Montana State University
9 Environmental Conditions Flooding Drought Salinity Light Climate
10 Forest and Kim Starr, Bugwood.org Flooding
11 Effects of Flooding Tolerance varies with species leaf area photosynthesis (can recover in flood tolerant species) May initially limit number of leaves exposed to herbicide applications
12 Shoot Biomass (g) Flooding Flooded conditions may limit herbicide efficacy in torpedograss (Quincy et al. 2018) Depth (cm) 0 30 a 40 a bc b bc b e cd de bc
13 Flooding Flooded conditions may limit herbicide efficacy in torpedograss Translocation issue? Greg MacDonald
14 Forest and Kim Starr, Bugwood.org Drought
15 Effects of Drought Ben Himme Benjamin Cummings Upright leaf angle photosynthesis, growth leaf area, leaf number leaf cuticle thickness Composition of cuticle can change more hydrophobic
16 Drought Water-stress has decreased efficacy of ACCaseinhibiting herbicides for certain grass species (Pereira 2010, Pereira et al. 2011) Goosegrass Plantain signalgrass John D. Byrd, Bugwood.org
17 Forest and Kim Starr, Bugwood.org Forest and Kim Starr, Bugwood.org Salinity
18 Effects of Salinity From Tao et al Tolerance varies with species photosynthesis, growth leaf area, leaf number leaf thickness root:shoot ratios Jailisse Knowles
19 Salinity Salinity decreased efficacy of glyphosate and imazapyr in torpedograss, not in phragmites (more salt tolerant) (Prince et al. 2018) Saline (15 ppt) Freshwater (0.7 ppt) Torpedograss treated with glyphosate (4 lb. a.i./a)
20 Salinity Torpedograss rhizome biomass 60 DAT with glyphosate
21 David J. Moorhead, Bugwood.org Nancy Loewenstein, Bugwood.org Light
22 Effects of Light From Tao et al Jailisse Knowles High light: photosynthesis leaf thickness and cuticle development Low light: leaf thickness leaf area leaf number photosynthesis root:shoot ratios
23 Light Shade has been shown to increase injury by contact herbicides (Mellendorf et al. 2015, Thompson and Nissen 2002) Higher light intensity may increase injury by systemic herbicides (Varanasi et al. 2016)
24 NASA 2015 Temperature and Climate Change
25 Effects of High Temperature Ben Himme cuticle permeability photosynthesis biomass leaf area Brian Hazell
26 Temperature Mixed effects, species dependent Increased effects in some grasses (johnsongrass, bermudagrass) increased absorption of herbicide (Jordan 1977; McWhorter and Azlin 1978) Decreased effects in others (large crabgrass, green foxtail), greater metabolism, volatilization of herbicides, or other changes (Smeda and Putnam 1990; Johnson and Young 2002)
27 Effects of CO 2 Ben Himme leaf thickness photosynthesis (C 3 species) root:shoot ratios Jailisse Knowles
![Height (cm) Climate Change Increased temperature and atmospheric [CO 2 ] may reduce herbicide efficacy in](/docs-images/86/93543026/images/28-1.jpg "certain grasses, like phragmites (Prince et al.")
28 Height (cm) Climate Change Increased temperature and atmospheric [CO 2 ] may reduce herbicide efficacy in certain grasses, like phragmites (Prince et al. 2017) Current Climate Conditions Climate Change Conditions
29 Take-Away: Consider the environmental conditions when planning, try to apply when growing conditions are ideal Flooding may decrease efficacy Drought may decrease efficacy Salinity may decrease efficacy Light depends on herbicide (contact vs. systemic) Temperature depends on species
30 Questions?
31 References Johnson, B.C., Young, B.G Influence of temperature and relative humidity on the foliar activity of mesotrione. Weed Science, 50: Jordan, T. N Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the toxicity of glyphosate to bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Weed Science, 25: McWhorter, C. G., Azlin, W. R Effects of environment on the toxicity of glyphosate to johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and soybeans (Glycine max). Weed Science, 26: Mellendorf, T.G., Young, J.M., Matthews, J.L., Young, B.G Influence of application variables on the foliar efficacy of saflufenacil on horseweed (Conyza canadensis). Weed Science, 63: Pereira, M.R.R., Efeito de herbicidas sobre plantas de Brachiaria plantaginea submetidasa estresse hı drico. Planta Daninha, 28: Pereira, M.R.R., Souza, G.S.F., Martins, D., Melhoranc a Filho, A.L., Klar, A.E., Respostas de plantas de Eleusine indica sob diferentes condic o es hı dricas a herbicidas inibidores da ACCase. Planta Daninha, 29: Prince, C.M., MacDonald, G.E., Erickson, J.E Phragmites australis management in Florida under climate change conditions. Presentation for the Florida Weed Science Society Annual Meeting. Haines City, Fl. Prince, C.M., MacDonald, G.E Effects of salinity on herbicide efficacy for two grass species. Presentation for the Florida Weed Science Society Annual Meeting. Haines City, Fl. Quincy, K., Enloe, S., Netherland, M The influence of water depth on herbicide efficacy for torpedograss (Panicum repens). Presentation for the Florida Weed Science Society Annual Meeting. Haines City, Fl. Smeda, R.J., Putnam, A.R Influence of temperature, rainfall, grass species, and growth stage on efficacy of fluazifop. Weed Technology, 4: Thompson, W.M., Nissen, S.J Influence of shade and irrigation on the response of corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) to carfentrazone-ethyl. Weed Technology, 16: Varanasi, A., Prasad, P.V.V., Jugulam, M Impact of climate change factors on weeds and herbicide efficacy. Advances in Agronomy, 15:
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