CSU Insect Information Web Site

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1 This presentation will be saved on the CSU Insect Information Web Site Search BSPM CSU * Click on Extension and Outreach Click on Insect Information * Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management

2 Colorado Insect Update 2014 RMRTA Conference and Trade Show Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University

3 Finally It is done! Latest revision of Bulletin 506A Cost: $40 Available through the CSU University Resource Center Copy also at the Silent Auction!

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5 Some RM Insects of Interest Insects on the Move Emerald ash borer European elm flea weevil Banded elm bark beetle Spottedwing drosophila Japanese beetle Insects/Diseases Acting Badly Pine needle scale European elm scale Pine wilt nematode

6 Photograph by Steven Valley What We Can Learn from the Colorado Emerald Ash Borer Situation Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University

7 that develops in ash trees (Fraxinus species) Emerald ash borer (EAB) is a green-colored beetle.

8 and is Native to Asia

9 Emerald ash borer was accidentally introduced into and has since spread through North America

10 Known distribution November 2014 Known distribution June 2010 Emerald ash borer has spread rapidly across North America

11 Emerald ash borer is devastating to all species of ash that are native to North America Green ash White ash

12 Dutch elm disease Devastated American elm in mid century. Caused by a fungus, vectored by a bark beetle Chestnut blight Devastated American chestnut in early 1900s, caused by a fungus

13 EAB Will Kill All Unprotected Ash These trees can t be saved. They are already dead. 13

14 EAB Invasion Wave and Protection Needs Percentage of Maximum 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Management Phase Aggressive Maintenance Affected Ash EAB Time (Years) Cusp Crest Post Crest * Assumes doubling of affected ash and EAB yearly during growth

15 Colorado EAB Tree #1 (September 2013) Located near the intersection of 30 th and Valmont, Boulder Suspected area of original introduction is a couple miles to the south

16 Present distribution of EAB in North America

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21 Example for discussion: Let s assume that the area of Boulder within the circle is the limit of current infestation

22 Main Points About Emerald Ash Borer in Colorado Known infestation presently confined to areas within Boulder City limits In time will spread throughout South Platte drainage Other areas of the state are at no greater risk than before detection Treatments are available that will protect individual trees Each treatment option involves decisions balancing costs, environmental hazards, effectiveness and ease of application

23 The current infestation is an infestation of the South Platte River drainage, not the State of Colorado Unlike states to the east, Colorado is highly compartmentalized due to its geography

24 Within the next five years, emerald ash borer will move out of Boulder into the surrounding counties

25 Over time the South Platte River Drainage will be colonized by emerald ash borer??

26 Most of Colorado is no more nor less at risk of infestation by Emerald Ash Borer EAB will be a problem due to Boulder infestation No change in Risk

27 How far away is emerald ash borer from your community?

28 How far away is emerald ash borer from your community? One truckload

29 Decreasing risk Highest Risk in 2015 Decreasing risk

30 EAB Risk Zone Maps Located at the eabcolorado.gov site maintained by the Colorado Department of Agriculture Provides regionally adapted guidelines for EAB recommended practices in upcoming year based on present known distribution

31 eabcolorado.gov Risk Zone Link

32 EAB Risk Zones Zone 1 Area within 5 miles of all presently known locations of EAB in Colorado Zone 2 Area that is presently under quarantine due to EAB detections (i.e., Boulder County) Zone 3 Area that will eventually be affected by presently known infestation (South Platte drainage) Zone 4 Area outside South Platte Drainage and unlikely to be infested through natural spread

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34 EAB Risk Zones Zone 1 Area within 5 miles of all presently known locations of EAB in Colorado

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36 Highest Risk Zone for 2015 Definition: Areas are presently known to be infested by emerald ash borer or that have good likelihood of having some emerald ash borer within the near vicinity in Area presently affected (November 2015): The nine, milesquare quadrants within the City of Boulder where EAB has been detected and areas up to 5 miles from these areas.

37 EAB Risk Zones Zone 1 Area within 5 miles of all presently known locations of EAB in Colorado Zone 2 Area that is presently under quarantine due to EAB detections (i.e., Boulder County) Zone 3 Area that will eventually be affected by presently known infestation (South Platte drainage) Zone 4 Area outside South Platte Drainage and unlikely to be infested through natural spread

38 EAB Risk Zone 2 The Quarantine Zone that encompasses the entire county* within which EAB has been detected * Plus some areas of Jefferson, Weld and Larimer Counties that include landfills used by Boulder County

39 EAB Risk Zones Zone 1 Area within 5 miles of all presently known locations of EAB in Colorado Zone 2 Area that is presently under quarantine due to EAB detections (i.e., Boulder County) Zone 3 Area that will eventually be affected by presently known infestation (South Platte drainage) Zone 4 Area outside South Platte Drainage and unlikely to be infested through natural spread

40 EAB Risk Zone 3 The South Platte Drainage

41 EAB Risk Zones Zone 1 Area within 5 miles of all presently known locations of EAB in Colorado Zone 2 Area that is presently under quarantine due to EAB detections (i.e., Boulder County) Zone 3 Area that will eventually be affected by presently known infestation (South Platte drainage) Zone 4 Area outside South Platte Drainage and unlikely to be infested through natural spread

42 How far away is emerald ash borer from your community? One truckload

43 Detecting Emerald Ash Borer

44 The presence of the insect is a positive detection Detecting Emerald Ash Borer in Colorado

45 Local Flatheaded borers of similar appearance to the EAB Cypriacus intricata Buprestis confluenta Agrilus cyanescens Agrilus lacustris

46 Also on RamCT homepage Web Links

47 Colorado hosts many metallic colored beetles that may be mistaken for emerald ash borer

48 Other wood boring insects can be found in ash trees

49 Emerald ash borer does not equal Lilac/Ash Borer! Lilac/ash borer, a clearwing borer moth Emerald ash borer, a metallic wood borer/ flatheaded borer

50 Emerald ash borer is a wood boring beetle in the family B Emerald ash borer Agrilus plannipennis Photograph by Debbie Miller Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Buprestidae (metallic wood borers, flatheaded borers) Photograph by David Cappaert

51 Lilac/Ash Borer Podosesia syringae Order: Lepidoptera (Moths and butterflies) Family: Sesiidae (Clearwing borers)

52 Emerald ash borer larvae create meandering tunnels in the cambium that produce girdling wounds. Note: Attacks can occur throughout the crown and on the trunk of the tree. Photograph by Eric Day

53 Lilac/ash borer larvae create irregular gouging wounds that extend often into the heartwood. Photograph by David Cappaert Attacks are concentrated at the lower trunk of the tree

54 EAB adults chew through the bark, producing D-shaped exit holes

55 Extruded pupal skin Lilac/ash borer emerges from irregularly round holes. The pupal skin is pulled out when the adult emerges. through irregularly

56 EAB likely will emerge sometime in mid-late May. Photograph by David Cappaert Most eggs will be laid in June, into July Photograph by Dan Herms

57 After emergence emerald ash borer adults feed on ash foliage for a period of weeks and eggs mature.

58 Adult stages of the lilac ash borer do not feed on any parts of the ash tree. Male flying to a pheromone trap Adults of the lilac/ash borer are present in mid-late spring. Most eggs are generally laid in May through early June.

59 Eggs of both species are laid on the bark of the host tree EAB egg Clearwing borer eggs

60 Damage potential to its host 2, maybe 3 Lilac/ash borer has far lower ability to seriously damage its host

61 Damage potential to its host 10 EAB now defines an aggressive tree killing insect in North America.

62 Controls EAB vs. Lilac Ash Lilac ash borer Borer Trunk sprays timed to kill young larvae on trunk (egg laying egg hatch period) Emerald ash borer Systemic insecticides Soil applied Trunk sprays Trunk injections

63 Detecting emerald ash borer in ash trees EAB adults chew through the bark, producing D-shaped exit holes

64 Meandering tracks under the bark of ash always indicate some flatheaded borer. They will almost always indicate emerald ash borer. Detecting emerald ash borer in Colorado ash

65 Flatheaded appletree borer A generalist flatheaded borer/metallic wood borer that is associated with many hardwood that are in decline

66 Flatheaded appletree borer larvae produce dry, powdery sawdust excrement

67 Flatheaded appletree borer larvae and pupae occur under the bark

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71 Flatheaded appletree borer also produces a D-shaped exit hole when it emerges from an ash tree

72 Ash bark beetles An important contributor to limb dieback in Colorado ash

73 Ash bark beetles usually are found in limbs but can occur in the trunk

74 Redheaded ash borer Two roundheaded borers/ longhorned beetles occasionally occur in ash trees in advanced decline Banded ash borer

75 What to Do in 2015? Boulder area residents in Risk Zone One area need to make EAB treatment decisions now Everyone in Colorado should renew vigilance in detection of EAB infestations Communities within the South Platte drainage need to make long-term plans for EAB management now Revisit the Colorado situation this time next year (and every year)

76 Entertaining visitors from the East this year? Tell them you will provide all the firewood they need.

77 Insecticide treatments Host plant resistance Not applicable Control Options for Management of Emerald Ash Borer Biological controls Potential value, minor during outbreak, perhaps greater after EAB wave

78 Emerald Ash Borer Control Options Soil applications with systemic insecticides imidacloprid, dinotefuran Non-invasive trunk sprays of systemic insecticides dinotefuran Trunk injections of systemic insecticides Emamectin benzoate (TREE-Age, Arbormectin), azadirachtin (TreeAzin), imidacloprid

79 Adults as they feed on foliage Target Life Stages for EAB Treatments Young larvae that tunnel in the phloem and cambium

80 Important note regarding EAB control Present controls can allow trees to recover if EABinduced crown thinning has not exceeded 30-50%

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82 Smitley, Davis and Rebek Progression of ash canopy thinning in Southeast Michigan. J. Econ. Entomol. 101:

83 Emerald Ash Borer Insecticides Imidacloprid (Merit, Xytect, Criterion, etc.) Soil drench, possible trunk injection Dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam, Transtect) Basal trunk spray, possible soil drench Emamectin benzoate (TREE-Age, Arbormectin) Trunk injection only Azadirachtin (TreeAzin) Trunk injection only

84 Soil Treatment Options for Imidacloprid EAB Merit, Mallet, Xytect, Criterion, Zenith, Bandit 75WSP and 2F formulations Several retail formulations now available Typically 1.47% liquid formulations Dinotefuran Safari, Zylam, Transtect

85 Soil application option imidacloprid applied as drench or injection

86 Over-the- Counter Imidacloprid Formulations

87 Primary method of imidacloprid application soil applications for root uptake

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89 Optimal Application Soil drench within inches of the Trunk Yes No?

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93 Injections can be very useful to bypass mulch or fabric barriers Injections also prevent the presence of surface residue of the applied insecticide

94 Soil applications of systemic insecticides should not be made if there are flowering plants at site insecticides are applied!!

95 Fall Application vs. Spring What are the Trade-offs with Application Fall Applications vs. Spring Applications?

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97 Take home message to me: Spring applications are more efficient in the use of soil applied imidacloprid than are fall applications to ash (a deciduous tree)

98 Pollinators and Systemic Treatments

99 Another consideration with fall vs. spring applications of systemic insecticides? Will affect the insecticide residue levels during flowering

100 Neonicotinoids and Pollinators Should we be concerned about their use on landscape plants?

101 Some Neonicotinoid Insecticides Used for Woody Plants Imidacloprid (Merit, Criterion, Zenith, Marathon, many generics) Clothianidin (Arena) Thiamethoxam (Flagship, Meridian) Dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam, Transtect) Acetamiprid (Tristar)

102 Recent Developments Affecting Neonicotinoids and Pollinators Description of several new sublethal effects of neonicotinoids on honey bees Deleterious behaviors Effects on susceptibility to other stressors Studies showing presence of neonicotinoids in plants is more widespread than previously known Agricultural uses as seed treatment primarily Chlothianidin mostly involved Better understanding that some insecticide is translocated into pollen and nectar

103 2013 Oregon Bumble Bee Kills Involved use of dinotefuran, applied shortly before bloom. Treatment timing produced high residues during bloom.

104 June 2014 Gardeners Beware 2014: Bee Toxic Pesticides Found in Bee Friendly Plants Sold at Garden Centers Across the U.S. and Canada Copyright June 2014 by Friends of the Earth Report Summary: Plants were purchased from retail nurseries, including Home Depot, Lowe's, Walmart, and Orchard Supply Hardware in 18 cities across the U.S., as well as three provinces in Canada. They then sent the plants off to a laboratory to measure the presence and concentration of pesticides in the greenery. Testing showed that 51 percent of store bought plants had levels of a group of harmful pesticides known as neonicotinoids that were high enough to kill honey bees, bumble bees, and other pollinators "outright."

105 Gardeners Beware Report

106 Neonicotinoids and Pollinators Should we be concerned about their use on landscape plants? Absolutely Yes!

107 Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides and Honey Bees Targets for Concern Plant is visited heavily by honey bees Plant is common in a location so many honey bees are visiting it Plant is treated often with soil applied systemic insecticides for some pest insect

108 Honey Bee Flowering Plant Evaluation Evaluate the relative use of flowering plants by honey bees (and other bees) Identify plants heavily used by honey bees Identify plants not visited/used by honey bees

109 Top Plants Visited by Honey Bees include: Blue mist spirea Cleome (bee plant) Agastache foeniculum Penstemon eatonii Ocimum (basil) Nepeta Aster novae-angliae Sedum spectabile Cotoneaster Allium tangitucum

110 Key risk for use of neonicotinoid (and other) insecticides to turfgrass Application to flowering weeds

111 Published Sept. 2014

112 >50 total species collected

113 Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides and Honey Bees Targets for Concern Plant is visited heavily by honey bees Plant is common in a location so many honey bees are visiting it Plant is treated often with soil applied systemic insecticides for some significant pest insect

114 Linden A clear place where honey bees and insect management intersect in Colorado

115 Paul Wray photograph Tilia spp. (basswood, linden) are excellent sources of nectar for honey bees!!!

116 Some Insecticide Applications with Potential High Risk to Pollinators Applications to lindens before or during flowering Linden aphid, Japanese beetle Hawthorn mealybug applications to plant before or during flowering Japanese beetles on plants that are flowering or will be flowering Rose, linden, several vines,

117 Hawthorn Mealybug Mature females on twigs Leaf feeding stages in early summer Overwintering forms in bark cracks

118 Rose Favored Japanese beetle hosts include: Virginia creeper Linden

119 Mow lawns prior to application Use less hazardous products in risky sites Reducing risk of turfgrass insecticides to pollinators

120 Pollen Study

121 Some Researchable Questions about EAB and its Management How effective are available chemical controls? How well do ash trees in Colorado close wounds made by trunk injections? Are residues of EAB insecticides a risk to non-target species?

122 Some Researchable Questions about EAB and its Management How effective are available chemical controls? How well do ash trees in Colorado close wounds made by trunk injections? Are residues of EAB insecticides a risk to non-target species?

123 Do honey bee-visited plants include: Ash???

124 Pollen Study Overall Goal: Determine what types of pollen are and are not being used by honey bees in urban/residential areas of Colorado. Used to identify useful pollen sources to incorporate into landscape plantings Used to identify plants where use of pesticides may increase hazard to pollinators

125 Study started in 2014 Survey of pollen collected by honey bees Question to answer: What are the important pollen sources used by honey bees in Colorado?

126 Last April, seven beekeepers placed a pollen trap on their hives. Locations were Boulder (2), Longmont (1), Fort Collins (3) and Loveland (1) A sample of the collected pollen was taken one day a week through the spring and summer.

127 The pollen trap knocks off the pollen loads of honey bees as they return to the hives

128 Rasha Al-Akeel The samples are now being separated by type, identified, and weighed to determine the percentage of pollen types collected each week.

129 Among wind pollinated trees, Acer (maples, boxelder) and Salix (willow) can be very important early season sources of pollen Early results from April, May Samples

130 Neonicotinoids and Pollinators: Bottom Line Avoid applications to plants that bees visit that are in bloom or soon will be in bloom

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132 Another consideration with fall vs. spring applications of systemic insecticides? Applications of insecticides after bloom will produce lower risk of exposure to pesticides that may migrate into pollen, nectar

133 Soil drench with dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam, Transtect)

134 Basal trunk spray with dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam, Transtect)

135 Relative Water Solubility of Neonicotinoids: Water Solubility (Active Ingredient) Clothianidin Imidacloprid Acetamiprid Thiamethoxam Dinotefuran 0 Information sources Clothianidin (Celero), Acetamiprid (Tristar), Dinotefuran (Safari) EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet Imidacloprid (Marathon), hiamethoxam (Flagship) MSDS for Products Slide information courtesy J. Chamberlin

136 Dinotefuran 26 Thiamethoxam K oc Values of Neonicotinoids: Acetamiprid Imidacloprid Clothianidin Source Data: EPA Pesticide Fact Sheets

137 Basal Trunk Sprays of Dinotefuran Enters tree through thin areas of bark Can be expected to reach peak levels in foliage in about 2-3 weeks Adjuvant? May help some to increase deposition into trunk fissures, slow drying

138 Trunk Injections

139 Imidacloprid can be trunk injected for EAB Control but not its niche for this insect

140 Trunk injection with emamectin benzoate (TREE-age, Arbormectin)

141 Target pests of emamectin benzoate (TREE age) trunk injections Flatheaded borers Roundheaded borers

142 Adults as they feed on foliage Young larvae that tunnel in the phloem and cambium TREE-age has consistently provided two years of control of EAB

143 Target pests of emamectin benzoate (TREE age) trunk injections Clearwing borers Bark beetles

144 Trunk injection with azadiractin (TreeAzin) Some efficacy and tree wounding issues are unresolved at present

145 Azadirachtin indica, the source of neem Active ingredient of neem seed extracts: azadirachtin

146 Target pests of TreeAzin trunk injections Flatheaded borers Leaf feeding caterpillars Elm leaf beetle Sawflies

147 All Systemics Need Water Soil drench Trunk sprays Trunk injection Water carries the pesticide

148 Conditions Optimizing Uptake and Distribution of Systemic Insecticides Soil is moist (but not saturated!) Soil temperatures are above 45 0 F Ambient air temperatures are between F In other words, conditions are most favorable to transpiration.

149 Some Researchable Questions about EAB and its Management How effective are available chemical controls? How well do ash trees in Colorado close wounds made by trunk injections? Are residues of EAB insecticides a risk to non-target species?

150 EAB Control Trial Spruce Street Site TREE-Age, every other year TreeAzin, every other year TreeAzin, every year Azasol, every year Untreated Check

151 EAB Control Trial CU Campus Site TREE-Age, every other year Greyhound, every year TreeAzin, every year

152 Trunk Injections Produce Wounds Tissue discoloration from drilling Old AceCap Injection in Cottonwood

153 Concerns - Trunk Wounding and Injections Wounding will have to occur annually every other year Relatively slow growth of regional ash may result in slow wound closure

154 Good News: There is reported good incidence of wound closure from injections in the MidWest wound closure rates are strongly dependent on tree health as expressed by ring growth. Problem? Ash trees in the western states grow much slower than in the Midwest and have much lower rates of ring growth

155 Some Researchable Questions about EAB and its Management How effective are available chemical controls? How well do ash trees in Colorado close wounds made by trunk injections? Are residues of EAB insecticides a risk to non-target species?

156 Study Sites for Wound Closure Boulder Cemetary Site (trees slated for removal, idissection) CSU Campus (trees slated for removal, dissection) External measurements at other study sites (Spruce Street, CU Campus)

157 This presentation will be saved on the CSU Insect Information Web Site Search BSPM CSU * Click on Extension and Outreach Click on Insect Information * Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management

158 Finally It is done! Latest revision of Bulletin 506A Cost: $40 Available through the CSU University Resource Center

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