PHENOLOGY AND GROWTH OF TWO GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGEA L) GENOTYPES AT ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp. 1088 1095, Article ID: IJCIET_08_07_115 Available online at http:// http://www.iaeme.

1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_07_115 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed PHENOLOGY AND GROWTH OF TWO GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGEA L) GENOTYPES AT ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION Manjula.O, M. Srimurali Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India M. Vanaja, P Vagheera Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santosh Nagar, Hyderabad, India ABSTRACT The groundnut is one of the important oilseed crops of tropical and semiarid tropical countries, which provides a major source of edible oil and vegetable protein. It is a self-pollinated crop whereby flowers are produced above ground and after fertilization, pegs move towards the soil and seed-containing pods are formed and developed underneath the soil. Two popular groundnut genotypes in Andhra Pradesh, India i.e., Dharani and K-9 were selected to evaluate their growth and flowering pattern at ambient (398ppm) and elevated (550ppm) CO2 conditions in the Open Top Chamber (OTC) facility. Higher number of flowers at elevated CO2 (eco2) was recorded with both genotypes at 60 DAS as compared to ambient CO2 (aco2) and increase was 158% in K-9 and 80% in Dharani. The morphological and biomass parameters such as plant height, number of branches, root length, root volume, leaf number, leaf area, flower number, dry weights of shoot, root and leaf were higher at eco2 with both genotypes, however the magnitude of response differed. Key words: Dharani, Elevated CO2, Flower number, Genotypes, Groundnut Cite this Article: Manjula.O, M. Srimurali, M. Vanaja and P Vagheera, Phenology and Growth of Two Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea L.) Genotypes at Elevated Atmospheric Co2 Concentration, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(7), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Manjula.O, M. Srimurali, M. Vanaja and P Vagheera 1. INTRODUCTION Increased atmospheric concentrations of GHGs lead to climate change. Climate change refers to significant, long-term changes in the global climate include higher temperatures, changes in precipitation, and higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Adams et al., 1998). The World Development report 2008 identifies five main factors through which climate change will affect agricultural productivity and changes in CO2 concentration is one among them (Byerlee et al., 2008). As per IPCC report, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations by 2050 would be ppm and climbs up to 730-1,020 ppm by year 2100 (Meehl et al., 2007). Rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration may promote photosynthesis and hence growth and yield (Morison et al., 1999) as CO2 is a primary input for photosynthesis of crops. Nevertheless, it is clear that the crop productivity will be greatly influenced by how climate affects the rate of crop development (Craufurd PQ et al., 2009). Springer et al., (2007) summarized the effect of [CO2] on flowering time in 23 crop species from 33 papers that included experiments in growth cabinets/glasshouses, open-top chambers and field-based FACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) facilities. The majority of papers compared current ambient with a doubling of [CO2], i.e. the expected [CO2] beyond 2070 depending on future greenhouse gas emissions and mostly studied short-day [soybean (Glycine max), rice (Oryza sativa), and cowpea (Vignaunguiculata)] and long-day [barley (Hordeum vulgare), pea (Pisum sativum), and faba bean (Vicia faba)] species (Springer and Ward, 2007). There have been few studies on groundnut to know the variability in open-top chambers (OTCs) to elevated CO2 conditions. Clifford et al. (1993) reported that there is an increase in water use efficiency under elevated CO2, prolonged photosynthetic activity of groundnut plants during drought and increased pod yields relative to plants grown under ambient CO2. It was also demonstrated by Clifford et al. (2000) that elevated CO2 increased the maximum rate of net photosynthesis by up to 40% in well-irrigated conditions, and by up to 94% under low soil moisture profile (Reddy et al., 2003). Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the third most important oilseed crop in India after soybean and rapeseed mustard. It is cultivated over 6.2 m ha, which is nearly 23% of the total area under oilseeds (Birthal et al., 2011). Groundnut is considered as a vital source of nutrients and calories and for optimum health (Chowdhury et al., 2015), as it is a good source of oil, protein, food for people and fodder for cattle. The studies reviewed clearly show that future increases in atmospheric [CO2] will have major effects on the flowering time of both wild and crop species (Springer et al., 2007). Flowering time is very critical stage in the life cycle of the plant which determines the number of seeds and final yield. Three distinct stages of pre-flowering development can be identified in plants, namely the pre-inductive or juvenile, inductive, and post-inductive phases (Craufurd et al., 2009). The days to flower initiation under eco2 was early by 2 days in K-9 while it was 1.5 days with Dharani as compared with ambient control. It was also interesting to record that the number of flowers formed by 60 DAS were much higher with eco2. The number of flowers increased from 13 to 24 in Dharani, 11 to 28 in K-9 with enhanced CO2 concentration. The peanut plants grown under high RH produced more flowers and set a larger percentage of pegs than those grown under low RH (Lee et al., 1972; Mortley et al., 2000). Plants flowered 3 days earlier when grown under 85% RH, and the number of flowers was markedly greater. The peak rate of flowering occurred within a 14-d to 15-d period after flowering commenced (Mortley et al., 2000). Review of 60 studies on flowering time and elevated atmospheric CO2 by Springer et al., (2007) revealed that this response is crop and variety specific editor@iaeme.com

3 Phenology and Growth of Two Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea L.) Genotypes at Elevated Atmospheric Co 2 Concentration The current study was intended to evaluate the response of two groundnut genotypes at elevated CO2 condition in terms of phenology from germination to flowering phase. Flowering is a critical milestone in the life cycle of plants, and changes in the timing of flowering may alter processes at the species, community and ecosystem levels. Therefore, understanding flowering-time responses to global change drivers, such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO2] is necessary to predict the impacts of global change on natural and agricultural ecosystems (Springer et al., 2007). 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The seed material of the groundnut genotypes Dharani and K-9 were obtained from the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anathapur and raised in open top chambers (OTCs) at ambient (398ppm) and elevated (550ppm) CO2 levels during Rabi season The OTCs with 3m x 3m x 3m dimensions lined with transparent PVC (poly vinyl chloride) sheet having 90% transmittance of light were used. The elevated CO2 (eco2) of 550ppm was maintained in four OTCs and other two OTCs served as an ambient control (aco2) without any additional CO2 supply. The CO2 concentrations within the OTCs were maintained and monitored continuously throughout the experimental period as illustrated by Vanaja et al., (2006). The seeds were sown directly in the soil to study the plant growth and phenology upto the flowering stage under elevated CO2 conditions. The crop was irrigated and maintained pest and disease free with plant protection measures as and when required. Three plants in each replication of each genotype in both eco2 and aco2 condition were tagged and observations such as plant height (cm), number of branches, leaf number, flower number were recorded at 30 and 60 DAS. In order to record morphological and biomass parameters, three plants in each replication of each genotype in both eco2 and aco2 condition were carefully uprooted and root length (cm), root volume (ml), leaf area (cm 2 ), and biomass of stem, root and leaf were recorded after thorough drying of samples at 60 C in tray drier. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to assess the significance of CO2 levels and genotypes and their interaction. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The timing of biological events is highly sensitive to climate change known as phenology. The ANOVA reveals that the selected two groundnut genotypes- Dharani and K-9 recorded significant difference for the phenological characteristics studied at 30 DAS and 60 DAS under eco2 and aco2 (Table-1). The mean performance of growth parameters of groundnut genotypes (Dharani, K-9) under eco2 (550ppm) and aco2 (398 ppm) at 30 DAS & 60 DAS was presented in Table-2 and the % increase with eco2 over aco2 for 30 DAS and 60 DAS was presented in Fig. 1. Based on ANOVA, it was observed that there was a highly significant (P < 0.01) difference in the effects of CO2 levels for plant height, leaf number, leaf area, stem dry weight, while significant (P < 0.05) difference for leaf dry weight and root length. Similarly, highly significant (P < 0.01) difference with genotypes was recorded for leaf area and root length while significant (P < 0.05) difference for number of branches, root volume and stem dry weight. Intervals of observations recorded highly significant (P < 0.01) difference with all the nine parameters studied. The interaction of genotypes and CO2 levels registered highly significant (P < 0.01) difference for leaf number, leaf dry weight, root length, root dry weight and stem dry weight. The interaction of genotypes and intervals registered highly significant (P < 0.01) difference for leaf area, root length, root volume and stem dry weight while significant (P < 0.05) difference for number of branches. The interaction of CO2 levels and intervals registered highly significant (P < 0.01) difference for plant height, leaf number, leaf area, root length, and stem editor@iaeme.com

4 Manjula.O, M. Srimurali, M. Vanaja and P Vagheera dry weight. The interaction of genotypes, CO2 levels and intervals registered highly significant (P < 0.01) difference for root length, and stem dry weight while significant (P < 0.05) difference for root dry weight. From the above observations it was clearly evident that the genotypes significantly differed in their response with CO2 levels for leaf number and biomass of leaf, stem and root characters which further impact the reproductive growth and yield. Among the different parameters response quantified, plant height of both the genotypes responded positively to eco2 at both 30 & 60 DAS, however the magnitude of response was higher with Dharani (27.6%, 35% ) as compared with K-9 (22.8 % & 32.8%). Root volume (115%, 100%) in the early stage (30 DAS) was the most influenced parameter in both the genotypes with eco2. The increase in root volume of blackgram by 39.5 and 23% respectively under 550 and 700ppm was reported (Vanaja et al., 2007) Root parameters Among the root parameters, the response of root volume of both the genotypes was significantly high only at 30 DAS with eco2 which enables the initial establishment of seedling even under limited moisture. Whereas the advantage of eco2 for this parameter was not observed at 60DAS. Salsman et al., (1999) reported root growth increased nearly by 60% in Phaseoluacutifolius under 700ppm over 550ppm (Vanaja et al., 2008). The impact of eco2 on root length differed with the genotypes, enhanced root length along with root volume at 30 DAS was observed in K-9, while this response was not observed with Dharani. Though eco2 enhanced root volume at 30 DAS, enhanced root biomass was not recorded, whereas it is interesting to observe that significant increase in root biomass at 60 DAS was recorded only with K-9. In the same way Seneweera et al., observed the root length under elevated CO2 was higher at all stages when compared with ambient Ch-control (Seneweera et al., 2011) Shoot parameters The increase in stem biomass with eco2 was high at 30 DAS in both the genotypes, while it continued only with Dharani even at 60 DAS, however the magnitude of increase in stem biomass was very high with K-9 at 30 DAS. Response of leaf area and leaf biomass at eco2 differed at different durations of the crop. At 30 DAS, the leaf biomass increased significantly in both the genotypes, whereas increase in leaf area was recorded only at 60 DAS. The positive response of Dharani for both leaf area and biomass under eco2 continued even at 60 DAS. The expansion of leaves at 60 DAS facilitates the crop to intercept more light which in turn help the plant gain more biomass. Likewise, Rogers et al., (1992) observed considerable plasticity and various structural adaptations of leaf morphology in response to changing environments including light and N-supply and they also reported that with enhanced CO2, the leaf area of rice plants increased by 46% as compared to ambient grown. Number of flowers formed improved with eco2 in both the genotypes at 60 DAS, and the impact was high with K-9 as compared with Dharani. Similarly the response of increased number of pods with eco2 was observed in both the genotypes and higher response was recorded with K-9. There have been many reviews and Meta analyses of (CO2) enrichment studies and in general the responses reported show growth and yield under e (CO2) although there are important interactions with N, water, and temperature editor@iaeme.com

5 Phenology and Growth of Two Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea L.) Genotypes at Elevated Atmospheric Co 2 Concentration Table 1 ANOVA for various growth parameters of groundnut genotypes (Dharani, K-9) with eco 2 (550 ppm) and aco 2 (398 ppm) at 30 DAS & 60 DAS. Mean sum of squares Parameters D F Plant height No. of Branch es Leaf number Leaf Area Leaf dry weight Root length Root volum e Root dry weight Stem dry weight No. of pods Replications Genotypes * ** ** 0.08* * 3 CO2 levels ** ** ** 1.96* 2.7* ** 5 Intervals ** 22.04** ** ** 187.2** 42.7** 6.2** 0.5** 684.0** - Genotypes x CO2 levels Genotypes x Intervals CO2 levels x Intervals CO2 levels x Intervals x Genotypes ** ** 8.6** ** 9.9** * ** ** 0.08** ** ** ** ** ** ** * 10.7** * 8.9** - Error ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05 Table 2 Mean performance of growth parameters of groundnut genotypes (Dharani, K-9) under eco2 (550ppm) and aco2 (398 ppm) at 30DAS & 60DAS DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS Genotypes Dharani K-9 Dharani K-9 Parameters aco 2 eco 2 aco 2 eco 2 aco 2 eco 2 aco 2 eco 2 Plant height (cm/pl) Branch number Root Length (cm/pl) Leaf Area (cm 2 /pl) Leaf number/pl Root volume (ml/pl) Flower number Shoot dry weight (g/pl) Root dry weight (g/pl) Leaf dry weight (g/pl) Pods number/pl editor@iaeme.com

6 Manjula.O, M. Srimurali, M. Vanaja and P Vagheera Figure 1 Increase of growth parameters with eco 2 over aco 2 at 30 DAS & 60DAS of two groundnut genotypes 4. CONCLUSION From the current study it was clear that the elevated CO2 (eco2) conditions have much influence on the crops morphology and growth dynamics. Elevated CO2 increased significantly the flower number in both genotypes which leads to higher pod formation, ultimately higher yield. Both the genotypes have shown significant variation with eco2 and aco2 (ambient control). As discussed, initiation of flowering was 1 or 2 days early under eco2 condition which leads to early stage of pegging and podding which may lead to higher yield. The increased leaf area at pegging and podding stage under eco2 facilitate better pod set and seed filling. Overall groundnut crop registered a positive improvement in majority of the parameters with eco2 and experiments are continuing to assess its impact on pod yield and seed quality. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Authors are grateful to TEQIP 1.2.1, Centre of Excellence for the financial support editor@iaeme.com

7 Phenology and Growth of Two Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea L.) Genotypes at Elevated Atmospheric Co 2 Concentration REFERENCES [1] Adams RM, Brian HH, Stephanie L, Neil L (1998). Effects of global climate change on agriculture: an interpretative review. Climate Res 11: [2] Byerlee D, De Janvry A, Sadoulet E, Townsend R, Klytchnikova I (2008). World development report 2008: agriculture for development. World Development Report no. 30. Washington, DC [3] Meehl GA, Stocker TF, Collins WD, Friedlingstein P, Gaye AT, Gregory JM, Kitoh A, Knutti R, Murphy JM, Noda A, Raper SCB, Watterson IG, Weaver AJ, Zhao Z-C (2007). Global Climate Projections. In Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA. [4] Morison JIL, Lawlor DW (1999). Interactions between increasing CO 2 concentration and temperature on plant growth. Plant Cell Environ 22: [5] Craufurd PQ, Wheeler TR (2009). Climate change and the flowering time of annual crops. J Exp Bot 60: [6] Springer, CJ, Ward JK (2007). Flowering time and elevated atmospheric CO 2. New Phytol 176: [7] Clifford S.C., Stronach I.M., Mohamed Azam-Ali A.D., Crout N.M.J. (1993). The effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and water stress on light interception, dry matter production and yield in stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). J Exp Bot 44: [8] Clifford SC, Stronach IM, Black CR, Singleton-Jones PR, Azam-Ali SN, Crout NMJ (2000). Effects of elevated CO 2, drought and temperature on the water relations and gas exchange of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) stands grown in controlled environment glasshouses. Physiol Plantarum 110: [9] Reddy T, Reddy V, Anbumozhi V (2003). Physiological responses of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) to drought stress and its amelioration: a critical review. Plant Growth Regul 41: [10] Birthal PS, Nigam SN, Narayanan AV, Kareem KA (2011). An Economic Assessment of the Potential Benefits of Breeding for Drought Tolerance in Crops: A Case of Groundnut in India. Research Bulletin no. 25. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru , India. [11] Chowdhury MFN, Hossain MD, HosenM, Rahman MS (2015). Comparative study on chemical composition of five varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). World J. Agric. Sci 11: [12] Lee TA, Ketring DL, Powell RD (1972). Flowering and growth response of peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L. var. Starr) at two levels of relative humidity. Plant Physiol 49: [13] Mortley DG, Bonsi CK, Loretan PA, Hill WA, Morris CE (2000). High relative humidity increases yield, harvest index, flowering, and gynophore growth of hydroponically grown peanut plants. HortScience 35: [14] Vanaja M, Maheswari M, Ratnakumar P, Ramakrishna YS (2006). Monitoring and controlling of CO 2 concentrations in open top chambers for better understanding of plants response to elevated CO 2 levels. Indian J Radio Space 35: [15] Vanaja M, Raghuram Reddy P, Jyothi Lakshmi N, Maheshwari M, Vagheera P, Ratnakumar P, Jyothi M, Yadav SK, Venkateswarlu B (2007). Effect of elevated CO 2 concentrations on growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)- a rainfed pulse crop. Plant Soil Environ 53: editor@iaeme.com

8 Manjula.O, M. Srimurali, M. Vanaja and P Vagheera [16] Salsman KJ, Jordan DN, Smith DS, Neumann DS (1999). Effect of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment on root growth and carbohydrate allocation of Phaseolus spp. Int J Plant Sci 160: [17] Vanaja M, Jyothi M, Ratnakumar P, Raghuram Reddy P, Jyothi Lakshmi N, Yadav SK, Maheshwari M, Venkateswaralu B (2008). Growth and yield response of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) to two enhanced CO2 levels. Plant Soil Environ 54: [18] Seneweera S, Norton RM (2011). Plant responses to increased carbon dioxide. Crop adaptation to climate change, [19] Buddharatna Godboley and Prashant Nagarnaik, Groundnut Shell: Effective Adsorbent for Defluoridation from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp [20] Min-Seok Oh and Seunguk Na. Building Information Modelling (BIM) Based Co2 Emissions Assessment in the Early Design Stage. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp [21] Rogers HH, Peterson CM, Mc Crimmon JN, Cure JD (1992). Response of plant roots to elevate atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant Cell Environ 15: editor@iaeme.com

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