STATUS OF BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINES

Transcription

1 STATUS OF BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINES Josep Armengol and Carlos Agustí-Brisach VIENNA, February 25 th - 26 th, 2016 jarmengo@eaf.upv.es BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINE SYMPTOMS Root decay Crown root Wilting of foliage Plant death Reduction in yield and quality BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS SOILBORNE PATHOGENS OF THE ROOT SYSTEM AND CROWN AREA

2 BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINE CHALLENGES Simultaneous infections from multiple species result in a disease complex Survive in soil for many years (chlamydospores) Difficult to predict, detect and diagnose Soil environment is extremely complex BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS SOILBORNE PATHOGENS OF THE ROOT SYSTEM AND CROWN AREA BLACK-FOOT Caused by a complex of species from different genera Main diseases associated with young grapevine decline Frequently detected in grapevine nurseries

3 BLACK-FOOT Halleen et al., Studies in Mycology 50: BLACK-FOOT Cylindrocladiella A B C D E F G H I J K L Colonies of black-foot pathogens grown on PDA. A, Ilyonectria destructans; B, Dactylonectria pauciseptata; C, Neonectria obtusispora; D, D. alcacerensis; E, Ilyonectria. liriodendri; F, D. novozelandica; G, D. macrodidyma; H, D. torresensis; I, Campylocarpon fasciculare; J, Campyl. pseudofasciculare; K, Cylindrocladiella parva; L, Cyl. peruviana. (Agustí-Brisach and Armengol, Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 52: ).

4 TAXONOMY Cylindrocarpon C. destructans (Booth, 1966) C. obtusisporum (Booth, 1966) TAXONOMY Cylindrocarpon C. destructans (Booth, 1966) C. obtusisporum (Booth, 1966) C. macrodidymum(halleen et al., 2004) C. liriodendri (Halleen et al., 2006b) C. pauciseptatum (Schroers et al., 2008) Campylocarpon Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) Multigene analyses: ITS and βtub

5 TAXONOMY Chaverri et al., 2011; Cabral et al., 2012 Cylindrocarpon /Ilyonectria C. destructans C. obtusisporum C. pauciseptatum I. liriodendri I. alcacerensis Ilyonectria I. estremocensis New genus I. macrodidyma I. novozelandica I. macrodidyma complex I. torresensis I. sp. 1 I. sp. 2 Campylocarpon Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) TAXONOMY Chaverri et al., 2011; Cabral et al., 2012 Cylindrocarpon /Ilyonectria C. destructans C. obtusisporum C. pauciseptatum I. liriodendri I. alcacerensis Ilyonectria I. estremocensis New genus I. macrodidyma I. novozelandica I. macrodidyma complex I. torresensis I. sp. 1 I. sp. 2 Multigene analyses: ITS, TUB, histone H3 gene (his3) and translation-elongation factor 1-α (TEF). Campylocarpon Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)

6 TAXONOMY Lombard et al., 2014 Dactylonectria/Ilyonectria/Neonectria D. alcacerensis Ilyonectria destructans D. estremocensis I. europaea D. macrodidyma I. liriodendri D. novozelandica I. lusitanica D. pauciseptata I. pseudodestructans D. torresensis I. robusta D. vitis I. sp. 1 I. sp. 2 Neonectria obtusispora Campylocarpon Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) TAXONOMY Lombard et al., 2014 Dactylonectria/Ilyonectria/Neonectria D. alcacerensis Ilyonectria destructans D. estremocensis I. europaea D. macrodidyma I. liriodendri D. novozelandica I. lusitanica D. pauciseptata I. pseudodestructans D. torresensis I. robusta D. vitis I. sp. 1 I. sp. 2 Neonectria obtusispora Campylocarpon Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)

7 TAXONOMY Lombard et al., 2014 Dactylonectria/Ilyonectria/Neonectria D. alcacerensis Ilyonectria destructans D. estremocensis I. europaea D. macrodidyma I. liriodendri D. novozelandica I. lusitanica D. pauciseptata I. pseudodestructans D. torresensis I. robusta D. vitis I. sp. 1 I. sp. 2 Dactylonectria Neonectria obtusispora New genus Multigene analyses: ITS, β-tub, Partial 28S nrrna gene (LSU), ATP citrate liase (acl1), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), canmoldulin (cmda), α-actin (act), histone H3 (his3), and translationelongation factor 1-α (TEF). Campylocarpon Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004) TAXONOMY Cylindrocladiella Cylindrocladiella Cyl. parva (Crous and Wingfield, 1993; Lombard et al., 2012) Cyl. peruviana (Crous and Wingfield, 1993; Lombard et al., 2012)

8 Morphology - Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Neonectria Conidiophores: μm long, generally simple, unbranched or sparsely branched Macro- and microconidia: abundant Macroconidia: Straight or curved, hyaline, 1 3- septate, rarely > 3-septate, generally with a prominent basal or lateral abscission scar or hilum Microconidia: Ellipsoidal to ovoid, hyaline, 0 1- septate, with a lateral or basal hilum Chlamydospores: Abundant, generally intercalary, globose, single or in chains, becoming brownish Colony colour: White to yellow or light to dark brown Morphology - Campylocarpon Conidiophores: Appear arising laterally from single or fasciculate aerial hyphae or from creeping substrate hyphae, singly or in loose or dense aggregates Macroconidia: Mostly curved, hyaline, with up to 6- septate, apical cell obtuse, basal cell obtuse or with inconspicuous hilum Microconidia: Absent Chlamydospores: Rare or also absent Colony color: White to off-white or slightly brownish

9 Morphology - Cylindrocladiella Conidiophores: Hyaline, single, subverticillate, as well as penicillate, with primary and secondary branches Conidia: Cylindrical, rounded at both ends, straight, hyaline, (0) 1-septate, sometimes becoming swollenat oneendwithage Chlamydospores: Abundant or moderate, more frequently arranged in chains than clusters Colony color: Dark to light brown Black-foot pathogens - Biology and hosts They are soilborne fungi able to act as saprophytes in plant debris and weeds, or as pathogens affecting grapevine or other hosts: Actinidia chinensis (Erper et al., 2011; 2013) Arecaceae spp. (Aiello et al., 2014) Eriobotrya japonica (Agustí-Brisach et al., 2016) Liriodendron tulipifera (MacDonald and Butler, 1981) Olea europaea (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2012) Panax quinquefolius (Rahman and Punja, 2005) Persea americana (Vitale et al., 2012) Pinus radiata (Agustí-Brisach et al., 2011) Pinus sylvestris (Menkis and Burokiene, 2012) Proteaceae spp. (Lombard et al., 2013) Vivurnum tinus (Aiello et al., 2015) Several species produce chlamydospores, which facilitate the survival in soil for long periods of time

10 Grapevine nurseries Black-foot pathogens - Epidemiology Rootstock mother fields Hydration tanks Scissors Black foot pathogens detected: Dactylonectria macrodidyma D. novozelandica Nursery field Peat used for callusing Grafting machines D. pauciseptata D. torresensis Ilyonectria sp. 2 I. liriodendri WEEDS Black-foot pathogens - Epidemiology Control D. macrodidyma Isolate MH-44 SOIL Control + Soil DNA Control qpcr from soil DNAs

11 Arecaceae spp. Ilyonectria palmarum Black-foot pathogens - Biology and hosts Aiello et al., European Journal of Plant Pathology Plant Pathology 138: Proteaceae spp. Black-foot pathogens - Biology and hosts Ilyonectria capensis Lombard et al., Australasian Plant Pathology 42:

12 Black-foot pathogens - Biology and hosts Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Cylindrodendrum alicantinum Agustí-Brisach et al., European Journal of Plant Pathology(in press). Thanks to: Dr. Carlos Agustí-Brisach Departamento de Agronomía-Patología Agroforestal Universidad de Córdoba (Spain) Research Group on Phytopathogenic Fungi

13 STATUS OF BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINES Josep Armengol and Carlos Agustí-Brisach VIENNA, February 25 th - 26 th, 2016 jarmengo@eaf.upv.es