Biodiversity Conservation: Moving Beyond a Shotgun Approach to Managing Invasive Species
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1 Biodiversity Conservation: Moving Beyond a Shotgun Approach to Managing Invasive Species Phyllis Higman Michigan Natural Features Inventory Mid-Michigan CISMA, Feb. 25, March 4, 2019
2 Michigan State University Board of Trustees. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, natural origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, or family status.
3 Special thanks to: Sue Tangora, Mark Sargent, Dan Kennedy: MDNR-WD Ellen Jacquart: TNC, Indiana Sherri Laier: MNA: State Parks, Oregon David Mindell: PlantWise; Bill Schneider: Wildtype Suzan Campbell: MNFI Ian Shackleford: USFS Ray Fahlsing, Glenn Palmgren, Bob Clancy: Parks, MDNR Pam Grassmick: Beaver Island Many funders including: AND all of YOU!
4 Objectives: You will be able to: Explain what an invasive species is and is not. Give examples of some of their impacts. Compare the invasion curve to strategies. Report occurrences of priority species. Recognize at least ten (5 new) invasive plants Michigan Natural Features Inventory
5 Agenda: The context of invasive species management Invasives 101 Definitions Some impacts A framework for action Mapping (MISIN) Identification of terrestrial invasive species Michigan Natural Features Inventory
6 Michigan Natural Features Inventory Maintains the most comprehensive database on Michigan s vulnerable elements of biodiversity GIS based database: ~ 18,000 element occurrences (EO s) endangered, threatened, special concern spp. high quality natural communities 420 plants 302 animals 77 natural communities
7 Imagine if. you were in charge of protecting Michigan s biodiversity How would you go about it?
8 Natural Communities The coarse filter
9 Vulnerable Species The fine filter
10 Biodiversity is not just a numbers game. It s about coevolved relationships. Keep all the parts! Resiliency! Michigan Natural Features Inventory
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12 Fragmentation Development Roads, etc. Aquatic barriers: Dams Threats Stream-road intersections Terrestrial barriers Roads Hydrologic alteration Water withdrawal GL water level changes Nutrient enrichment Point source pollution Non-point source pollution Suppression of natural processes Fire, flooding, etc. Loss of upland buffers Invasive species Climate change
13 People protect what they know and love. Identify the wild places that are important to you and share them with others.
14 That was the context for invasive species management. What is an invasive species?
15 Asian carp! Jason Lindsey.com
16 Kudzu!
17 Purple loosestrife
18 Garlic mustard!
19 Spotted knapweed!
20 Glossy buckthorn!
21 Invasive phragmites!
22 Non-native phragmites Garlic mustard We re not talking about dandelions! Michigan Natural Features Inventory Glossy buckthorn Spotted knapweed
23 Oriental bittersweet Japanese knotweed Invasive species are and eroding native biodiversity at a seemingly rapid pace. Japanese barberry Swallow-wort
24
25 Invasive species change the rules of existence for associated species. If the rules change too fast & last a long time, there can be consequences for many species.
26
27 Invasive species: Non-native to the ecosystem under consideration AND Likely to cause harm to: Economy Environment Human health Executive order Bill Clinton, 1999 Big impacts to things we desire.
28 Biodiversity Native species: is not have just a been here for numbers a sufficient game. amount of time It s to about develop coevolved complex and relationships. essential relationships Michigan Natural Features Inventory Non-native species: have NOT been here for a sufficient amount of time to develop complex and essential relationships
29 Which of these are invasive? Introduced species Non-indigenous species Exotic species Alien species Non-native species These all mean the same thing. They have been introduced to new areas on purpose or by accident. Only some of them become invasive.
30 Invasive species: Non-native to the ecosystem under consideration AND Likely to cause harm to: Economy Environment Human health Executive order Bill Clinton, 1999 Big impacts to things we desire.
31 Can native species be invasive? Not part of the definition in the executive order Sometimes they can be harmful But it typically happens when the natural processes of the natural community has been altered or disturbed
32 Should we be managing invasive species? We can do something or we can do nothing.
33 We have protected many places through early detection and treatment of invasive species.
34 Safety Impacts Michigan Natural Features Inventory
35 Infrastructure Impacts Japanese knotweed Invasive phragmites
36 Aesthetics, Property values Japanese knotweed Invasive phragmites Swallow-wort Oriental bittersweet
37 Recreational impacts
38 Eroding the base of the food chain Insects take energy from plants and become food for other organisms Non-native plants are toxic to many native insect specialists; insect diversity in invaded areas Insect diversity is vital to baby birds Bringing Nature Home -Douglas Tallamy
39 Ecological trap! Black swallow-wort Invasive greens up earlier than native milkweed Monarchs oviposit there first Larvae suffer higher mortality Photo by John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy milkweed family Czarapata, 2005 Elizabeth Czarapata, Wisconsin DNR
40 Should we be managing invasive species? We can do something or we can do nothing.
41 YES! But be smart about it. Invasive species are NOT everywhere. Stop or slow the spread of high threat species that are still uncommon. Protect uninvaded and restorable high value sites. Act now before things get worse, BUT: Planning for success is critical. Taking a random shot-gun approach is not a good plan or strategy.
42 Area invaded Typical invasion/colonization Thanks Ellen Jacquart and Suzan Campbell! Widespread awareness Detection (scattered locations) Introduction Lag time By the time they are widespread, costs sky rocket and the failure rate is high. Time easier, cheapest feasible, cheaper difficult, costs more, intensive, expensive mgmt. lower success
43 Area invaded Our challenge is to pick the right battles. Thanks Ellen Jacquart and Suzan Campbell! Big impact species wherever they are uncommon. Widespread awareness (many locations) Important places Success likely Detection (scattered locations) Introduction Time Prevention Early detectionand response Prioritizing winnable battles. Control, contain, restore.
44 It is crucial to know: What are you trying to protect? Is the invader a real threat? Can we really control it? Where is it, how much? PLACES SPECIES METHODS WINNABLE? Michigan Natural Features Inventory
45 Photo June 2016, Treatment September 2016 Photo June 2017, the following spring
46 A Simple Mapping Tool Phone app or Web IDENTIFICATION MODULES REPORT ALERTS DISTRIBUTION What species? Where? How much (size)? How dense?
47 Midwest Invasive Species Information Network Species? Where? How much?
48 Tips for plant identification Some plant traits vary more than others. It s important to focus on the most consistent and distinctive characteristics that differentiate the plant of interest from similar plants. These include: 1. Leaf arrangement 2. Leaf characteristics 3. Flower characteristics 4. Habit 5. Habitat Tell a botanist these things more likely to identify your plant.
49 Identification Characters Leaf Arrangement Basal Opposite Alternate Whorled
50 Woody shrubs
51 glossy buckthorn Leaves are alternate and entire (untoothed) Bark has distinct lenticels
52 glossy buckthorn invading a prairie fen
53 Leaves toothed, subopposite Orange inner bark Thorns at tips common buckthorn
54 Michigan Natural Features Inventory common buckthorn
55 common buckthorn seedlings after treatment
56 Japanese barberry Leaves are in alternate clusters, entire, spatulate; thorns, bright red fruits
57 Japanese barberry Michigan Natural Features Inventory Low growing, with arching stems
58 Japanese barberry
59 Eurasian (non-native honeysuckles) solid white pith hollow pith native non-native
60 Eurasian (non-native honeysuckles) Michigan Natural Features Inventory Photos by John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy
61 Amur honeysuckle leaves have elongated tip Eurasian honeysuckles: Opposite, entire leaves Axillary flowers and fruits Hollow pith
62 Multiflora rose Stout, down-curved thorns James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Fringed stipules
63 White five petal flowers; Alternate, pinnately compound leaves Toothed leaflets Tony Reznicek
64 Multiflora rose Monroe County Identify and Reduce Invasive Species
65 Restricted Autumn olive Russian olive Emmet J. Judziewicz, Wisconsin State Herbarium Alternate, entire leaves, Silvery under, leaves 4 petals, axillary flower clusters
66 autumn olive Restricted S. Kelly Kearns, Wisconsin DNR, Wisconsin State Herbarium
67 autumn olive Restricted
68 Vines
69
70 James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Oriental bittersweet
71 Oriental bittersweet
72 Oriental bittersweet
73 Native climbing bittersweet Oriental bittersweet terminal flowers axillary flowers
74 Black swallow-wort Photo by John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy Michigan Natural Features Inventory Elizabeth Czarapata, Wisconsin DNR Pale swallow-wort
75 Pale swallow-wort Black swallow-wort narrow green seed pods
76 Black swallow-wort Twining vine Opposite, entire leaves, Winged seeds in pods
77 Black swallow-wort
78 Black swallow-wort
79 Chinese yam Watch list! Herbaceous, perennial vine; Reproduces by bulbils Distinct lobed leaves
80 Chinese yam Watch list! Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plant Bugwood.org
81 Invasive Chinese yam has glabrous leaves, aerial tubers Native wild yam has hairs on underside of leaf; no aerial tubers CAUTION: there are some taxonomic issues and many look-alikes
82 Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya) A few occurrences established in southern Michigan streamsides, floodplains, ravines
83 Black swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum nigrum/ Mile-a-minute weed Recurved bristles Watch list! Terminal blue berries Bright green triangular leaves Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
84 Herbaceous, annual trailing vine Seeds are spread by birds and ants Viable w/out pollinators Watch list!
85 Watch list! Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
86 Herbaceous, annual trailing, vine; spread by seeds, mostly birds and ants; viable seed without pollinators woodland edges, wetlands, riparian corridors Mile-a-minute weed (Persicaria/Polygonum perfoliatum) Watch list! Not established in Michigan yet.
87 Restricted
88 Japanese knotweed Restricted
89 Alternate, entire leaves with flat bases Acuminate leaves (abrupt narrowed tip) Axillary flowers; clusters of spikes Restricted Japanese knotweed
90 Abrupt, tiny pointed leaf tips: cuspidate Restricted flat leaf bases often red petioles
91 Japanese knotweed Restricted
92 Japanese knotweed Restricted Japanese knotweed, LTD. Ireland, Ltd.
93 Japanese knotweed Restricted
94 giant knotweed Restricted heart-shaped leaf bases Much bigger Look for the hybrid Bohemian knotweed!
95 Herbaceous plants
96 GM - UP Michigan Natural Features Inventory
97 garlic mustard
98 garlic mustard Michigan Natural Features Inventory
99 garlic mustard Photo by: Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
100 garlic mustard Michigan Natural Features Inventory
101 Spotted knapweed Alternate, pinnately divided stem leaves Basal rosettes
102 Michigan Natural Features Inventory Ted Carland spotted knapweed
103 Alternate, highly dissected leaves Flowers are in umbels Crazy big Highly phytotoxic!! Restricted
104 Giant hogweed Restricted Cow parsnip David Eagan, Wisconsin DNR
105 Watch list! Need big infestation shot Reproduces Shooting by. seeds!
106 Jewel weed/touch-me-not (native)
107 Himalayan balsam Watch list! Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Tall annual, Sharply serrated leaves, Irregular, deep pink flowers
108 Watch list! Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Reproduces by seed.
109 Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) Watch list! Established in the UP and SE Michigan.
110 Grasses
111 Restricted
112 Invasive phragmites Restricted wide leaves Michigan Natural Features Inventory big seed plumes tall perennial grass
113 Invasive phragmites Restricted 80% of phragmites is rhizomes!
114 Restricted native phragmites non-native phragmites
115 Chris Evans, Bugwood.org Japanese stiltgrass Watch list! Leaves grow on top of one another like stilts. white stripe on mid-rib of leaves, slightly offset; short Nancy leaves Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org Chris Evans, Bugwood.org
116 Japanese stiltgrass Watch list Chris Evans, IL Wildlife Action Plant, Bugwood.org
117 Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) 4 occurrences in SE Michigan!
118 Pop Quiz!
119 Glossy buckthorn
120 Japanese barberry
121 Common buckthorn Photo by John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy
122 Giant hogweed Prohibited
123 Autumn olive Restricted Emmet J. Judziewicz, Wisconsin State Herbarium
124 Himalayan balsam Watch list
125 Spotted knapweed
126 Garlic mustard
127 Multiflora rose
128 Native phragmites
129 Eurasian honeysuckle
130 Chinese yam Watch list
131 Oriental bittersweet
132 Mile-a-minute weed Watch list Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
133 Invasive phragmites Restricted
134 Japanese knotweed Prohibited
135 Japanese stiltgrass Watch list
136 Black swallow-wort Photo by John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy
137 What can you do? Think prevention, early detection-response, and winnable battles! Sign on to the Midwest Invasive Species Information Network (MISIN)! Practices ID skills using the ID modules on the MISIN website! Download app onto your phone and report occurrences of invasive species! Take your friends to wild places!
138 Google MNFI; publications
139 The sum is greater than it s parts!
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