Biology. Patterns in Nature. New Revised Edition. Kerri Humphreys

Transcription

1 Biology Patterns in Nature New Revised Edition Kerri Humphreys

2 Contents Use the table of contents to record your progress through this book. As you complete each topic, write the date completed, then tick one of the three remaining columns to guide your revision for later. The column headers use the following codes:?? = Don t understand this very well at all. RR = Need to revise this. OK = Know this. Topic Page Date done?? RR OK Topic Page Date done Introduction 1 25 Experiment Surface Area to 28 Volume Ratio and Diffusion Verbs To Watch 1 26 Experiment Plasmolysis 30 1 Assumed Knowledge 2 27 Human Organ Systems 31 2 Cell Theory and Robert Hooke 3 28 Plant Organs 32 3 Cell Theory and Robert Brown 4 29 Photosynthesis 34 4 Historical Development of Cell 5 30 Play Inside Photosynthesis 35 Theory 5 The Modern Light Microscope 6 31 Experiment Chlorophyll and 39 Photosynthesis 6 The Electron Micorscope 7 32 Experiment Light and 40 Photosynthesis 7 Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems 8 33 Experiment Surface Area and 41 Rate of Reaction 8 Experiment The Light Microscope 9 34 Root Structure 42 9 Experiment Using a Light Microscope Leaves Experiment Making a Wet Mount Teeth Experiment Drawing Biological Diagrams Digestive Systems The Light Microscope and Cell Organelles Play Amino and Lipidet, A Most Lamentable Tragedy 13 Experiment Plant Cells Carnivore, Herbivore and Nectar 54 Feeder Digestive Systems 14 Experiment Animal Cells Respiratory Systems The Electron Microscope and Cell Experiment Transpiration 59 Organelles 16 Mitochondria Transport Systems in Plants Chloroplasts Stomates Golgi Bodies Experiment Movement in Xylem Chemicals in Cells Circulatory Systems in Animals Experiment Substances in Tissues Radioisotopes The Cell Membrane Mitosis Diffusion and Osmosis 25 Topic Test 72 49?? RR OK 23 Active Transport 26 Answers Experiment Membranes, Diffusion and Osmosis First published 2004 Revised Edition 2011 Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) Fax: (02) sales@sciencepress.com.au All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of. ABN

3 Introduction Each book in the Surfing series contains a summary, with occasional more detailed sections, of all the mandatory sections of the syllabus, along with questions and answers. It is envisaged this book will be useful in class for both initial understanding and revision, while the more traditional textbook can remain at home for more detailed analysis. All types of questions multiple choice, short response, structured response and free response are provided. Questions are written in exam style and use the verbs specified by the Board of Studies so that you will become familiar with the concepts of the topic and answering questions in the required way. Answers to all questions are included. A topic test at the end of the book contains an extensive set of summary questions, including multiple choice and free response questions. These cover every aspect of the topic, and are useful for revision and exam practice. Marking guidelines are supplied where appropriate. Verbs To Watch account, account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions. analyse Identify components and the relation ships among them, draw out and relate implications. apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation. appreciate Make a judgement about the value of something. assess Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size. calculate Determine from given facts, figures or information. clarify Make clear or plain. classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories. compare Show how things are similar or different. construct Make, build, put together items or arguments. contrast Show how things are different or opposite. critically (analyse/evaluate) Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge and under standing, logic, questioning, reflection and quality to an analysis or evaluation. deduce Draw conclusions. define State the meaning of and identify essential qualities. demonstrate Show by example. describe Provide characteristics and features. discuss Identify issues and provide points for and against. distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from, note difference between things. evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria. examine Inquire into. explain Relate cause and effect, make the relationship between things evident, provide why and/or how. extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details. extrapolate Infer from what is known. identify Recognise and name. interpret Draw meaning from. investigate Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about. justify Support an argument or conclusion. outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features. predict Suggest what may happen based on available information. propose Put forward a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc for consid eration or action. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences. recommend Provide reasons in favour. recount Retell a series of events. summarise Express concisely the relevant details. synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole. 1 Patterns in Nature

4 1 Assumed Knowledge 1. Draw a fully labelled diagram of a plant cell as seen under a light microscope. 2. Draw a fully labelled diagram of an animal cell as seen under a light microscope. 3. Identify the following parts of a light microscope. A B A B C D E F G H I J Figure 1.1 Light microscope. 4. Describe one safety precaution you should follow while using a light microscope. 5. What is photosynthesis? 6. Which group of organisms can photosynthesise? 7. Identify the materials required by multicellular organisms for photosynthesis. 8. Why is photosynthesis an important process in ecosystems? 9. What is the function of the digestive system? 10. Figure 1.2 shows the human digestive tract. Identify each part. 11. For each of the following parts of the digestive system, outline its structure and its main function. (a) Mouth. (b) Oesophagus. (c) Stomach. (d) Small intestine. (e) Large intestine. (f) Anus. 12. Define respiration. 13. In humans, what structures make up the respiratory system? 14. Outline the function of the respiratory system. 15. Outline the function of the circulatory system. C D E F Figure 1.2 Human digestive tract. 16. In humans, what is the function of the heart in the circulatory system? 17. Identify the components of the human circulatory system. 18. In plants, what is the function of each of the following? (a) Xylem. (b) Phloem. (c) Leaves. (d) Roots. 19. What is transpiration? 20. Study the flow chart below. Small cell daughter (Increase in size) Figure 1.3 parent (Division) Small cell daughter (Increase in size) Division of a cell. What type of division is indicated by this chart? 21. Define mitosis. 22. Explain why cell division is important. 23. How is genetic information transferred during cell reproduction? 24. Define a gene. 25. Define cytokinesis. Patterns in Nature 2

5 2 Cell Theory and Robert Hooke Robert Hooke ( ) was an experimental scientist who was interested in physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology, geology, architecture and naval technology, although his primary interest was microscopy, mechanics and instrumentation. He invented a compound light microscope, i.e. a microscope with more than one lens, and observed many organisms under this microscope. He also developed a micrometer; the universal, or Hooke s joint found in all cars; the spring control of the balance wheel in watches; the first reflecting telescope and was involved in creating different types of barometers. In 1678 Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( ) reported the presence of little animals in lake water. The Royal Society of London asked Robert Hooke to investigate these findings and when he confirmed the presence of small organisms, Leeuwenhoek s work was accepted. (a) Drawing of a flea. (b) Drawing of a slice of cork. Figure 2.1 Hooke s microscope. Robert Boyle was Hooke s patron when Hooke began studying at Oxford. However, Hooke clashed with Isaac Newton and this may have affected his fame in history. His first publication was printed in 1661 and was a pamphlet on capillary action. In 1665, he published a book, Micrographic, which contained many drawings and records of his observations under the microscope. It also included a theory of light. When Hooke observed a slice of cork under his microscope he discovered plant cells. He coined the term cells to describe what he saw. Yet it was not unlike a honeycomb in these particulars these pores, or cells, consisted of a great many little boxes. He also put fossils under his microscope and observed the similarities of fossil shells with living mollusc shells. Figure 2.2 Drawings by Robert Hooke from his book Micrographic. For You To Do 1. Name two instruments invented by Robert Hooke. 2. What is meant by a compound microscope? 3. Discuss the significance of the invention of the compound microscope. 4. How did the term cell originate as used in biology? 5. Robert Hooke observed a honeycomb appearance under the microscope which he called cells. What was he actually viewing? 6. Who was the first person to describe microbes in water under a microscope? (A) Hooke. (B) Leeuwenhoek. (C) Brown. (D) Newton. 3 Patterns in Nature