Topic 1 - The building blocks of. cells! Name:!

Transcription

1 B2 - Revision Topic 1 - The building blocks of Lesson cells Name: Topic B2.1 Plant and Animal Cells B2.2 Inside Bacteria B2.3 DNA B2.4 Extracting DNA: PCA B2.5 DNA Discovery B2.6 Genetic Engineering B2.7 Mitosis and Meiosis B2.8 Clones B2.9 Stem Cells B2.10 Protein Manufacture B2.11 Mutations B2.12 Enzymes B2.13 Enzymes and Temperature: PCA B2.14 Enzyme Action Prior to revision - RAG Revision? After Revision - RAG

2 Term Key Terms Definition

3 B2.1 - Plant and Animal Cells Label the following cells: Match the organelles to their functions. Structure Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast Role Support the cell and keeps its shape. Controls the activity of the cell. Respiration occurs here releasing energy. Ribosome Cell wall Vacuole Cell membrane Full of cell sap & maintains shape Controls the movement of substances in & out. Proteins are made (synthesised) here. These is where many reactions take place. Cytoplasm Questions: Light energy is absorbed & changed into food here. 1. What are the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells? 2. Why do plant cells require more organelles to survive and function properly?

4 B2.2 - Inside Bacteria Label the bacteria cell Compare the features of plant, animal and bacterial cell Feature Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell Cell Membrane Nucleus Plasmid DNA Chloroplast Cell Wall Cytoplasm Questions: 1. What is the function of the flagella? 2. What are the differences between the two types of DNA found in bacterial cells?

5 B2.3 - DNA Label the following diagram There are two strands in a molecule of DNA that are coiled together to form a spiral known as a. The two strands are by chemicals known as bases. The 4 bases are: Draw a diagram to illustrate the make up of a DNA double helix. Be sure to include the components that make up the backbone and to include & label the bonds in between the bases (*remember that the number of bonds changes depending on the bases that are pairing). Questions: 1. Why is DNA important? 2. The actor Clint Eastwood publicly thanked his mother for her genes. Explain what a gene is and what he meant.

6 B2.5 - DNA Discovery In London in the 1950s Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind were studying the structure of using X-rays. Franklin beams of X-rays at purified DNA and used the photos to record how the molecules scattered. From the patterns she could work out how the groups of atoms in the DNA molecule were arranged. In Cambridge, James and Francis Crick were attempting to build a 3-D model of DNA using the data from other scientists. They used Franklin s images without her permission. It was the in her images that gave Watson and Crick the clues they needed to build their double helix model. In 1962 Watson, Crick and Wilkins won the Prize. What is the Human Genome project? How is the information from the human genome project used? Questions: 1. The Human Genome Project analysed the DNA from 5 different individuals. Why might this limit the knowledge we have and how could we solve this problem? 2. What ethical issues does the Human Genome Project raise? (i.e. genetic disease, gene therapy and personalised medicine)

7 B2.6 - Genetic Engineering Define the following terms: Genetic Engineering: Genetically Modified Organisms: Order the following steps that correspond to the genetic engineering of Insulin. Questions: 1. Describe the role of the following enzymes in the process of genetically engineering human insulin: restriction enzyme, lysozyme, ligase enzymes. 2. Name 3 reasons why bacteria are good organisms to use in this process.

8 B2.7 Mitosis and Meiosis Complete the diagram opposite to show cell division in mitosis; include only two pairs of chromosomes. Then add the following labels: Parent cell, daughter cells, DNA replicates, no. of chromosomes (human cell). Complete the diagram to represent meiosis (only include two pairs of chromosome). Add the following labels: Parent cell, daughter cells, DNA replicates, no. of chromosomes for a horse (a horse has 64 chromosomes).

9 Complete the following table: Where does it happen (give examples) Mitosis Meiosis Number of divisions Creates Number of chromosomes Function Questions: 1. What are the similarities and differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?

10 B2.8 - Clones What is a clone? Describe the following methods of cloning: Questions: 1. What are the benefits and drawbacks of cloning? Both in mammals and in plants.

11 B2.9 - Stem Cells Create a flow chart in your book beginning with you > DNA Key words to include: You, Organ Systems, DNA, Nucleus, Tissues, Genes, Cells, Chromosomes, Organs Questions: 1. What is a stem cell? 2. How are embryonic stem cells extracted? 3. Why is this controversial? 4. How are stem cells used to treat disease such as leukaemia?

12 B Protein Manufacture Describe the differences and similarities between DNA and RNA Describe what happens to a strand of DNA during Transcription. Be sure to include where the process is happening. Describe what happens to the mrna during Translation. DNA: ATC GCT TAC GGT CAC GTA CTG mrna: trna:

13 B Mutations What is a mutation? Describe how the following two types of mutations occur: Spontaneous: Induced: Questions: 1. Are mutations always bad? Explain your answer using examples. 2. Describe the effect of the sickle cell mutation on cell shape. 3. Explain why the sickle-cell mutation is a problem.

14 B2.12 & B Enzymes and Enzyme action What is an enzyme? Why are enzymes sometimes called biological catalysts? Draw a diagram to illustrate how enzymes act on substrates. How do the following factors affect enzymes and their functions? Temperature Low High ph Concentration Questions: 1. How does the lock and key hypothesis explain the specificity of enzymes for their substrates?