Nitrogen-Fixing Symbioses
|
|
- William Wiggins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Research for Tomorrow Pathway to Stable Products of Photosynthetic Energy Conversion. CHOH CHOH CH2OPO3" CH2OPO3 2 CHOH COOH CH2OPO3 COO Photosynthetic COo Fixation CH2OPO3 *^ Respiration j With Loss CHOH ofc02 COOH of CO2 as shown in the lower pathway, and the result is a lowering of CO2 fixation and a decrease in productivity. This undesirable alternative often occurs in crop plants. Presently we are learning the precise structure and the chemical details of functioning of this enzyme. There is a good possibility that the powerful tools of biotechnology molecular biology and genetic engineering will allow us to regulate the choice between these two alternative reactions and so improve crop productivity at its most fundamental level. Nitrogen Fixation in Nonleguminous Plants Iris F. Martin, associate program manager, Competitive Research Grants Office, Office of Grants and Programs Tremendous advances have been made in the last 10 years toward understanding nitrogen fixation at the molecular level. The transfer to plants of nitrogen-fixation genes is an intriguing consideration. Let us first look at the process of biological nitrogen fixation and then at the more recent developments in molecular genetics that are providing information that may make such transfer of genes possible in future years. Process of Biological Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 79 percent of the earth's atmosphere. But before plants can use this molecular nitrogen for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins, it must be converted to combined or "fixed" nitrogen compounds. Plants do not have this abifity. Making atmospheric nitrogen available to the food chain is restricted to certain prokaryotes (cellular organisms without a distinct nucleus), such as bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), which contain an enzyme called nitrogenase. Nitrogenase is composed of two proteins iron and molybdenumiron and catalyzes the reduction of gaseous nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). This process requires large 112 BIOTECHNOLOGY: ITS APPLICATION TO PLANTS
2 Research for Tomorroiv amounts of energy (ATP) and reducing equivalents (electrons). The sun is the ultimate source of the energy for nitrogen fixation with the ATP being derived from carbon compounds such as sugars manufactured by the plants through photosynthesis. The reducing equivalents pass from an electron donor, a protein such as ferredoxin or flavodoxin, to the iron protein and then on to the molybdenum-iron protein where the conversion of N2 to NH3 occurs. Since both proteins of the enzyme are inactivated by oxygen, some bacteria fix nitrogen only when they are growing in the absence of oxygen. Others have evolved mechanisms and anatomical structures which protect the enzyme from oxygen. Nitrogen-Fixing Symbioses Some bacteria fix nitrogen in the free-living state and others only when living in a symbiotic relationship with a plant. Dissimilar organisms which live together in a mutually beneficial relationship are said to be in symbiosis. The smaller member is the symbiont. Legumes such as soybeans, peas, and alfalfa are well-known plants which enter into nitrogen-fixing symbioses when their roots are infected by specific bacteria called Rhizobia. The plant forms nodules in which the bacterium reduces N2 to ammonia. More complex compounds of nitrogen are synthesized from the ammonia and transported to other parts of the plant. The plant provides the bacterium with carbon compounds that are metabolized to obtain the energy for the reduction of the nitrogen. Some plants that are not legumes also enter into nitrogen-fixing relationships and contribute significant quantities of fixed nitrogen to their environments. One example is a small water-fern, Azolla, which harbors a When Anabaena filaments grow in ttie absence of fixed nitrogen, some cells may differentiate into tieterocysts (indicated by arrows). cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, as a symbiont. It is used as a source of nitrogen in the cultivation of rice. Another group includes certain trees and Nitrogen Fixation in Nonteguminous Plants 113
3 Research for Tomorrow As an Azolla leaf develops at the apex of ttie stem, a cavity forms and becomes inoculated with Anabaena filaments. Klebsiella Pneumoniae Nitrogen Fixation Genes "o Electron Uptake Activatioti Repressoft Transpon B A LFM 01 I I 11 I (ZU [ZZl V s U X N I E Y K 1 I II H C Electrwi Transpon Low Potential ^ > Reductant (e-) ^J Molybdenum Iron Protein ^9^^'' MgADP 2H+ H, shrubs, whose roots become infected with the bacterium Frankia, for example, the alder tree. Study of the partners of these symbioses and their interactions are Ukely to provide new insights and unique opportunities to obtain genetic information that wul have parallels in the legumes. Azoffa-Anabaena Symbiosis. Nitrogen is frequently a limiting element in rice paddies, and the cost of nitrogen fertilizer is often prohibitive especially in the poorer countries. The water-fern, Azolla, can serve as a source of biologically fixed nitrogen for lice. The Anabaena symbiont can meet the complete nitrogen requirement of the fern, and decomposition of the fern supplies nitrogen to the rice plant. Azolla can be used as a green manure or grown as a companion crop with rice plants increasing rice yields by as much as 100 percent over unfertilized controls. Cyanobacteria such as Anabaena are not only among the few organisms which can fix nitrogen while growing under aerobic conditions (that is, with oxygen present) but are the only oxygen-evolving organisms with this capability. Free-living Anabaena grows in the presence of combined nitrogen as a filament of vege- 114 BIOTECHNOLOGY: ITS APPLICATION TO PLANTS
4 Research for Tomorroiir tative cells. In the absence of a combined nitrogen source, some cells along the filament differentiate into specialized cells called heterocysts. They develop an outer envelope, lose their oxygen-evolving capacity, and provide an environment in which nitrogenase can function. When certain strains oí Anabaena live in symbiosis with Azolla, they become less dependent on their own photosynthetic capacity as an energy supply. More vegetative cells differentiate into heterocysts, more nitrogen can therefore be fixed, and the nitrogen requirements of the host can be met. In Azolla the Anabaena reside in a cavity of the leaf This symbiosis exhibits synchronous development. As a leaf develops at the apex of the stem, the forming leaf cavity becomes inoculated with Anabaena. As leaves age, an increasing percentage, up to 40 percent, of the Anabaena cells become differentiated into heterocysts, and parallel adaptations occur in the fern tissues. Actinorhizal Symbioses» Strains of the bacterium, Frankia, infect a large array of nonleguminous trees and shrubs. These plants (actinorhizal) fix significant nitrogen in forests, especially in poor soils, and a number of them can grow under dry or acid conditions. These attributes make them excellent primary colonizers of post-glacial and post-mining soils. Although nodules have been observed on actinorhizal plants for over 150 yeais, Frankia was not isolated in pure culture until Many different strains of the bacterium have since been isolated. Some have recently been grown on a scale adequate for inoculant production. Frankia behave very much like the bacteria that infect legumes but considerably less is known about the actinorhizal symbioses. The bacterium multiplies rapidly in the area of the Nitrogen Fixation in Nonleguminous Plants root and there is evidence of recognition between the Frankia and the plant. The bacterium invades the root, and the plant responds to this invasion by the formation of a nodule. Unlike a soybean nodule, in which the concentration of oxygen is quite low, actinorhizal nodules contain oxygen at approximately atmospheric levels. Within the nodule of most host plants, Frankia develop vesicles, or pouches, which apparently protect nitrogenase from oxygen and in which nitrogen fixation occurs. A compound resembling hemoglobin, capable of readily binding and releasing oxygen, has recently been identified in nodules of some actinorhizal plants. It may prove to have a function comparable to that of leghemoglobin in legumes maintenance of oxygen flux at low concentration. Molecular Genetics Actinorhizal symbioses, cyanobacterial symbioses, and fi:ee-li\1ng cyanobacteria can be of agronomic benefit through their capacity to use the sun's energy for photosynthesis and through the conversion of nitrogen from the air to more usable forms. Recently developed probes of molecular genetics are providing significant new insights about nitrogen-fixing organisms, but they are dependent upon physiological and biochemical advances for an understanding of which genes should be modified and the function of the gene products. The following nitrogen-fixing bacteria have been studied at some length. KlBbsiella Pneumoniae, The nitrogen fixation (nif) genes have been most fully characterized in the free-hving bacterium, Klebsiella pneumoniae. The genes were first cloned, mapped, and subjected to nucleotide sequencing in the late 1970's. At least 17 adjacent genes code for the struc 1Í5
5 Research for Tomorr&w ture and regulation of the enzymes required for nitrogen fixation. The structural genes, nif H and D, and K that code for the protein precursors of the two nitrogenase components, the iron protein and the molybdenumiron protein respectively, have been most thoroughly studied. Their nucleotide sequences have been determined and the amino acid sequences of the proteins deduced from these. Nif A controls the activation of the other nif genes, and nif L codes for a protein that acts to repress nitrogen fixation. The expression of nif A and L is in turn regulated by a central nitrogen assimilatory system. lîhîzowa. Significant information has been gained in the last few years on the nitrogen fixation genes in Rhizobia, which primarily infect legumes. Genes required for nodulation have been located in some strains and evidence for signaling between the plant and the bacterium is just emerging. ilffabaena. Gene structure and regulation have been studied extensively in one strain of free-living Anabaena. Only four nif genes have so far been identified, among them the three structural genes for nitrogenase. In the vegetative cells where one does not observe any nitrogen fixation, one of these genes is separated from the other two. A significant recent development is the discovery of gene rearrangement that occurs when the vegetative cell differentiates to a heterocyst. A section of DNA that separated the genes in the vegetative ceu is excised such that, under nitrogen-fixing conditions, the structural genes are present and are transcribed as a single unit. When growing in symbiosis with Azolla, Anabaena exports a large portion of the ammonia produced to the. host. Biochemical and genetic studies have revealed significant modifica- tions in the nitrogen assimilatory system of the Anabaena. A thorough understanding of the regulatory system could allow genetic manipulation of Anabaena in the free-living state for large-scale ammonia production. FrmnkiBm Among the least studied of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria are Frankia. Initially, their slow growth rate in culture made molecular genetic studies difficult. However, culture methods have been improved, and genetic studies are now possible. Work is actively being pursued on the molecular biology of both the nitrogen-fixation genes and the interaction of the symbionts. Frankia are unusual in that they are capable of infecting a wider range of host plants than other known nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Biotechnology may be able to further extend that range. FututB of Transfer of Nitrogen Fixation Genes It has been suggested that nitrogenfixation genes might be transferred to plants that do not now have this nitrogen-fixation capacity. These genes would have to be in a form that could be incorporated into the plant genome, replicated, and expressed. The genes would have to be expressed in an environment amenable to nitrogen fixation where the enzyme, nitrogenase, could be protected from oxygen and where the enzyme system could tap into the sources of reductant and energy from the plant. The fuu complement of nitrogen fixation genes has been cloned from Klebsiella pneumoniae and transferred to and expressed in another bacterium, Escherichia coli. These genes also have been transferred to yeast, but they could not be expressed. Transfer to a plant is a much more complicated process involving many more genes and still remains highly speculative. Í1B BIOTECHNOLOGY: ITS APPLICATION TO PLANTS
Plant-associated Proteobacteria (and a few outsiders): the good and the bad
Plant-associated Proteobacteria (and a few outsiders): the good and the bad nitrogenase N 2 NH 3 Today s Topics: 1. Rhizobeacae and other nitrogen-fixing genera 2. Nitrogen fixation and why we need it
More informationTitle: Plant Nitrogen Speaker: Bill Pan. online.wsu.edu
Title: Plant Nitrogen Speaker: Bill Pan online.wsu.edu Lesson 2.3 Plant Nitrogen Nitrogen distribution in the soil-plantatmosphere Chemical N forms and oxidation states Biological roles of N in plants
More informationAnabaena azollae -This relationship is useful in rice-based crop systems throughout Asia.
GLOSSARY Anabaena azollae -This relationship is useful in rice-based crop systems throughout Asia. Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis -A biological nitrogen fixation relationship between the aquatic fern Azolla
More information7. M2/1 Subfamily Caesalpinoideae. A flower of Bauhinia sp. shows floral morphology typical of the species in the subfamily Caesalpinoideae.
SLIDE NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS 1. M1/1 The Nitrogen Cycle. Gaseous nitrogen in the air is converted into a biologically useful form through biological nitrogen fixation in legumes and through chemical fixation
More informationThe Prokaryotic World
The Prokaryotic World A. An overview of prokaryotic life There is no doubt that prokaryotes are everywhere. By everywhere, I mean living in every geographic region, in extremes of environmental conditions,
More informationEukaryotic Cells. Figure 1: A mitochondrion
Eukaryotic Cells Figure 1: A mitochondrion How do cells accomplish all their functions in such a tiny, crowded package? Eukaryotic cells those that make up cattails and apple trees, mushrooms and dust
More informationThe diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism.
STATION 1 1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to a. assemble into multicellular organisms b. establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms c. obtain energy from the
More informationAssociative and Endophytic Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations
Associative and Endophytic Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations Edited by Claudine Elmerich Institut Pasteur, Paris, France and William E. Newton Department of Biochemistry Virginia
More informationOceans: the cradle of life? Chapter 5. Cells: a sense of scale. Head of a needle
Oceans: the cradle of life? Highest diversity of life, particularly archae, bacteria, and animals Will start discussion of life in the ocean with prokaryote microorganisms Prokaryotes are also believed
More informationCHAPTER 5 WARM UPS. Mrs. Hilliard
CHAPTER 5 WARM UPS Mrs. Hilliard CHAPTER 5 VOCABULARY 1. Photosynthesis 2. Cellular respiration 3. Producer 4. Consumer 5. Decomposer 6. Food chain 7. Food web 8. Trophic level 9. Carbon cycle 10. Nitrogen-fixing
More information1 Soil Factors Affecting Nutrient Bioavailability... 1 N.B. Comerford
Contents 1 Soil Factors Affecting Nutrient Bioavailability........ 1 N.B. Comerford 1.1 Introduction........................... 1 1.2 Release of Nutrients from the Soil Solid Phase........ 2 1.3 Nutrient
More informationCell Respiration/Photosynthesis
ell Respiration/Photosynthesis Name: ate: 1. The equation below represents a summary of a biological process. carbon dioxide + water glucose + water + oxygen This process is completed in 3. Which process
More informationRound One All play. Each question = 1 point
Ecology Unit Review Round One All play Each question = 1 point Leaf cells are one type of tree cell. Which process occurs in a live leaf cell? a. Evolution b. Adaptation c. sugar production d. sexual reproduction
More informationPage 1. Name: UNIT: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION TOPIC: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Name: 4667-1 - Page 1 UNIT: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION TOPIC: PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1) The diagram below illustrates the movement of materials involved in a process that is vital for the energy needs of organisms.
More informationBACTERIA AND ARCHAEA 10/15/2012
BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA Chapter 27 KEY CONCEPTS: Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in
More informationNadia Langha Biology 106 Honors Project
Nadia Langha Biology 106 Honors Project Cyanobacteria Domain Bacteria Division Cyanophyta Cyanobacteria also known as BlueGreen Algae -Cyano=blue Bacteria are more closely related to prokaryotic bacteria
More informationNutritional Adaptations of Plants *
OpenStax-CNX module: m44718 1 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationAmino sugars 5-10% Purine and Pyrimidine Bases trace amounts. Undescribed Lots - non-protein N Crude proteins Lignin - N
N in Soil Note: soil concentrations can be anywhere, depending on vegetation, land use, etc. But a substantial amount indeed most (ca. 99%) soil nitrogen is organic Free amino acids trace amounts Amino
More informationHeterotrophs: Organisms that depend on an external source of organic compounds
Heterotrophs: Organisms that depend on an external source of organic compounds Autotrophs: Organisms capable of surviving on CO2 as their principle carbon source. 2 types: chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs
More informationORIGIN OF CELLULARITY AND CELLULAR DIVERSITY
ORIGIN OF CELLULARITY AND CELLULAR DIVERSITY Geological stratigraphy, together with radioactive dating, show the sequence of events in the history of the Earth. Note the entry for cyanobacteria and stromatolites
More informationSoil Biology. Chapter 10
Soil Biology Chapter 10 The Sounds of Soil Soil as a Transition Between Aquatic and Aerial System Bacteria in a Drying Environment Wet (open structure) Dry (dense) Holden P.A., J.R. Hunt, and M. K. Firestone,
More informationBIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D. Steve Thompson:
BIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D Steve Thompson: stthompson@valdosta.edu http://www.bioinfo4u.net 1 How plants get the stuff they need Feed me... feed me...
More informationBiology Unit Overview and Pacing Guide
This document provides teachers with an overview of each unit in the Biology curriculum. The Curriculum Engine provides additional information including knowledge and performance learning targets, key
More information13. The diagram below shows two different kinds of substances, A and B, entering a cell.
Name 1. In the binomial system of nomenclature, which two classification groups provide the scientific name of an organism? A) kingdom and phylum B) phylum and species C) kingdom and genus D) genus and
More informationStructures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1)
EALR 4: Big Idea: Core Content: Life Science Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Processes Within Cells In prior grades students learned that all living systems are composed of cells which
More informationPlant form and function. Photosynthesis Phloem Plant Nutrition
Plant form and function Photosynthesis Phloem Plant Nutrition Photosynthetic Water Use Efficiency Fundamental plant problem: Stomata: pathway for diffusion of CO 2 into leaves is the same as the pathway
More informationUnit 5 Cellular Energy
Unit 5 Cellular Energy I. Enzymes (159) 1.Are CATALYSTS: Speed up chemical reactions that would otherwise happen too slowly to support life. Catalysts DO NOT make reactions happen that couldn t happen
More information1 Name. ECOSYSTEMS: THE ROLE OF ABIOTIC FACTORS from the series Biology: The Science of Life Pre-Test
1 Pre-Test Directions: Answer each of the following either true or false: 1. In ecosystems, non-living (abiotic) factors usually have insignificant effects on living things. True False 2. Carbon dioxide
More informationI. Molecules & Cells. A. Unit One: The Nature of Science. B. Unit Two: The Chemistry of Life. C. Unit Three: The Biology of the Cell.
I. Molecules & Cells A. Unit One: The Nature of Science a. How is the scientific method used to solve problems? b. What is the importance of controls? c. How does Darwin s theory of evolution illustrate
More informationWhich row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process?
1. A biological process that occurs in both plants and animals is shown below. Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 2. All life depends on
More informationName: Date: Answer: Answer:
Name: Date: 5 6 7 8 9 0 Scoring Guide: Scoring Guide: 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Scoring Guide: Scoring Guide: 5 Scoring Guide: 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 50 Scoring Guide: 5 Scoring Guide: Standard(s):..0.F,...F,..0.D,...D,..0.C,...C,..0.E,...E,.5.0.F,.5..F
More informationCELL PART Expanded Definition Cell Structure Illustration Function Summary Location ALL CELLS DNA Common in Animals Uncommon in Plants Lysosome
CELL PART Expanded Definition Cell Structure Illustration Function Summary Location is the material that contains the Carry genetic ALL CELLS information that determines material inherited characteristics.
More informationCELL PRACTICE TEST
Name: Date: 1. As a human red blood cell matures, it loses its nucleus. As a result of this loss, a mature red blood cell lacks the ability to (1) take in material from the blood (2) release hormones to
More informationUntitled Document Eco Photo Cell resp Use the information below to answer the following question(s).
Untitled Document Eco Photo Cell resp 25 1. Use the information below to answer the following question(s). The drawing below shows a field habitat. 3. An increase in which atmospheric gas would most likely
More informationWhich row in the chart correctly identifies the functions of structures A, B, and C? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
1. What is a similarity between all bacteria and plants? A) They both have a nucleus B) They are both composed of cells C) They both have chloroplasts D) They both lack a cell wall 2. Which statement is
More informationS Illustrate and explain how carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are cycled through an ecosystem.
Biogeochemical Cycles S2-1-01 Illustrate and explain how carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are cycled through an ecosystem. Biogeochemical Cycles Let s take a closer look at the interactions between LIVING
More information98 Washington State K-12 Science Learning Standards Version 1.2
EALR 4: Big Idea: Core Content: Life Science Structures and Functions of Living Organisms (LS1) Processes Within Cells In prior grades students learned that all living systems are composed of cells which
More informationAnnouncements KEY CONCEPTS
What do these things have in common? Announcements Lab this week: bring textbook and photo atlas. Relevant reading BEFORE lab: Ch. 30 http://i.cnn.net/cnn/specials/2001/trade.center/images/anthrax.jpg
More informationFINAL VERSION_ Secondary Preservice Teacher Standards -- Life Science AFK12SE/NGSS Strand Disciplinary Core Idea
Secondary Preservice Teacher Standards -- Life Science AFK12SE/NGSS Strand Disciplinary Core Idea LS1: From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes LS1.A: Structure and Function How do the structures
More informationBiochemistry: A Review and Introduction
Biochemistry: A Review and Introduction CHAPTER 1 Chem 40/ Chem 35/ Fundamentals of 1 Outline: I. Essence of Biochemistry II. Essential Elements for Living Systems III. Classes of Organic Compounds IV.
More informationThe Ultrastructure of Cells (1.2) IB Diploma Biology
The Ultrastructure of Cells (1.2) IB Diploma Biology Explain why cells with different functions have different structures. Cells have different organelles depending on the primary function of the cell
More informationDefine: Alleles. Define: Chromosome. In DNA and RNA, molecules called bases pair up in certain ways.
Alleles Chromosome In DNA and RNA, molecules called bases pair up in certain ways. How do the bases A, C, G, T, and U match up in DNA? How about RNA? Summarize the cell process called protein synthesis!
More information!"#$%&!"&'(&%")(*(+& '4567,846/-&*,/69450.:&*,.;42/9450&<ᶫ.=097,.4.& #259,40& &95&523/0,--,.
1 2 Contact Information Dr. Sonish Azam Office: SP 375.23 Tel: 514-848-2424 ex 3488 Email: sonish.azam@concordia.ca (Please mention BIOL 266 in subject) Office hours: after the class or by appointment
More informationSlide 1 / Describe the setup of Stanley Miller s experiment and the results. What was the significance of his results?
Slide 1 / 57 1 Describe the setup of Stanley Miller s experiment and the results. What was the significance of his results? Slide 2 / 57 2 Explain how dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are related.
More informationOutline 10: Origin of Life. Better Living Through Chemistry
Outline 10: Origin of Life Better Living Through Chemistry What is Life? Internal chemical activity providing growth, repair, and generation of energy. The ability to reproduce. The capacity to respond
More informationIntroductory Microbiology Dr. Hala Al Daghistani
Introductory Microbiology Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Why Study Microbes? Microbiology is the branch of biological sciences concerned with the study of the microbes. 1. Microbes and Man in Sickness and Health
More informationPlant Function. KEB no office hour on Monday 23 March. Chs 38, 39 (parts), March 2009 ECOL 182R UofA K. E. Bonine
Plant Function Chs 38, 39 (parts), 40 KEB no office hour on Monday 23 March 10 March 2009 ECOL 182R UofA K. E. Bonine Videos: 39.3, 34.3, 39.1, 34.1 Web Browser Open 1 Video 39.3 Pollination of a night-blooming
More informationI. Molecules and Cells: Cells are the structural and functional units of life; cellular processes are based on physical and chemical changes.
I. Molecules and Cells: Cells are the structural and functional units of life; cellular processes are based on physical and chemical changes. A. Chemistry of Life B. Cells 1. Water How do the unique chemical
More informationText of objective. Investigate and describe the structure and functions of cells including: Cell organelles
This document is designed to help North Carolina educators teach the s (Standard Course of Study). NCDPI staff are continually updating and improving these tools to better serve teachers. Biology 2009-to-2004
More informationEndosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory Evolution of Prokaryotes The oldest known fossils are 3.5 bya = stromatolites which are rock like layers of bacteria and sediment. Earliest life forms may have emerged as early as
More informationPlant Function Chs 38, 39 (parts), 40
Plant Function Chs 38, 39 (parts), 40 KEB no office hour on Monday 23 March 10 March 2009 ECOL 182R UofA K. E. Bonine Videos: 39.3, 34.3, 39.1, 34.1 Web Browser Open 1 Video 39.3 Pollination of a night-blooming
More informationCharacteristics of Life
Characteristics of Life All living things share some basic characteristics: 1. Organization 2. Movement 3. Made up of cells 4. Reproduce 5. Grow and / or develop 6. Obtain and use energy 7. Respond to
More informationAssessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to micro-organisms (90927)
NCEA Level 1 Biology (90927) 2016 page 1 of 5 Assessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to micro-organisms (90927) Evidence Statement Question One No response
More informationSection 1 The Light Reactions. Section 2 The Calvin Cycle. Resources
How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select View on the menu bar and click on Slide Show. To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or
More informationTREES. Functions, structure, physiology
TREES Functions, structure, physiology Trees in Agroecosystems - 1 Microclimate effects lower soil temperature alter soil moisture reduce temperature fluctuations Maintain or increase soil fertility biological
More informationText Readings. Chapter # 17 in Audesirk, Audesirk and Byers: The History of Life Pg. # Geologic Time...
Text Readings Chapter # 17 in Audesirk, Audesirk and Byers: The History of Life Pg. # 332-145. Geologic Time........ Geological Sources - 4.5 Billion Years Atmospheric Gases: Nitrogen (N 2 ) Water Vapor
More informationBacterial Genetics & Operons
Bacterial Genetics & Operons The Bacterial Genome Because bacteria have simple genomes, they are used most often in molecular genetics studies Most of what we know about bacterial genetics comes from the
More informationSECTION 14-1 REVIEW BIOGENESIS. 2. The purpose of the netting in Redi s experiment was to prevent
SECTION 14-1 REVIEW BIOGENESIS VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. biogenesis 2. spontaneous generation 3. vital force MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. One of the
More information3.B.1 Gene Regulation. Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.
3.B.1 Gene Regulation Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization. We will focus on gene regulation in prokaryotes first. Gene regulation accounts for some of
More informationCHAPTER 13 PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON
PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 13 PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON Figure 1. Electron micrograph of growing E. coli. Some show the constriction at the location where daughter
More information6 th Grade Life Science Strand 3: Characteristics and Interactions of Living Organisms
Middle School Life Science Standards There are 15 standards that encompass the proposed middle school life science standards. The new standards are listed 4 times to match the four times life science is
More informationDAY 1 Leaf Structure
DAY 1 Leaf Structure Design a Leaf!! What would be the best structure for a leaf to carry out its major function PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!!??? Place the following in order from the top of the leaf to the bottom.
More informationNutritional Adaptations of Plants *
OpenStax-CNX module: m47408 1 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants * Robert Bear David Rintoul Based on Nutritional Adaptations of Plants by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under
More informationComponents of a functional cell. Boundary-membrane Cytoplasm: Cytosol (soluble components) & particulates DNA-information Ribosomes-protein synthesis
Cell (Outline) - Components of a functional cell - Major Events in the History of Earth: abiotic and biotic phases; anaerobic and aerobic atmosphere - Prokaryotic cells impact on the biosphere - Origin
More informationChapter 37: Plant Nutrition - A Nutritional Network
Chapter 37: Plant Nutrition - A Nutritional Network Every organism continually exchanges energy and materials with its environment For a typical plant, water and minerals come from the soil, while carbon
More informationBiology Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 in textbook
Biology 205 5.10.06 Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 in textbook HTTP://WUNMR.WUSTL.EDU/EDUDEV/LABTUTORIALS/CYTOCHROMES/CYTOCHROMES.HTML What does a cell need to do? propagate itself (and its genetic program)
More information02/02/ Living things are organized. Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures. Learning Outcome B1
Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures Learning Outcome B1 Describe the following cell structures and their functions: Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Golgi
More informationRoots, Shoots & Leaves
Name Test Date Hour Plant Structure & Function #2 - Notebook Roots, Shoots & Leaves LEARNING TARGETS I can describe the functions of roots I can explain the nitrogen fixing process and why it is needed.
More informationName: Class: _ Date: ID: A. AP Photosynthesis Test 2012
Name: Class: _ Date: ID: A AP Photosynthesis Test 2012 Multiple Choice (3 polnts each) _ Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions.
More informationMineral and Organic Components. Soil Organisms, Biology, and Nutrients. Homework III: The State Soil of Florida. Posted on website.
Homework III: The State Soil of Florida Posted on website 5 bonus points Type all answers Soil Organisms, Biology, and Nutrients Mineral and Organic Components Functions of soils: recycler of raw materials
More informationUniversiteit van Pretoria University of Pretoria. Mikrobiologie 251 Toets Maart 2012 Microbiology 251 Test March Examiners: Dr L Moleleki
Universiteit van Pretoria University of Pretoria Mikrobiologie 251 Toets Maart 2012 Microbiology 251 Test March 2012 Tyd: 1 uur Time: 1 hour Eksaminatore: Dr L Moleleki Examiners: Dr L Moleleki Beantwoord
More informationNOTES: CH 10, part 3 Calvin Cycle (10.3) & Alternative Mechanisms of C-Fixation (10.4)
NOTES: CH 10, part 3 Calvin Cycle (10.3) & Alternative Mechanisms of C-Fixation (10.4) 10.3 - The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO 2 to sugar The Calvin cycle, like the citric acid cycle,
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 36. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 36 2 of 36 Formation of Earth Formation of Earth Hypotheses about Earth s early history are based on a relatively small amount of evidence. Gaps and uncertainties make it likely that scientific
More information2 4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction occurs when chemical bonds are broken and reformed. Rust forms very slowly, while rocket fuel combustion is explosive! The significance of this comparison is that
More informationPhotosynthesis Lecture 7 Fall Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis. The Chloroplast. Photosynthetic prokaryotes. The Chloroplast
Photosynthesis Lecture 7 Fall 2008 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis The process by which light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy 1 Photosynthesis Inputs CO 2 Gas exchange occurs through
More informationPART 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE SECTION
Name: Total: / 54 = % = TOPIC 3 TEST PART 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE SECTION 18 marks 1. Which of the following substances are organic? I. Lipids II. III. Water Carbon dioxide A. I only B. II and III only C. I
More informationBIOLOGY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC
BIOLOGY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC STUDENTS WILL UNDERSTAND THAT THE FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES OF ALL LIVING THINGS DEPEND ON A VARIETY OF SPECIALIZED CELL STRUCTURES AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES. First Semester Benchmarks:
More informationCorrelations to Next Generation Science Standards. Life Sciences Disciplinary Core Ideas. LS-1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes
Correlations to Next Generation Science Standards Life Sciences Disciplinary Core Ideas LS-1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes LS1.A Structure and Function Systems of specialized cells
More informationOrigin of Life. What is Life? The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence. The Origin of Life on Earth is another
sparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes Origin of Life 500 Paleozoic 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ARCHEAN Millions of years ago 1000 PROTEROZOIC Cenozoic Mesozoic 4000
More informationPerformance Indicators: Students who demonstrate this understanding can:
OVERVIEW The academic standards and performance indicators establish the practices and core content for all Biology courses in South Carolina high schools. The core ideas within the standards are not meant
More informationCompare and contrast the cellular structures and degrees of complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
Subject Area - 3: Science and Technology and Engineering Education Standard Area - 3.1: Biological Sciences Organizing Category - 3.1.A: Organisms and Cells Course - 3.1.B.A: BIOLOGY Standard - 3.1.B.A1:
More informationOCR Biology Checklist
Topic 1. Cell level systems Video: Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Compare the structure of animal and plant cells. Label typical and atypical prokaryotic cells. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
More informationOCR Biology Checklist
Topic 1. Cell level systems Video: Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Compare the structure of animal and plant cells. Label typical and atypical prokaryotic cells. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
More informationName # Class Date Regents Review: Cells & Cell Transport
Name # Class Date Regents Review: Cells & Cell Transport 1. All of the following are true regarding cells except? A) All cells have genetic material B) All cells have cell walls C) All cells have plasma
More informationUse evidence of characteristics of life to differentiate between living and nonliving things.
Grade Big Idea Essential Questions Concepts Competencies Vocabulary 2002 Standards All living things have a common set characteristic needs and functions that separate them from nonliving things such as:
More informationWest Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District AP Biology Grades 11-12
West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District AP Biology Grades 11-12 Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Content Area: Science Course & Grade Level: AP Biology, 11 12 Summary and Rationale The structural levels
More informationLecture 6 Environmental microbiology and Aqueous Geochemistry of Natural Waters
Lecture 6 Environmental microbiology and Aqueous Geochemistry of Natural Waters Please read these Manahan chapters: Ch 5 (aquatic microbial biochemistry) Ch 21 (environmental biochemistry) (Aquatic) Microbial
More informationEvaluating SYDlbiotic Potential of Rhizobia
SECTION III Evaluating SYDlbiotic Potential of Rhizobia SIGNIFICANCE OF SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION TO AGRICULTURE The value of legumes in improving and sustaining soil fertility was well known to agriculturalists,
More information9- #60 5. Photosynthesis. Sixth edition. D. O. Hall. and. K. K. Rao. Published in association with the Institute of Biology CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
9- #60 5 Photosynthesis Sixth edition D. O. Hall and K. K. Rao Published in association with the Institute of Biology CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents General preface to the series Preface to the sixth
More informationSoil Biology. The Sounds of Soil. Soils and Water, Spring Lecture 9, Soil Biology 1. Soil as a Transition Between Aquatic and Aerial System
Soil Biology Chapter 10 The Sounds of Soil Soil as a Transition Between Aquatic and Aerial System Lecture 9, Soil Biology 1 Bacteria in a Drying Environment Wet (open structure) Dry (dense) Holden P.A.,
More informationNAME ONE THING we have in common with plants. If
Cellular Respiration NAME ONE THING we have in common with plants. If you said cellular respiration, you are right. That is one thing we have in common with plants, slugs, slime mold, and spiders. Living
More informationCh.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection
Ch.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection Gene: A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait Gene pool: All
More informationChapter 32 Plant Nutrition and Transport
Chapter 32 Plant Nutrition and Transport PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture
More informationAP Plants II Practice test
AP Plants II Practice test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. The figure below shows the results of a study to determine the effect
More informationLife: Levels of Organization, Cell Structure & Function, Major Processes for Fueling Life s Activity
1 EVPP 110 Lecture Dr. Largen - Fall 2003 Life: Levels of Organization, Cell Structure & Function, Major Processes for Fueling Life s Activity 2 Levels of Organization of Life Levels of organization of
More informationIntroduction. Gene expression is the combined process of :
1 To know and explain: Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression Constitutive ( house keeping) vs. Controllable genes OPERON structure and its role in gene regulation Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
More informationCurriculum Map. Biology, Quarter 1 Big Ideas: From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes (BIO1.LS1)
1 Biology, Quarter 1 Big Ideas: From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes (BIO1.LS1) Focus Standards BIO1.LS1.2 Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules
More informationBL1102 Essay. The Cells Behind The Cells
BL1102 Essay The Cells Behind The Cells Matriculation Number: 120019783 19 April 2013 1 The Cells Behind The Cells For the first 3,000 million years on the early planet, bacteria were largely dominant.
More informationThe Origin of Cells (1.5) IB Diploma Biology
The Origin of Cells (1.5) IB Diploma Biology Cell theory states that: All living things are composed of cells (or cell products) The cell is the smallest unit of life Cells only arise from pre-existing
More informationOverview of Cells. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory
Overview of Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotic Cells Archaea Bacteria Come in many different shapes and sizes.5 µm 2 µm, up to 60 µm long Have large
More information