Marine Microbiology and Virology in the Anthropocene: Dysbiosis and Disease During Bleaching Events

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1 Marine Microbiology and Virology in the Anthropocene: Dysbiosis and Disease During Bleaching Events Rebecca Vega Thurber May NAS Coral Resilience Workshop

2 Microbiome Virome Archaea Bacteria Dinoflagellates Other Euks

3 First Study in the Early 1990 s

4 What is the role of the microbiome and virome in coral animal and reef health, particularly during bleaching?

5 Microbes are hypothesized to influence acclimatization and adaptation of hosts Torda et al Nature Climate Change 2017

6 Global Coral Microbiome Project NSF Dimensions of Biodiversity Grant Coral Clade Field Sites Dr. Jesse Zaneveld Dr. Monica Medina, University of Washington Penn State Bothell

7 Microbiome diversity correlated with disease McMinds et al., in prep

8 Microbiome Diversity Linked to Disease Susceptibility Acropora in the complex clade and the Pocillopora/Seriatopora/Stylophora McMinds et al., in prep

9 Coral Microbiome Has Many Players with Multifaceted Roles Bacteriovorax predates on pathogen Roseobacter spp. Synechococcus Abundant everywhere Vibrio spp. Pathogen Actinobacteria Antimicrobial properties Pelagibacter, Oceanospirillales, OM60 Alteromonadales Common marine bacteria Endozoicomonas spp. à nutrient cycling and amino acid synthesis Burkholderia spp. à fungus-associated? Rickettsiales à intracellular pathogen Myxococcus spp. à predators? Spirochaetes à? Cytophagales à? Ostreobium à nitrogen-fixing algae Rhizobiales à nutrient cycling Rhodospirillales à?

10 Experiments to link microbes to reef stressors and coral decline Macrobiota Microbiota Dr. Deron Burkepile UC Santa Barbara Project HERBVR Dr. Jessie Zaneveld OSU/UW Bothell

11 3 year Underwater Experiment in Florida Keys Overfishing Nutrient Pollution Climate Change 5-7% Coral cover Large numbers of parrotfishes Co-PI Deron Burkepile at UCSB Zaneveld et al. Nature Communications 2017

12 Microbiome Members Respond to Different Environmental Drivers Zaneveld et al., Nature Communications 2016

13 Sub-bleaching Thermal Stress Changes the Microbiome Significantly Zaneveld et al., Nature Communications 2016

14 Viral Diversity in Corals Vega Thurber et al., in press Viruses

15 Viruses and Bleaching Photo by spouse collaborator Dr. Andrew Thurber Correa et al., Frontiers of Microbiology 2016 Correa et al., Frontiers of Microbiology 2016

16 Viruses and Coral Bleaching Host associated VLPs Symbiont associated VLPs Massive viral infection event; 4-6 times more VLPs Correa et al., Frontiers of Microbiology 2016

17 Viruses are Associated with Bleached Corals Correa et al Frontiers in Microbiology Soffer et al ISME J Correa et al ISME J Vega Thurber et al PNAS Dr. Stephanie Rosales now at NOAA Correa et al., Frontiers of Microbiology 2016 Dr. Adrienne Correa now at Rice

18 Viruses are implicated in bleaching and disease Vega Thurber et al., Nature Reviews Microbiology

19 What about during extensive thermal stress associated bleaching?

20 Florida 2014 Bleaching Event Wang et al Frontiers in Marine Science 2018

21 2014 Thermal Anomaly Caused Extensive Bleaching and Disease Regardless of Nutrient Exposure Wang et al Frontiers in Marine Science 2018

22 Temperature Overwhelms The Effects of Other Stressors on Coral Microbiomes Wang et al Frontiers in Marine Science 2018

23 Shifts in Archaea, Viruses, and Fungi During Temperature Stress Too! Wang et al Frontiers in Marine Science 2018

24 Acropora-Rickettsiales-Nitrogen Model of Disease One Rickettsiales OTU was found to be strongly negatively associated with coral growth in samples treated with excess nutrients. (Shaver et al. 2017) Modified From Shaver et al Ecology

25 Genome size (bp) Draft Genome of Coral Rickettsiales Coding density # of predicted genes Contamination Completeness (1.36 Mb) 83.84% % 97.3% Candidatus Marinoinvertebrata rohwerri Klinges et al., in prep

26 Candidatus Marinoinvertebrata has reduced metabolic capacity Almost no amino acid biosynthesis genes Only 2 nitrogen metabolism genes Contains NtrY- NtrX two component system to detect extracellular nitrogen Klinges et al., in prep

27 The coral microbiome and habitat restoration Dr. Erinn Muller Mote Marine Lab NSF OCE grant proposal pending

28 Summary Microbes and viruses play important roles in coral health overall During bleaching events the composition of these microbiomes and viromes shift While temperature is likely driving initial shifts in symbiont abundance, opportunistic bacterial and viral infections can occur and ultimately cause mortality

29 Grad students Collaborators Postdocs Jesse Zaneveld Joe Pollack Adrienne Correa Rory Welsh Stephanie Rosales Monica Medina Ryan McMinds Deron Burkepile Becca Maher Emily Schmeltzer Stephanie Rosales Andrew Thurber Grace Klinges Adriana Messayz