smoking is a cause of lung cancer in these rats

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1 BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 October 2007 page 1 #1. Please state in a phrase what are the 3 maj objectives of this course accding to the syllabus? objective #1 1 pt. objective #2 1 pt. objective #3 1 pt. #2. List the principal steps of the scientific method : #3. Use arrows brackets written directly on your answer above to indicate clearly which of the above steps crespond to Inductive and which crespond to Deductive reasoning. 1 pt. #4. Hypotheses and theies in biology can be proven to be true beyond any doubt. TRUE FALSE? Please explain #5. What kind of reasoning uses observations to create an hypothesis? inductive deductive 1 pt. #6. Using what kind of reasoning does one predict the outcome of an experiment and thereby test an hypothesis? inductive deductive 1 pt. The figure at right shows the data from an experimental study of smoking and lung cancer rate in rats. The control group ( not smoking ) had a 0.12 rate of cancer and the experimental group ( smoking ) had a cancer rate of 0.31, which is significantly higher cancer rate #7. Smoking tobacco (and the ammonia compounds added to cigarettes by some tobacco companies) has been a widely popular activity in this country f several decades not smoking smoking Is the conclusion that: smoking is a cause of lung cancer in these rats VALID NOT VALID Please explain your choice: #8. Which of the following best describes the logic of hypothesis-based science? If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will suppt it. If my prediction is crect, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. If my observations are accurate, they will suppt my hypothesis. If my hypothesis is crect, I can expect certain test results. If my experiments are set up right, they will lead to a testable hypothesis. #9. A controlled experiment is one that proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make careful recds of the results. may include experimental groups and control groups tested in parallel. is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurat keeps all environmental variables constant. is supervised by an experienced scientist.

2 BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 page 2 #10. From another data set on smoking and cancer rate, the figure below shows the relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the risk of lung cancer by the smoker from public health dat Is the conclusion that: smoking caused increased lung cancer rates in these people VALID NOT VALID Please explain your choice: #11. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theies in science? Theies are hypotheses that have been prove Hypotheses are guesses; theies are crect answers. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theies have broad explanaty power. Hypotheses and theies are essentially the same thing. Theies are proved true in all cases; hypotheses are usually falsified by tests. #12. F scientific questions in which there is controversy and no clear right answer, all opinions are equally vali Please explain TRUE FALSE? #13. Consider the Big Picture slide of the hierarchical nature of ecology below: Please write the numbers on the lines below cresponding to the appropriate label f each level in this diagram, ecosystem level population level individual level community level #14. It is estimated that there are times me species of trees per area in a tropical rainfest than in a comparably sized area in Pennsylvani In addition, the tropics exhibit higher ecological functional diversity. What is ecological functional diversity and why is this concept imptant? 4 pts #15. Of what economic value is biodiversity to humans? Please list and briefly explain three different ways in which biodiversity is of economic valu {Hint: this question is NOT about aesthetics, it's about economics.} pts

BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1, page 3 Name (+1 pt) #16. Please add to the diagram below to illustrate AND briefly explain why are the coastal areas of the Pacific nthwest (g.

3 BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1, page 3 Name (+1 pt) #16. Please add to the diagram below to illustrate AND briefly explain why are the coastal areas of the Pacific nthwest (g., around Seattle, WA) so rainy and have such vast fests? and why does a desert occur in eastern Washington? strong wind from west Pacific Ocean Seattle Cascade Mountains eastern Washington desert #17. Imagine some cosmic catastrophe that jolts Earth so that it is no longer tilte Instead, its axis is perpendicular to the plane of its bit around the sun. The most predictable effect of this change would be no me night and day. a big change in the length of the year. a cooling of the equat. a loss of seasonal variation at nthern and southern latitudes. the elimination of ocean currents. #18. When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes in biomes at different latitudes. at different depths in the ocean. in a community through different seasons. in an ecosystem as it evolves over tim across the United States from east to west. #1. Write the letter on the spaces below of the two maj objectives of Individual Ecology? A. to understand the evolution of the design of the ganism as adapted over evolutionary time due to selection from its environment, B. to understand the evolution of feeding, sex, and death, C. to understand how knowledge is constructed using the scientific method, D. to understand how ganisms interact with their total environment and how the individual responds in an adaptive manner in ecological time, E. to understand the spacing patterns in mobile animals as evolved solutions to energy budget constraints, objective #1 objective #2: (the der does not matter) #2. Please write on the lines below what are the five environmental types that directly affect the day to day lives of individual ganisms? 5 pts

BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 page 4 #3. Please offer a brief but concise definition of Evolution. #4.

In class, I mentioned the sty of giraffes who possess extremely long and tough tongues that can strip leaves off of thny tree branches in African savannah habitats.

Please explain how the phenotypic changes in giraffe tongues might have evolved by a process of Darwinian Natural Selection. #6.

(possibly by a random mutation) an extremely low metabolic rat Assuming that this first step was crect, please use your knowledge of Darwinian Natural Selection to account f the appearance of venom

4 BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 page 4 #3. Please offer a brief but concise definition of Evolution. #4. Please offer a brief but concise explanation of how Evolution can occur by Natural Selection (hint: there three specific conditions) pts. #5. In class, I mentioned the sty of giraffes who possess extremely long and tough tongues that can strip leaves off of thny tree branches in African savannah habitats. Giraffe tongues are suggested to have evolved these characteristics by a process of Darwinian Natural Selection from ancestral giraffes with soft tongues not unlike those of other mammals. Please explain how the phenotypic changes in giraffe tongues might have evolved by a process of Darwinian Natural Selection. #6. In class, I mentioned the sty of rattlesnakes who capture prey by a wait ambush faging mod Likely, these snakes evolved from wide faging snakes similar to whipsnakes today, but evolved somehow (possibly by a random mutation) an extremely low metabolic rat Assuming that this first step was crect, please use your knowledge of Darwinian Natural Selection to account f the appearance of venom and the syndrome of traits associated with wait-ambush predation in this group #7. Why are polar bears white? Despite that these bears live in some of the coldest and brightly lit places on Earth, why is having white fur adaptive over having black fur f the purposes of temperature regulation? #8. Imagine that a mutant Turkey Vulture arose in a west Texas population that had black skin instead of the white skin that all others possess. The mutant s feathers are the same as the wild typ Which is true and why? A. the mutant would me likely overheat compared to the wild type and be selected against under Natural Selection, B. the mutant skin would have no effect on heat gain and loss compared to the wild type, C. the mutant would be cooler than the wild type and be faved under Natural Selection. please explain

BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1, page 5 Name (+1 pt) #9. In the diagram at right, use an arrow to indicate the direction of water flow within the U-Shaped tube due to osmosis.

Please list and briefly explain at least 2 different reasons f why might juvenile play behavi might be adaptiv 1 2 4 pts #11.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) genes have very little influence on the expression of innate behavis, innate behavis tend are identical among all members of a population, innate behavis are limited to

5 BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1, page 5 Name (+1 pt) #9. In the diagram at right, use an arrow to indicate the direction of water flow within the U-Shaped tube due to osmosis. In addition, in the space below explain which way water flows and why. #10. Many animals exhibit play behavi, especially in juveniles. Please list and briefly explain at least 2 different reasons f why might juvenile play behavi might be adaptiv pts #11. Which of the following is true of innate behavis (the Nature part of Nature vs. Nurture )? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) genes have very little influence on the expression of innate behavis, innate behavis tend are identical among all members of a population, innate behavis are limited to invertebrate animals, Innate behavis occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not in mammals, innate behavis are expressed in most individuals in a population across a wide range of environmental conditions. #12. Which of the following is not required f a behavial trait to evolve by natural selection? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) in each individual, the fm of the behavi is determined entirely by genes, the behavi varies among individuals, an individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavi is perfmed, some component of the behavi is genetically inherited, an individual's genotype influences its behavial phenotyp #13. When Konrad Lenz raised chicks and found that they followed his yellow boots, what contribution did he make to the debate about the roles of innate instinct vs. environmental learning in the evolution and expression of behavi? What did this say about nature [genetics] vs. nurture [environment]?

BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 page 6 #14. This question will assess you understanding of the contribution of Niko Tinbergen to our understanding of the evolution of behavi.

Although many chimpanzee populations live in environments containing oil-palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts.

6 BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 page 6 #14. This question will assess you understanding of the contribution of Niko Tinbergen to our understanding of the evolution of behavi. Why didn t the digger wasp find her nest in Figure B below? Please explain the roles of genetics and environment in determining this behavi. A B #15. Although many chimpanzee populations live in environments containing oil-palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The most likely explanation f this behavial difference between populations is that (a) the behavial difference is caused by genetic differences between populations, (b) members of different populations have different nutritional requirements, (c) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations, (d) members of different populations differ in learning ability, (e) members of different populations differ in manual dexterity. #16. Please offer a brief but concise definition of altruism 3 pts #17. Is the interaction between a flower and a pollinating butterfly an example of altruism? YES NO??? 1 pt #18. Is parental care, such as defending your offspring from an attacking predat and example of altruism? YES NO??? 1 pt #19. At right is a figure showing the average distance traveled by male and female prairie dogs from their family colony. Based on these data, which sex would you expect to give alarm calls to warn the other prairie dogs nearby of an approaching predat (such as a hawk)? Please explain your reasoning. 4 pts 20. Accding to the theetical studies of the evolution of altruism, (a) natural selection does not fav altruistic behavi that causes the death of the altruist, (b) natural selection is me likely to fav altruistic acts when the beneficiary is a close relative, (c) natural selection is me likely to fav altruistic behavi that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavi that benefits a full sibling, (d) the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals, (e) altruism must always be reciprocal (i., the beneficiary also must behave altruistically). Please Read This Comment: You are welcome to download some all of the material I have posted at this site f your use in your biology cours This does not include commercial uses f profit. If you do use any lengthy excerpts (me than 2 lines) of the material above, I request that you fmally acknowledge this site and/ sites I have acknowledged as the source(s). I also request that you reciprocate and send me a copy of your biology materials so that I may see what you have put together. Please send comments to me: bwgrant@widener.edu. Copyright - Bruce W. Grant, 2007.

BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 Friday, 8 October 2004 page 1

BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 Friday, 8 October 2004 page 1 PART 1 #1. Smoking tobacco (and the ammonia compounds added to cigarettes by some tobacco companies) has been a widely popular activity in this country