Notes PG#1: Mitosis, Meiosis & Chromosomal Disorders EQ1: What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis? EQ2: What is the difference between

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1 Nots PG#1: Mitosis, Miosis & Chomosomal Disods EQ1: What is th diffnc btwn Mitosis and Miosis? EQ2: What is th diffnc btwn haploid and diploid?

2 DNA is th molcul that tansfs hditay infomation fom on cll to th nxt. This is a modl of th doubl hlix shap of DNA.

3 Whn a cll is dividing, DNA winds up tightly and foms chomosoms in th nuclus of th cll. A Copy of DNA is ndd in all clls. A spcific potion of th DNA is calld a gn, which has 1 pic of gntic infomation. Ex. Hai colo is a gn. Th gns a containd within th chomosom.

4 Fill in you diagam!

5 Mitosis & Miosis Mitosis pupos: Copy cll & DNA insid, x. hal wounds Miosis pupos: Mak gntically uniqu gamts that can combin with oth pant gamt x. Mak babis

6 DRAW: MITOSIS Whn somatic (body) clls poduc thmslvs th pocss is calld MITOSIS Main puposs of mitosis: Gowth Rpai Asxual poduction (bactia) Mitosis lads to th poduction of two daught clls. Each daught cll has th sam numb of chomosoms as th pant cll. Somatic Cll 2N 2N 2N Daught Clls

7 MEIOSIS DRAW: Whn gamt (spm o gg) clls poduc thmslvs th pocss is calld MEIOSIS. Miosis ducs chomosom # in half. Making Gamt Clls 2N Each cll mad by Miosis contains only 1 copy of ach chomosom (n). Duing miosis, a singl diploid cll divids and poducs FOUR gntically diffnt haploid clls. N In Miosis cossing ov occus, wh th chomosoms nxt to ach oth (homologous chomosoms) swap gns, this incass gntic vaity in th potntial offsping. N N N

8 Gamts (n) Mad by Miosis Somatic Clls (2n) Rpoduc (clon) though Mitosis

9 In animals Somatic clls (clls of th body) a diploid. This mans that ach cll has two chomosoms of ach typ. Thy a in PAIRS. On fom mom and on fom dad. Ths a th clls usd to mak kayotyps. Mad though MITOSIS. Biologists us 2N to symboliz diploid. Gamt clls (gg, spm) a haploid. This mans that ach cll has only ONE of ach typ of chomosom. Why? Mad though MEIOSIS. Biologists us N to symboliz haploid.

10 Mitosis o Miosis??? 1. Asxual Rpoduction? 2. Rsults in 2 idntical clls? 3. Rsults in 4 non-idntical clls? 4. Poducs gamts? 5. Rsults in vaiation? 6. Rsults in haploid clls? 7. Usd fo gowth and pai? 8. Skin clls? 9. Spm clls? 10. Maks 2N clls?

11 Mo m Sx Chomosoms: A singl pai of chomosoms that dtmins th gnd of th oganism. Always put last, pai #23. -Fmal = XX -Mal =XY -Do NOT always match by siz- XY! Autosoms: All oth chomosoms not involvd in gnd dtmination. Pais #1-22, Put fom lagst to smallst. -Matchd by sam siz, lik socks! Da d MD MD M D

12 Ats & Cafts: Kayotyping No, th chomosoms in you clls a not usually natly paid up fom 1 to 23. Fist, scintists hav to stain th cll and viw it with a powful micoscop. Thy thn tak a photogaph of th chomosoms in th cll, pint it out, cut out th chomosoms and find th matching pais by sam siz. Thy thn lin thm up fom lagst to smallst with th XX o XY at th nd.

Miosis: Cossing Ov: Homologous Chomosoms swap

13 Miosis: Cossing Ov: Homologous Chomosoms swap (switch) som gns duing MEIOSIS only. This cats vaity in th gamts. This is why kids who hav th sam two pants don t hav to look idntical, o vn alik. O, convsly, why two siblings might look xactly lik thi sibling- if thy had th sam coss-ovs.

14 A kayotyp is a pictu showing th aangmnt of a full st of human chomosoms. W a homologous pai #5! W a th sx chomosoms and w dtmin th gnd -Humans hav 46 (23 pais- half fom mom, half fom dad) chomosoms -Each pai is calld homologous, maning sam gns

15 Pactic Is this kayotyp fom a mal o fmal human?

16 Pactic Is this kayotyp fom a mal o fmal human?

17 Pactic Is this kayotyp fom a mal o fmal human?

18 Ftilization fo a diploid offsping Upon ftilization, a N spm mts a N gg and a zygot (2N) is fomd. 1 N gg 1 N spm 2N zygot

19 What a chomosoms? Humans hav 23 pais (2n=46) of chomosoms, with on chomosom fom ach pant. Th chomosoms a coild up DNA. Und nomal conditions all of th This i s chomosoms a human a nomal k inhitd intact and is a pictchomosomasyotyp of u of. A ka u p yoty c t homo o look in pais. p s at om and c ompa s lind.

20 4 Chomosomal Disods Dltion: whn clls go though miosis, potions of th chomosom a lost. Invsion: whn clls go though miosis, pats of th chomosom a flippd. Tanslocation: whn clls go though miosis, pats of th chomosoms stick togth and switch. Non-disjunction: whn clls go though miosis th chomosoms don t spaat coctly and ith too many o not nough a passd on.

21 Down Syndom 1 in 31,000 biths 46 chomosoms XY=97% XX=3% #14/21 Tanslocation Down Syndom: Tisomy 90-95% of Downs cass 1 in 1,250 biths 47 chomosoms XY o XX #21 Tisomy Non-disjunction

22 Down Syndom Shot, boad hands Stubby fings Rough skin Impotncy in mals Mntally tadd Small ound fac Potuding tongu Shot lifspan

23 Non-disjunction: Tuns Syndom 1 in 5,000 biths 45 chomosoms X only #23 Monosomy Nondisjunction Symptoms: 96-98% do not suviv to bith No mnstuation (stil) No bast dvlopmnt Naow hips Boad shoulds and nck

24 Klinflt Syndom 1 in 1,100 biths 47 chomosoms XXY only #23 Tisomy Nondisjunction ms d a a b s and c a Sc ing f Long l i St t skin ility ca Dli ntal ab n a m Low al lifsp Nom

25 Dltion: Ci-Du-Chat Syndom 1 in 216,000 biths 46 chomosoms #5 Dltion of low am : s m c o t a p f Sym shapd n o s o a M s di d d t a a t H y x l l n a y t n la d M m o an f l p a s M lif l a m No

26 Dltion: Aniidia-Wilms Tumo Syndom ths i b 0 0,000,0 1 in 50 oms s o m o 46 ch XX XY o am p p u f tion o l D 1 #1 ms: dd o t p Sym lly ta d ta Mn h tad t Gow ss ys n n d d n i i Bl on k s o Tum lifspan t Sho

27 Thitn Q Dltion Syndom ths i b 000, in ms o s o om h c 46 XX o am XY w f lo o n o lti D #13 Mntally tadd Dfomd fac No thumbs Hat disas Shot lifspan

28 Dltion: Pad-Willi Syndom 1 in 5,000,000 biths 46 chomosoms XY=97% XX=3% #15 Dltion of low am ad h k i l d Small bi add t y l l a ms Mnt l b o p oy Rspiat Obsity fspan i l t o h S

Eightn Q Dltion Syndom ths i b 00 0, 0,00 0

29 Eightn Q Dltion Syndom ths i b 00 0, 0, in s m o s omo h c 46 XX o am XY low f o n tio l D #18 Mntally tadd Hat disas Abnomal hands and ft Lag ys Lag as Nomal lifspan

31 Singl Chomosom Disods 1. Dltion Gntic matial is missing 2. Duplication Gntic matial is psnt twic 3. Invsion Gntic matial is flippd

32 Two Chomosom Disods (Both typs a calld tanslocation ) Instion Gntic matial is addd fom anoth chomosom Tanslocation Matial is swappd with anoth chomosom

33 Tanslocation: Bukitt Lymphoma Tanslocation of th Myc gn on chomosom 8 Nomal Myc gns contol cll gowth and division Tanslocatd Myc gns don t function poply Lads to canc of th lymph nods

34 Cat-Ey Syndom 1 in 1,000,000 biths 46 chomosoms XY o XX #22 Dltion of bottom am os t d an s ng add i f t d Fus tally Mn ll jaw lms a Sm t pob span Ha al lif m No

35 Patau s Tisomy Syndom 1 in 14,000 biths 47 chomosoms XY o XX #13 Tisomy Nondisjunction d ys a g h ll sin a s i m m S o l l ts a Sm t dfc s Ha fing italia a n Ext mal g dd th i a o t b n Ab ally t f a t Mn palat w wks t Clf di a f t Mos

36 Fou-Ring Syndom 1 in 10,000,000 biths 46 chomosoms XY o XX #4 Invsion lat a p t cnd Clf ft s d Club s don t n a t Ts t lifsp Sho

37 Jacob s Syndom 1 in 1,800 biths 47 chomosoms XYY only #23 Tisomy Nondisjunction? Nomal physically Nomal mntally Incas in tstoston Mo aggssiv Nomal lifspan

38 Tipl X Syndom Nomal physically Somtims tall Nomal mntally Inc. isk of tadation Ftil

39 Oth Typs of Inhitd Gntic Disod

40 Tay-Sachs Multipl kinds of mutation on Chomosom 15

41 Tay-Sachs incidnc at of infantil Tay-Sachs= Ashknazi Jwish goups, Fnch Canadian & Cajun: 1 in 30 a cais oth goups: 1 in 300 a cais accumulation of lipids on bain bain malfunction; dath by ag 5

42 Sx-linkd: X chomosom Duchnn Muscula Dystophy 1 boy in vy 3,000 pogssiv wakning of muscls and loss of coodination mo common in mals

43 Cystic Fibosis 1 in 31 is cai in U.S. Singl gn mutation mucus in lungs, pancas, digstiv tact and oth ogans most common lthal gntic disas in U.S. htozygot may b sistant to typhoid fv

44 Autosomal Dominant Huntington s incidnc: 1/10,000 in U.S. nvous systm dgnats lat onst may not show symptoms until past poductiv ag

45 Kayotyp Lab Quiz Tomoow Kayotyping fo a disas Patns 4 disass psntd, pick 2 kayotyps, cut and match. Onc matchd up, answ th qustions about you two kayotyps.

Physics 111. Lecture 38 (Walker: ) Phase Change Latent Heat. May 6, The Three Basic Phases of Matter. Solid Liquid Gas

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