MEIOSIS. Stages of Meiosis, Gametogenesis, Sex Determination, & Abnormalities.

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1 MEIOSIS Stages of Meiosis, Gametogenesis, Sex Determination, & Abnormalities.

2 Stages and Steps of Meiosis Interphase Same as in Mitosis 3 stages G1, S, G2 DNA replication and cell growth Meiosis I Prophase I Nuclear membrane begins to dissolve Homologous chromosomes (made up of sister chromatids) match up and intertwine in a process called Synapsis Crossing over occurs which is the exchange/mixing of genetic information between two non-sister chromatids Crossing over results in chromosome recombination

3 Metaphase I The pair of homologous chromosomes, each containing 2 sister chromatids, is called a tetrad The tetrads move toward the centre of the cell and align along the metaphase plate. Independent assortment occurs, which is the RANDOM arrangement of the homologous chromosome along the metaphase plate Anaphase I The homologous chromosomes separate towards opposite poles of the cell Only 1 chromosome from each homologous pair will be found in the new daughter cells

4 Telophase I Division of cytoplasm and organelles Nuclear membrane reappears and reforms as the cell begins to divide into two cells *Cytokinesis Ends in two haploid cells Unlike mitosis, the chromosomes are NOT IDENTICAL (due to crossing over) Meiosis II *** the cell does not undergo interphase, it jumps directly into Meiosis II Prophase II DNA replication did not occur as interphase is skipped One set of chromosomes still contain sister chromatids, HOWEVER they are not identical due to crossing over that occurred in Prophase I Nuclear membrane dissolves

5 Metaphase II Chromosomes line up in a single file along the cell s metaphase plate Sister chromatids remain attached by their centromere Anaphase II Chromatids are pulled apart and pulled to opposite poles of the cell The nuclear membranes begins to reform around the chromatids Telophase II Division of cytoplasm and organelles Chromosomes unwind, nuclear membrane reforms and the cell begins to divide into two cells *Cytokinesis End with four haploid cells called gametes

6 Gametogenesis Is the formation of sex cells in meiosis. In animals it takes place in the testes and ovaries. Produced by meiosis, sex cells contain the haploid number of chromosomes. The production of sperm is called spermatogenesis The production of egg cells (ova) is called oogenesis.

7 The Differences Oogenesis Cytoplasm is not equally divided between cells during meiosis. One daughter gets cell most of the cytoplasm, which becomes a single ovum (eggs cell) The other 3 remaining cells are called polar bodies, which die. Spermatogenesis Cytoplasm is equally divided during both stages of meiosis Results in 4 equally sized sperm cells Streamlined for maximum motility

8 Karyotypes & Sex Chromosomes Karyotype is a picture of chromosomes that are arranged by number, size, or some other characteristic Sex Chromosomes Found in most eukaryotic organisms In most mammals - matching pair of homologous chromosomes in females and partially matching in males In males one chromosome is smaller than the other The larger of the two is a homologous chromosomes to that in the female

9 Sex Determination The larger type of sex chromosome is the X chromosome The smaller type is the Y chromosome X & Y chromosomes contain matching regions Allows for synapsis and act as homologous pair = meiosis Non sex chromosomes are called autosomes XX = Female XY = Male XX/XY is know as the sex-determination system You always get an X from the Mom, therefore dad determines the sex If you get an X from dad = female. Get a Y from dad = male Not all animals use this sex-determination cycle

10

11 Abnormalities Meiosis Can contribute to genetic disorders and infertility. Random meiotic errors, disease, and environmental factors Entire chromosomes can be lost or gained in a rare error during meiosis Usually a result of non-disjunction Non-disjunction The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis Results in one daughter cell with an extra chromosome and one daughter cell missing a chromosome Not able to function normally Can be found via preparation of a karyotype

12 Outcomes of Non-disjunction Errors Trisomy Means 3 homologous chromosomes instead of a homologous pair Monosomy Means 1 chromosome instead of a homologous pair

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