1-1 What Is Science? Biology: The study of life!

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1 1-1 What Is Science? Biology: The study of life! What is the goal of science? What is Science? (2 definitions) What is the scientific method? What does scientific investigation begin with? Define inference.

2 Explaining and Interpreting Evidence Define hypothesis. Differentiate between an alternative hypothesis and a null hypothesis. What is a controlled experiment? Define independent (manipulated) variable. Define dependent (responding) variable. Differentiate between the control group and experimental group(s). Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative data. Discuss the meaning and importance of scientific integrity using the terms validity, bias, fabrication and falsification. 2

3 Science as a Way of Knowing Discuss the importance of how experimental results (data) are analyzed, and how inferences (conclusions) are drawn. Do you think the results of one experiment is proof? Explain! Differentiate between support and refute. Discuss the importance of communication in science. Should experimental results be communicated only if the hypothesis is supported? Explain! Why MUST scientists be skeptical and critical? Why MUST experimental results be repeatable? Why MUST scientific publication undergo peer review? Define and explain the difference between theory and law. 3

4 The Scientfc Method Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis Be familiar with the sequence and components of the scientific method. Repeat! Other Thoroughly Tested & Widely Accepted Hypotheses 4

5 Writng a Hypothesis (If, and we, then) A hypothesis specifc to an experiment can be writen as a deductve statement that includes three components: 1) The being tested 2) The that will test the inference 3) The outcome of the experiment Be able to write an If...and we then three part deductive hypothesis as instructed in class. (WAIT to complete this slide.) 5

6 Designing a Controlled Experiment Identify the variables in this experiment. What is the question? What is the alternative hypothesis? Null hypothesis? How would you analyze this data? What conclusion would you infer? Determine and explain whether this experiment, data, analysis and conclusions are valid and repeatable. 6 What further questions do the results of this experiment raise? Experiments?

7 1-2 How Scientists Work Redi s Test of Spontaneous Generation Materials Do Active Art (Online Text) Define spontaneous generation. Based on his observations, what did Redi infer/hypothesize about maggots? Draw the experimental setup and label all groups and variables. Write both the alternative and null hypotheses. What did Redi conclude? Are Redi's experiment and conclusions valid? Why or why not? 7

8 Conflicting Results & Critical Thinking Needham vs. Spallanzani Repeating Investigations & Critical Thinking Flask with gravy Gravy is boiled. How do Needham's results and conclusion compare with Redi's? Flask is open. Is Needham's experiment valid? If not, explain why. Is Spallanzani's experiment valid? Why or why not? How do Spallanzani's results and conclusions compare with Needham's and Gravy is Redi's? teeming with Do you think this series of experimentation microorganisms. showed once and for all that there is no spontaneous generation? Explain! Gravy is boiled. Flask is sealed. Gravy is free of microorganisms. 8

9 Adjusting the Experimental Design Louis Pasteur's Test of Spontaneous Generation Materials Do Active Art (Online Text) Draw the experimental setup labeling all groups and variables. How is Pasteur's experimental design different than Spallanzani's, and why? What was Pasteur s hypothesis? Is Pasteur's experiment valid? Why or why not? Explain how Pasteur's results and conclusions compare with Redi's, Needham's, and Spallanzani's? 9

10 When Experiments Are Not Possible (alternative investigation) Ethical Concerns In Animal Testing Differentiate between experimental and non-experimental investigation. What is one example of non-experimental investigation? What ethical concerns should be considered when using living experimental subjects? Define model organism. What is one of the most widely used model organisms and why? 10

11 1-3 Studying Life Science, Technology, & Society A Big Idea in How is biology important to YOU? What are the two most important ways biology is important to YOU? What is one biotechnology that you think may be the most transformative for society and/or our species? Why? 11

12 Branches of Biology zoology sociobiology taxonomy toxicology virology veterinarian dendrology ecology ethnobotany evolution genetics genomics botany immunology marine biology microbiology exobiology phycology physiology anatomy biochemistry bioinformatics biomechanics psychology palaeontology biophysics biochemistry biotechnology anaesthesiology neurobiology proteomics palaeobotany geriatrics radiology medical doctor nurse Just to name a few! Can you think of any not on this list? How would you interpret the point of this slide in relation to our study of biology in general, and your relationship with biology, specifically? 12

13 What does it mean to be alive? Characteristics of Living Things Every living thing (or life as we know it) 1) 2) 3) Vs. 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) List the characteristics that all living things share (Hint: The next 8 slides). How many of these characteristics must be present to define life as we know/define it? Identify the figure above and explain its significance to this discussion. 13

14 What is a cell? Characteristics of Living Things A Big Idea in Biology! Which characteristic of life does this slide represent? Define cell in the context of life and biology. Differentiate between unicellular and multicellular. Differentiate between the examples in the top and bottom rows. How many Kingdoms of life are represented here? Label them. 14

15 Characteristics of Living Things A Big Idea in Biology! DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Which characteristic of life does this slide represent? Where is DNA found in the context of cells, life & biology? What are 3 functions that DNA performs in living systems? These functions can be summarize in one word? What does the circular table represent in the characteristics of life? 15

16 Characteristics of Living Things Which characteristic of life does this slide represent? Identify the cells and process taking place in the left image. What type of reproduction is this? Identify the organism and process in the right image. What type of reproduction is this? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of reproduction? 16

17 Characteristics of Living Things Which characteristic of life does this slide represent? Explain how multicellular organisms grow and develop using the terms cell division, differentiation and specialization. How many different specialized cells make up your body? 17

18 Characteristics of Living Things A Big Idea in Biology! Which characteristic of life does this slide represent? The overall process shown in the top figure can be summarized with one word? The image of Earth represents all life on the planet. This is also known as the? The diagram bottom, left represents how moves through the biosphere, it? The figure bottom, right represents how moves through the biosphere, it? 18

19 Characteristics of Living Things Which characteristic of life does this slide represent? This characteristic can be summarized in one word? What are the two components of behavior? (Hint: See cartoon.) 19

20 Characteristics of Living Things A Big Idea in Biology! homeostasis Which characteristic of life does this slide represent? The figure on the left is a non-biological example. What is being maintained and how? The figure on the right is a biological example. What is being maintained and how? (Hint: The organ represented at 2 and 5 is the pancreas. The substances labeled at 3 and 6 are hormones.) Define negative feedback and be able to apply it to these examples. 20

21 Characteristics of Living Things A Big Idea in Biology! This explains the unity and diversity of life! (Another Big Idea ) Common Ancestor Which characteristic of life does this slide represent? Identify this type of diagram, what is it called? What does it represent or show? Explain why all living species MUST change over time. Explain how this also illustrates the unity and diversity of life (The Big Idea on the next slide).21

22 Other Big Ideas in Biology Unity and Diversity of Life What's the big idea? Identify, determine, and explain how each of these figures represents either the unity and/or diversity of life. Common Ancestor 22

23 Big Ideas in Biology Science as a Way of Knowing What's the big idea? Review the dual definition of science and the goal of science. 23

24 Big Ideas in Biology Structure and Function What's the big idea? Why do the forelimbs of these mammals have the same bones in the same order? This is known as structure. What does this suggest about these species? Explain why these forelimbs are different. 24

25 The Hierarchy of Biological Organization Subatomic Particles Atoms Big Ideas in Biology What's the big idea? Define each of these levels and be able to recite their sequence. Organ system Biomes 25

26 1-4 Tools and Procedures 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) 1 meter = 1000 millimeters (mm) 1000 meters = 1 kilometer (km) 1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (ml) 1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm3) A Common Measurement System 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) 1 gram = 1000 milligrams (mg) 1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton (t) 00C = freezing point of water 1000C = boiling point of water Identify this system of measurement. Explain why it is superior to the Imperial system still used in Britain and the US. What is the system used in science (SI) and why? What is the base unit for each category? What is the meaning of each prefix? 26

27 Analyzing Biological Data (Note: This is not the complete data set.) This slide represents a common practice in data. Why is it often necessary for scientists to use data tables? Why is it often necessary for scientists to create a graph? Note that data analysis also includes calculations and descriptions of data. How would you calculate the rate of growth from this graph? Is this a valid experiment? Why? 27

28 Light vs. Electron Microscope Limit = 1000x or 0.2µ 1000 x more!! LM TEM SEM Explain why the invention and development of the microscope is important to biology. Differentiate between the light microscope and electron microscope using the terms, light, 28 electrons, lenses, magnets, magnification, resolution, and the abbreviations LM, TEM and SEM.

29 Laboratory Techniques Identify and describe this laboratory technique. Explain how/why this technique is useful in biology. 29

30 Laboratory Techniques Identify and describe this laboratory technique. Explain how/why this technique is useful in biology. 30