JASON SHIN Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power co. Wolsong NPP II KHNP
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1 JASON SHIN Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power co.
2 CANDU reactors CANDU : Canada Deuterium Uranium (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) Heavy water(d2o) coolant Heavy water moderator Natural uranium fuels
3 Two systems containing heavy water Primary Heat Transport System(PHT system) Coolant : 190 ton High temperature : 266 ~ 310 o C High pressure : 100 bar Tritium concentration : ~ 2 Ci/kg Usual leakage rate : ~ 10 kg/day (Wolsong Unit 3 & 4)
4 Two systems containing heavy water Moderator System(MOD system) Moderator : 260 ton Low temperature : 46 ~ 69 o C Low pressure : 0.2 bar Tritium concentration : ~ 40 Ci/kg Usual leakage rate : ~ 1 kg/day (Wolsong Unit 3 & 4)
5 Features of a PHWR High tritium concentrations in coolant or moderator Inevitable leakage of coolant and moderator (not only at a PHWR) High tritium concentration in air of reactor building High concern about internal dose by tritium
6 What happens during sudden heavy water leakage? Tritium concentration in air soars high Amount of tritium release increases Amount of heavy water recovery increases Wide survey for leakage is needed Internal dose of workers increase
7 If we know which system heavy water leaks from... Survey time will shorten We can reduce Heavy water leakage Tritium release Internal dose of workers
8 Tritium & heavy water in air PHT heavy water : X PHT tritium : AX Heavy water : X+Y Tritium : AX+BY MOD heavy water : Y MOD tritium : BY PHT system MOD system
9 System Equation for X & Y Equations for PHT & MOD heavy water AX + BY = T X + Y = H X = (T BH) / (A B) Y = (T AH) / (B A) where A is tritium concentration in PHT heavy water (known) B is tritium concentration in MOD heavy water (known) T is tritium in the sample (measured) H is heavy water in the sample (measured) X is PHT heavy water in the sample (unknown) Y is MOD heavy water in the sample (unknown)
10 Contribution to the leakage X & Y show how much PHT heavy water and MOD heavy water exist in the sample These are found by comparing the ratio of tritium (T) to heavy water (H) with the the ratios of tritium to PHT heavy water and MOD heavy water (A & B) B is much bigger than A If T/H is very close to A, most of heavy water and tritium must come from PHT system If T/H is a little close to A, most of heavy water comes from PHT system but most of tritium comes from MOD system
11 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008) Tritium concentration in air in the reactor building suddenly rose Dec 12-Dec 13-Dec 14-Dec 15-Dec 16-Dec 17-Dec 18-Dec 19-Dec 20-Dec 21-Dec 22-Dec 23-Dec 24-Dec 25-Dec 26-Dec
12 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008) Sampling & analysis Water vapor sampling from the air in the reactor building using gas washing bottle Tritium in 1g (T) = 25.9 kbq Heavy water in 1g (H) = 26.4 mg Heavy water compensated for natural deuterium in 1g (H) = 9.7 mg Tritium concentration in PHT (A) = Ci/kg Tritium concentration in MOD (B) = Ci/kg
13 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008) Calculation result 85% of leaked heavy water was from PHT system, and 15% from MOD system 20% of tritium in air was from PHT system, and 80% from MOD system Ordinarily, more than 90% of tritium in air had been from PHT system
14 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008) Follow up actions An intensive survey on MOD system Finding out the leakage point at a junction near a pressure instrument of the MOD system Delay Tank Callandria To MOD Purification System Pump
15 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008) Follow up actions The tritium concentration in air in the reactor building decreased after repair Dec 12-Dec 13-Dec 14-Dec 15-Dec 16-Dec 17-Dec 18-Dec 19-Dec 20-Dec 21-Dec 22-Dec 23-Dec 24-Dec 25-Dec 26-Dec 27-Dec 28-Dec 29-Dec
16 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009) Tritium concentration in air in the reactor building jumped Mar 5 Mar 7 Mar 9 Mar 11 Mar 13 Mar 15 Mar 17 Mar 19 Mar 21 Mar 23 Mar 25 Mar 27 Mar 29 Mar 31 Mar 2 Apr 4 Apr 6 Apr 8 Apr 10 Apr 12 Apr 14 Apr 16 Apr
17 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009) Sampling & analysis Water vapor sampling from the air in the reactor building using gas washing bottle Tritium in 1g (T) = 50.3 kbq Heavy water compensated for natural deuterium in 1g (H) = 93.0 mg Tritium concentration in PHT (A) = Ci/kg Tritium concentration in MOD (B) = Ci/kg
18 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009) Calculation result % of leaked heavy water was from PHT system, and 0.14% from MOD system 103.7% of tritium in air was from PHT system, and 3.7% from MOD system This irrational result was thought as due to an experimental error but such results were repeated in more samples
19 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009) Further Investigation The ratio of tritium to heavy water in the water vapor sample was supposed to be between the tritium concentrations in the PHT heavy water and MOD heavy water, that is, between Ci/kg and Ci/kg but, was measured as 1.46 Ci/kg. We started to think about the possibility of leaking of another heavy water which has lower tritium concentration.
20 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009) Further Investigation Stagnant heavy water in the PHT system isolated for a long time from circulating coolant had a little less tritium concentration than main PHT heavy water like one in Coolant Storage Tank and more Tritium concentration of heavy water in Coolant Storage Tank was measured as 1.40 Ci/kg This result could explain the ratio of tritium to heavy water in the water vapor sample from the reactor building, 1.46 Ci/kg
21 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009) Follow up actions A careful survey on isolated systems Finding out the leakage point on Degas Condenser Tank, a semi isolated system Heavy Water Storage Tank Degas Condenser Tank Pressurizer Main PHT System
22 Wolsong Power Plant II s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009) Follow up actions The tritium concentration in air in the reactor building decreased after repair Mar 5-Mar 7-Mar 9-Mar 11-Mar 13-Mar 15-Mar 17-Mar 19-Mar 21-Mar 23-Mar 25-Mar 27-Mar 29-Mar 31-Mar 2-Apr 4-Apr 6-Apr 8-Apr 10-Apr 12-Apr 14-Apr 16-Apr 18-Apr 20-Apr 22-Apr 24-Apr 26-Apr
23 Conclusions You can discriminate which system heavy water leaks from, the PHT system or the MOD system. You can also know how much one of these systems contributes the heavy water leakage or the increased tritium concentration in air in the reactor building. Using this information, you can locate the leakage point more quickly. If it works, you can reduce the inner dose of the workers.
24 Thanks for your attention. Do you have any questions?
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