Characterization of Chemical Interactions with the Estrogen and Androgen Steroid Hormone Receptors

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1 Characterization of Chemical Interactions with the Estrogen and Androgen Steroid Hormone Receptors Kevin W. Gaido. CIIT Centers for Health Research. Environmental chemicals capable of interacting with the estrogen and androgen steroid hormone receptors represent a wide range of chemical structures all capable of inducing unique conformational changes in the receptor with which they interact. The unique steroid hormone receptor conformations induced by these chemicals are likely to manifest unique biological activity. In addition, many chemicals are capable of interacting with more than one steroid hormone receptor. The biological and toxicological result of multiple steroid receptor interactions together with the unique receptor activities induced by a chemical remains to be determined. The proposed studies use a mechanism-based approach to determine the steroid hormone-responsive activities of environmental chemicals and to correlate activity with biological response. We will use a series of in vitro assays as well as in vivo studies to link chemical interaction with estrogen receptor (ER)α, ERß, and androgen receptor (AR) steroid receptors with changes in gene expression regulation and the ultimate biological response. Reporter gene assays will be used to characterize chemical interaction with these receptors, and dose-response relationships will be determined. Phage display will be used to isolate high affinity peptides specific for chemically liganded estrogen and androgen receptors. These peptides will be used as highly specific steroid receptor antagonists. Human estrogen-responsive ECC-1 endometrial carcinoma cells will be analyzed for unique differences in gene expression following treatment with estradiol, bisphenol A, HPTE, or genistein. In vivo experiments will utilize both male and female pups from exposed mothers to identify estrogenic and antiandrogenic responses. Together, these studies will provide a mechanistic-based understanding of endocrine-active chemicals, linking receptor conformation with gene expression regulation and biological response. Start and end date: January 1998 December Presentation(s): Schlosser, P. M., Harris Clark, L., and Selgrade, J. F. (2003). Modeling the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle using delay differential equations. Platform presentation at the fall meeting of the Southeastern Section of the American Mathematical Society, Chapel Hill, NC, October Thompson, C. J. and Gaido, K. W. (2003). Timing and mechanisms of phthalate ester-induced testicular toxicity in the rat fetus. Platform presentation at the Receptor Mechanism Discussion Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 4. Thompson, C. J., Ross, S. M., and Gaido, K. W. (2003). An investigation of the timing and mechanism of phthalate ester-induced testicular toxicity in the rat fetus. Poster presentation at the spring meeting of the North Carolina Chapter of the Society of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 22. Thompson, C. J., Ross, S. M., and Gaido, K. W. (2003). Di(n-butyl) phthalate interferes with fetal testicular steroidogenesis at the level of cholesterol transport and cleavage. Poster presentation at the annual meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Salt Lake City, UT, March 12. Gaido, K. W. (2002). Modification of endocrine active potential by mixtures. Platform presentation at International Symposium on Endocrine Active Substances, Yokohama, Japan, November 17. Turner, K. J., Barlow, N. J., Struve, M. F., Wallace, D. G., Gaido, K. W., Dorman, D. C., and Foster, P. M. (2002). Effects of in utero fenitrothion exposure on androgen-dependent male rat reproductive

2 development: a dose-response study. Toxicol. Sci. 66(1), 234. Supplement The Toxicologist. (Abstract 1145). Gaido, K. W. (2001). Altered gene profiles in fetal rat testes exposed to di(n-butyl)phthalate in utero. Invited presentation at Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, March 5. Gaido, K. W. (2001). Identifying the molecular basis for di(n-butyl)phthalate s effects on the developing male rat reproductive tract. Invited presentation at West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown, WV, October 8. Gaido, K. W., Ross, S. M., Reischmann, K., Dorman, D. C., Gray, L. E., and Tamura, H. (2001). Androgen receptor antagonism by the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion. Toxicol. Sci. 60(1), 364. Supplement The Toxicologist. (Abstract 1733). Waters, K. M., Safe, S., and Gaido, K. W. (2001). Differential regulation of gene expression by methoxychlor and estrogen using CDNA and RT-PCR analysis. Toxicol. Sci. 54(1), 295. Supplement The Toxicologist. (Abstract 1401). Gaido, K. W., Maness, S. C., McDonnell, D. P., Dehal, S., Kupfer, D., and Safe, S. (2000). Interaction of methoxychlor and related compounds with estrogen receptor alpha and beta, and androgen receptor: Structure-activity studies. Toxicol. Sci. 54(1), 321. Supplement The Toxicologist. (Abstract 1505). Gaido, K. W., Maness, S. C., McDonnell, D. P., Dehal, S., Kupfer, D., and Safe, S. (2000). Interaction of methoxychlor and related compounds with estrogen receptor alpha and beta, and androgen receptor: Structure-activity studies. Poster presented at North Carolina Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 26. Pallaroni, L., Saville, B., Lee, J. E., Stoner, M., Gaido, K., Maness, S. C., and Safe, S. (2000). Cell context-dependent estrogen receptor α (ERα) agonist and ERβ antagonist activities of methoxychlor metabolites. Poster presentation at Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Philadelphia, PA, March 21. Yoon, K., Pallaroni, L., Ramamoorthy, K., Gaido, K., and Safe, S. (2000). Ligand structure-dependent differences in activation of estrogen receptor α in human HepG2 live U2 osteogenic cancer cell lines. Toxicol. Sci. 54(1), 237. Supplement The Toxicologist. (Abstract 1111). Foster, P. M. D. (1999). Screening chemicals for endocrine activity: From interaction with steroid receptors to adverse toxicological responses. Invited presentation at the Conference on Pharmacokinetic and Toxicology Screening, London, UK, January Foster, P. M. D. (1999). Screening and testing for EDCs: An industry view of the issues. Invited presentation at the United Nations University Symposium on Environmental Governance and Analytical Techniques: Environmental Issues Related to EDC Pollution, Tokyo, Japan, February Gaido, K. W. (1999). Differential interaction of the methoxychlor metabolite HPTE with the estrogen receptor α and β. Invited seminar at the Receptor Mechanisms Discussion Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 2.

3 Gaido, K. W. (1999). Invited comments on EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program, Joint Science Advisory Board and FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA, March 30 April 1. Gaido, K. W., Maness, S. C., Galuzzo, J. M., McDonnell, D. P., Saville, B., and Safe, S. (1999). Differential interaction of the methoxychlor metabolite, HPTE, with the estrogen receptor a and b. Poster presented at the Keystone Symposium on Endocrine Disruptors, Tahoe City, CA, February 4. Peer-reviewed publication(s): Clark, L. H., Schlosser, P. M., and Selgrade, J. F. (2003). Multiple stable periodic solutions in a model for hormonal control of the menstrual cycle. Bull. Math. Biol. 65, Tamura, H., Yoshikawa, H., Gaido, K. W., Ross, S. M., DeLisle, R. K., Welsch, W. J., and Richard, A. M. (2003). Interaction of organophosphate pesticides and related compounds with the androgen receptor. Environ. Health Perspect. 111 (4), Porter, K. L., Chada, S., Wang, H. Q., Gaido, K. W., Smart, R. C., and Robinette, C. L. (2002). 17b- Estradiol is a hormonal regulator of mirex tumor promotion sensitivity in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 69, Safe, S. H., Pallaroni, L., Yoon, K., Gaido, K., Ross, S., and McDonnell, D. (2002). Problems for risk assessment of endocrine-active estrogenic compounds. Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (Suppl 6), You, L., Casanova, M., Bartolucci, E. J., Fryczynski, M. W., Dorman, D. C., Everitt, J. I., Gaido, K. W., Ross, D. M., Heck, H. d A. (2002). Combined effects of the dietary phytoestrogen and synthetic endocrine-active compound on reproductive development in Sprague-Dawley rats: genistein and methoxychlor. Toxicol. Sci. 66, Foster, P. M. D., Mylchreest, E., Gaido, K. W., and Sar, M. (2001). Effects of phthalate esters on the developing reproductive tract of male rats. Hum. Reprod. Update 7, Safe, S. H., Pallaroni, L., Yoon, K., Gaido, K., Ross, S., Saville, B., and McDonnell, D. (2001). Toxicology of environmental estrogens. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 13, Tamura, H., Maness, S. C., Reischmann, K., Dorman, D. C., Gray, L. E., and Gaido, K. W. (2001). Androgen receptor antagonism by the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion. Toxicol. Sci. 60, McIntyre, B. S., Barlow, N. J., Wallace, D. G., Maness, S. C., Gaido, K. W., and Foster, P. M. D. (2000). Effects of linuron on androgen-dependent reproductive development in the male Crl:cd(SD)Br rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 167, Walker, C. L., Burroughs, K. D., Davis, B., Sowell, K., Everitt, J. I., and Fuchs-Young, R. (2000). Preclinical evidence for therapeutic efficacy of selective estrogen receptor modulators for uterine leiomyoma. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 7, Yoon, K., Pallaroni, L., Ramamoorthy, K., Gaido, K., and Safe, S. (2000). Ligand structure-dependent differences in activation of estrogen receptor α in human HepG2 live U2 osteogenic cancer cell lines.

4 Poster presented at Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Philadelphia, PA, March 21. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 162, Bergeron, R. M., Thompson, T. B., Leonard, L. S., Pluta, L., and Gaido, K. W. (1999). Estrogenicity of bisphenol A in a human endometrial carcinoma cell line. Mol. Cell. Endo. 150, Casanova, M., You, L., Gaido, K. W., Archibeque-Engle, A., Janszen, D. B., Heck, H. (1999). Developmental effects of dietary phytoestrogens in Sprague-Dawley rats and interactions of genistein and daidzein with rat estrogen receptors α and β in vitro. Toxicol. Sci. 51, Gaido, K. W., Leonard, L. S., Maness, S. C., Hall, J. M., McDonnell, D. P., Saville, B., and Safe, S. (1999). Differential interaction of the methoxychlor metabolite HPTE with estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 140, Safe, S., Connor, K., and Gaido, K. (1999). Methods for xenoestrogen testing. Toxicol. Lett , Schomberg, D. W., Couse, J. F., Mukherjee, A., Lubahn, D. B., Sar, M., Mayo, K. E., and Korach, K. S. (1999). Targeted disruption of the estrogen receptor-a gene in female mice: characterization of ovarian responses and phenotype in the adult. Endocrinology 140, Gaido, K., and Safe, S. (1998). Comparative estrogenic activity of wine extracts and organochlorine pesticide residues in food. Environ. Health. Perspect. 106(Suppl 6), Maness, S. C., McDonnell, D. P., and Gaido, K. W. (1998). Inhibition of androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional activity by DDT isomers and methoxychlor in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 151, Moser, G. J., Wolf, D. C., Sar, M., Gaido, K. W., Janszen, D., and Goldsworthy, T. L. (1998). Methyl tertiary butyl ether-induced endocrine dysregulation is not mediated through the estrogen receptor. Toxicol. Sci. 41, Gaido, K. W., Leonard, L. S., Lovell, S., Gould, J., Babai, D., Portier, C., and McDonnell, D. P. (1997). Evaluation of chemicals with endocrine modulating activity in a yeast-based steroid hormone receptor gene transcription assay. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143, Gould, J. C., Leonard, L. S., Maness, S. C., Conner, K., Zacharewski, T., Safe, S., McDonnell, D. P., and Gaido, K. W. (1997). Bisphenol A interacts with the estrogen receptor in a distinct manner from estradiol. Mol. Cell. Endo. 142, Ramamoorthy, K., Vyhlidal, C., Wang, F., Chen, I.-C., Safe, S., McDonnell, D. P., Leonard, L. S., and Gaido, K. W. (1997). Estrogenic activity of 2',4',6'-trichloro- and 2',3',4',5'-tetrachloro-4-biphenylol and their binary mixture: Lack of synergism. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 147, Ramamoorthy, K., Wang, F., Chen, I-C., Norris, J. D., McDonnell, D. P., Gaido, K. W., Bocchinfuso, W. P., Korach, K. S., and Safe, S. (1997). Potency of combined estrogenic pesticides. Science 275, 405. Ramamoorthy, K., Wang, F., Chen, I-C., Norris, J. D., McDonnell, D. P., Leonard, L. S., Gaido, K. W., Bocchinfuso, W. P., Korach, K. S., and Safe, S. (1997). Estrogenic activity of a dieldrin/toxaphene

5 mixture in the mouse uterus, mcf-7 human breast cancer cells, and yeast-based estrogen receptor assays: No apparent synergism. Endocrinology 138, Other publication(s): Gaido, K. W., Maness, S. C., Leonard, L. S., Gould, J., Conner, K., Safe, S., and McDonnell, D. P. (1998). In vitro methods for characterizing chemical interactions with steroid receptors. In: Human Diet and Endocrine Modulation: Estrogenic and Androgenic Effects. ILSI Monograph. ILSI Press, Washington, D.C. Sponsors in addition to the LRI: None. Abstract revision date: January 2006.

Priority Setting of Endocrine Disruptors Using QSARs

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