Outline. December 14, Applications Scattering. Chemical components. Forward model Radiometry Data retrieval. Applications in remote sensing
|
|
- Herbert Alexander
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 in in December 4, 27 Outline in 2
2 : RTE Consider plane parallel Propagation of a signal with intensity (radiance) I ν from the top of the to a receiver on Earth Take a layer of thickness dz Layer will absorb according Beer-Lambert but also emit according Kirchhoff resp. Planck Change of intensity di ν will be equal to the emission of the gas E ν minus the absorption A ν di ν = E ν A ν = E ν k a I ν dz Emission given by Planck function: E ν = e ν B ν (T ) B ν (T )dν = 2hν ( 3 )dν c 2 e hν kt di ν = k a (B ν (T ) I ν )dz 3 in in Integration of the I ν () = I ν (z )e τ ν(z ) + z B ν (T )k a e τ ν(z) dz In case of microwave frequencies we use the brightness temperature T B T B (ν). = λ2 2k I ν leading to T B (ν) = T B e τ(z ) + z T (z)e τ(z) k a dz Background term T B depends on observation geometry 4
3 , special cases in Assume isothermal, i.e. T = T eff = const. T B (ν) = T t + T eff ( t) optical thin case: opacity low transmissivity t high optical thick case:opacity high transmissivity t low Application to transmission lines: Loss of line L T B (ν) = T in L + T line( L ) 5 Transmissivity of the in 6
4 Transmission of in the infrared to UV in ZENITH ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMITTANCE UV VIS Near IR Thermal IR CO N O 2 CH 4 O 2 O 3 CO 2 H 2 O Total Wavelength [µm] Contribution of different species to transmission 7 Transmission of in the microwave Zenith Microwave Oxygen Water Vapor (2.3 kg m -2 ) Cloud Liquid Water (.2 kg m -2 ) Total Frequency [GHz] Zenith transmission of the for typical midlatitude conditions H 2 O O 2 Zenith Microwave O 2 H 2 O Dry ( kg/m 2 ) Polar (3. kg/m 2 ) Midlatitude (2.3 kg/m 2 ) Tropical (53.6 kg/m 2 ) in Frequency [GHz] Zenith transmission of the for different conditions 8
5 Intensity in the infrared in 9 Different interaction mechanisms in Absorption is not the only mechanism of interaction
6 of radiation In addition to absorption, light may also be scattered by air molecules, cloud droplets and aerosols is a redistribution of radiation in different directions phase function In analogy to absorption define a scattering cross section Effect of absorption plus scattering is called extinction σ ext = σ scat + σ a The scattering cross section is a kind of shadow. However this shadow can be much bigger than the actual geometrical cross section. The ratio of the scattering cross section to the geometrical area A is called scattering efficiency: Q scat = σ scat /A ( ) 2πr 2 Q scat = 2 (2n + )( a n 2 + b n 2 ) λ n= in Why scattering is important in Particles of diameters less than µm are highly effective at scattering incoming solar radiation reduction of incoming solar energy as compared with that in their absence and consequently cool the Earth Mineral dust particles can scatter and absorb both incoming and outgoing radiation Visible part: light scattering dominates and mainly cool In the infrared: mineral dust acts like an absorber and like a greenhouse gas, thus warms Sulfate aerosols and smoke of biomass burning are currently estimated to exert a global average cooling effect. 2
7 Why scattering is important in Aerosols influence climate directly by scattering and absorption of solar radiation and indirectly through their role as cloud condensation nuclei. Aerosol concentrations are highly variable in space and time. Aerosol radiative effects depend in a complicated way on the solar angle, relative humidity, particle size and composition and the albedo of the underlying surface. For the interaction of solar radiation with aerosols, elastic light scattering is the process of interest. The absorption and elastic scattering of light by a spherical particle is a classical problem in, the mathematical formalism of which is called Mie theory 3 Key parameters used in describing scattering Key parameters are:. wavelength λ 2. particle size in relation to λ α = 2rπ λ 3. complex index of refraction N = n r + in i Often the refractive index is normailized to the one of air: m = N N Distribution of scattered radiation as a function of angle is given by the phase function P(ϑ, α, m) = π F (ϑ, α, m) F (ϑ, α, m) sin ϑdϑ F (ϑ, α, m) is the instensity scattered in angle ϑ in = should include scattering... but determination of the phasefunction is extremely difficult 4
8 regimes in x = 2πr λ = α 5 Mie phase functions for water droplets p(θ) in Θ [deg.] x=.. x=.3. x= from G.Petty, Atmospheric Radiation x=3 x= x=3 For x =. classical symmetric Rayleigh phase function For x 3 forward scattering gets important For x paek near ϑ = 4 starts rainbow For x 2 outside Mie-regime but still explains phenomena geomterical optics cannot explain x= x=3 x=, e+6 x=3, e+7 x=, e+8 e+9 Phase Function 6
9 phase functions for water droplets in x= x=3 x= x=. from G.Petty, Atmospheric Radiation 7 phase functions for water droplets in Glory Fogbow x=3 Corona Secondary Rainbow Primary Rainbow x= Forward Diffraction Peak x=, from G.Petty, Atmospheric Radiation logarithmic representation of phasefunction 8
10 in 9 in 2
11 in 2 VMR=number of gas molecules q per molecule of dry air VMR = N q = p q N d p d where p q is the partial pressure of gas q in 22
12 in z T B (ν) = T B e τ(z) + T (z)e τ(z) k a dz Measurements of the in emission or absorption 23 Simulated spectra in T B (ν) = T B e τ(z ) + Helligkeitstemperatur [K] z Mikrowellen!Emissionspektren bei bodengestützter Messung T (z)e τ(z) k a dz Bern Jungfraujoch Frequenz [GHz] D. Feist, Unive. of Berne, ground!5ghz.ps, 2!Oct!997 Simulated spectra for Bern and Jungfraujoch 24
13 Simulated ozone spectra in Brightness Temperature [K] Brightness Temperature [K] Ozone layer!25 km Ozone layer 4!55 km Frequency [GHz] Brightness Temperature [K] Brightness Temperature [K] Ozone layer 25!4 km Frequency [GHz] Total Ozone Frequency [GHz] 25 Simulated ozone spectra in Brightness Temperature [K] Ozone line for specific ozone layers Total!25 km 25!4 km 4!55 km 55!7 km 7!95 km Frequency [GHz] 26
14 Linewidth example in Linewidth of H 2 O line at 83 GHz for different altitudes 27 Application in microwave radiometry in Aircraft experiment Brightness Temperature [K] H2O Spectra at 83.3GHz (km alt.) measured by AMSOS (A)! TROPIC! MIDLAT.! ARCTIC! (A)! Frequency [GHz] Measured spectra of H 2 O at 83 GHz from aircraft Question: What is the distribution of water vapor in the that leads to such a spectrum? 28
15 in gives us the relation between measured signal and state TB (ν) = TB e τ (z ) + Zz T (z)e τ (z) ka dz remember: ka = n(z)s(ν, T (z), p)f (ν, T (z), p(z)) We have to solve for n(z)!! = there is no analytical solution of this integral... but combining a priori knowledge, xa, with measurement, y, in an optimal way allows to retrieve an altitude profile, ˆ x, from the measurements by considering uncertainties in the measurement, Sy and in the a priori knowledge, Sa ˆ x = xa + Sa KT (KSa KT + Sy ) (y Kxa ) K is the so called kernel function 29 in Water vapor radiometry from Zimmerwald 3
Radiation in the atmosphere
Radiation in the atmosphere Flux and intensity Blackbody radiation in a nutshell Solar constant Interaction of radiation with matter Absorption of solar radiation Scattering Radiative transfer Irradiance
More informationBeer-Lambert (cont.)
The Beer-Lambert Law: Optical Depth Consider the following process: F(x) Absorbed flux df abs F(x + dx) Scattered flux df scat x x + dx The absorption or scattering of radiation by an optically active
More informationThe mathematics of scattering and absorption and emission
The mathematics of scattering and absorption and emission The transmittance of an layer depends on its optical depth, which in turn depends on how much of the substance the radiation has to pass through,
More informationLecture 26. Regional radiative effects due to anthropogenic aerosols. Part 2. Haze and visibility.
Lecture 26. Regional radiative effects due to anthropogenic aerosols. Part 2. Haze and visibility. Objectives: 1. Attenuation of atmospheric radiation by particulates. 2. Haze and Visibility. Readings:
More informationExtinction. Aerosols
Extinction Extinction is the loss of energy out of a beam of radiation as it propagates. Extinction = absorption + scattering Extinction cross section analogous to the cross-sectional area of absorbers
More informationLecture Notes Prepared by Mike Foster Spring 2007
Lecture Notes Prepared by Mike Foster Spring 2007 Solar Radiation Sources: K. N. Liou (2002) An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, Chapter 1, 2 S. Q. Kidder & T. H. Vander Haar (1995) Satellite Meteorology:
More informationRetrieval of tropospheric and middle atmospheric water vapour profiles from ground based microwave radiometry
Retrieval of tropospheric and middle atmospheric water vapour profiles from ground based microwave radiometry René Bleisch Institute of Applied Physics 26..212 1 / 45 Outline 1 Introduction Measuring water
More informationPrinciples of Radiative Transfer Principles of Remote Sensing. Marianne König EUMETSAT
- Principles of Radiative Transfer Principles of Remote Sensing Marianne König EUMETSAT marianne.koenig@eumetsat.int Remote Sensing All measurement processes which perform observations/measurements of
More informationPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition
Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition iii v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Relevance for Climate and Weather........... 1 1.1.1 Solar Radiation.................. 2 1.1.2 Thermal Infrared
More informationSpectrum of Radiation. Importance of Radiation Transfer. Radiation Intensity and Wavelength. Lecture 3: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate
Lecture 3: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate Radiation Intensity and Wavelength frequency Planck s constant Solar and infrared radiation selective absorption and emission Selective absorption
More informationLecture 3: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate
Lecture 3: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate Solar and infrared radiation selective absorption and emission Selective absorption and emission Cloud and radiation Radiative-convective equilibrium
More informationCHAPTER 8. AEROSOLS 8.1 SOURCES AND SINKS OF AEROSOLS
1 CHAPTER 8 AEROSOLS Aerosols in the atmosphere have several important environmental effects They are a respiratory health hazard at the high concentrations found in urban environments They scatter and
More information, analogous to an absorption coefficient k a
Light Scattering When light passes through a medium some of it is directed away from its direction of travel. Any photons that are diverted from their direction of propagation are scattered. In the atmosphere
More informationWhat are Aerosols? Suspension of very small solid particles or liquid droplets Radii typically in the range of 10nm to
What are Aerosols? Suspension of very small solid particles or liquid droplets Radii typically in the range of 10nm to 10µm Concentrations decrease exponentially with height N(z) = N(0)exp(-z/H) Long-lived
More informationLecture 05. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (3)
Lecture 05. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (3) Physical Processes in Lidar Overview of physical processes in lidar Light transmission through the atmosphere Light interaction with objects Elastic
More informationSatellite remote sensing of aerosols & clouds: An introduction
Satellite remote sensing of aerosols & clouds: An introduction Jun Wang & Kelly Chance April 27, 2006 junwang@fas.harvard.edu Outline Principals in retrieval of aerosols Principals in retrieval of water
More informationRadiation in the Earth's Atmosphere. Part 1: Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases
Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere Part 1: Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves are transversal. Electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular. In
More informationMonday, Oct. 2: Clear-sky radiation; solar attenuation, Thermal. nomenclature
Monday, Oct. 2: Clear-sky radiation; solar attenuation, Thermal nomenclature Sun Earth Y-axis: Spectral radiance, aka monochromatic intensity units: watts/(m^2*ster*wavelength) Blackbody curves provide
More informationRadiative Transfer Multiple scattering: two stream approach 2
Radiative Transfer Multiple scattering: two stream approach 2 N. Kämpfer non Institute of Applied Physics University of Bern 28. Oct. 24 Outline non non Interpretation of some specific cases Semi-infinite
More informationAtmospheric Sciences 321. Science of Climate. Lecture 6: Radiation Transfer
Atmospheric Sciences 321 Science of Climate Lecture 6: Radiation Transfer Community Business Check the assignments Moving on to Chapter 3 of book HW #2 due next Wednesday Brief quiz at the end of class
More informationRadiation and the atmosphere
Radiation and the atmosphere Of great importance is the difference between how the atmosphere transmits, absorbs, and scatters solar and terrestrial radiation streams. The most important statement that
More information2 The Radiative Transfer Equation
9 The Radiative Transfer Equation. Radiative transfer without absorption and scattering Free space or homogeneous space I (r,,) I (r,,) r -r d da da Figure.: Following a pencil of radiation in free space
More informationMonday 9 September, :30-11:30 Class#03
Monday 9 September, 2013 10:30-11:30 Class#03 Topics for the hour Solar zenith angle & relationship to albedo Blackbody spectra Stefan-Boltzman Relationship Layer model of atmosphere OLR, Outgoing longwave
More informationSolar radiation / radiative transfer
Solar radiation / radiative transfer The sun as a source of energy The sun is the main source of energy for the climate system, exceeding the next importat source (geothermal energy) by 4 orders of magnitude!
More information- matter-energy interactions. - global radiation balance. Further Reading: Chapter 04 of the text book. Outline. - shortwave radiation balance
(1 of 12) Further Reading: Chapter 04 of the text book Outline - matter-energy interactions - shortwave radiation balance - longwave radiation balance - global radiation balance (2 of 12) Previously, we
More informationp(θ,φ,θ,φ) = we have: Thus:
1. Scattering RT Calculations We come spinning out of nothingness, scattering stars like dust. - Jalal ad-din Rumi (Persian Poet, 1207-1273) We ve considered solutions to the radiative transfer equation
More informationAbsorption and scattering
Absorption and scattering When a beam of radiation goes through the atmosphere, it encounters gas molecules, aerosols, cloud droplets, and ice crystals. These objects perturb the radiation field. Part
More informationEarth: the Goldilocks Planet
Earth: the Goldilocks Planet Not too hot (460 C) Fig. 3-1 Not too cold (-55 C) Wave properties: Wavelength, velocity, and? Fig. 3-2 Reviewing units: Wavelength = distance (meters or nanometers, etc.) Velocity
More informationEmission Temperature of Planets. Emission Temperature of Earth
Emission Temperature of Planets The emission temperature of a planet, T e, is the temperature with which it needs to emit in order to achieve energy balance (assuming the average temperature is not decreasing
More informationTananyag fejlesztés idegen nyelven
Tananyag fejlesztés idegen nyelven Prevention of the atmosphere KÖRNYEZETGAZDÁLKODÁSI AGRÁRMÉRNÖKI MSC (MSc IN AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES) Fundamentals in air radition properties Lecture 8 Lessons 22-24
More informationPTYS 214 Spring Announcements. Midterm 3 next Thursday!
PTYS 214 Spring 2018 Announcements Midterm 3 next Thursday! 1 Previously Habitable Zone Energy Balance Emission Temperature Greenhouse Effect Vibration/rotation bands 2 Recap: Greenhouse gases In order
More informationIntroduction to Electromagnetic Radiation and Radiative Transfer
Introduction to Electromagnetic Radiation and Radiative Transfer Temperature Dice Results Visible light, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), X-rays, γ-rays, microwaves, and radio are all forms of electromagnetic
More informationProperties of Electromagnetic Radiation Chapter 5. What is light? What is a wave? Radiation carries information
Concepts: Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation Chapter 5 Electromagnetic waves Types of spectra Temperature Blackbody radiation Dual nature of radiation Atomic structure Interaction of light and matter
More informationPlanetary Atmospheres
Planetary Atmospheres Structure Composition Clouds Meteorology Photochemistry Atmospheric Escape EAS 4803/8803 - CP 11:1 Structure Generalized Hydrostatic Equilibrium P( z) = P( 0)e z # ( ) " dr / H r
More informationLecture # 04 January 27, 2010, Wednesday Energy & Radiation
Lecture # 04 January 27, 2010, Wednesday Energy & Radiation Kinds of energy Energy transfer mechanisms Radiation: electromagnetic spectrum, properties & principles Solar constant Atmospheric influence
More informationAtmospheric Radiation
Atmospheric Radiation NASA photo gallery Introduction The major source of earth is the sun. The sun transfer energy through the earth by radiated electromagnetic wave. In vacuum, electromagnetic waves
More informationHand in Question sheets with answer booklets Calculators allowed Mobile telephones or other devices not allowed
York University Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering ESSE 3030 Department of Physics and Astronomy PHYS 3080 Atmospheric Radiation and Thermodynamics Final Examination 2:00 PM 11 December
More informationFundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation and its Parameterization
Source Materials Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation and its Parameterization The following notes draw extensively from Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics by Murry Salby and Chapter 8 of Parameterization
More information7. Aerosols and Climate
7. Aerosols and Climate I. Scattering 1. When radiation impinges on a medium of small particles, scattering of some of the radiation occurs in all directions. The portion scattered backward is called the
More informationArctic Clouds and Radiation Part 2
Arctic Clouds and Radiation Part 2 Glen Lesins Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science Dalhousie University Create Summer School, Alliston, July 2013 No sun Arctic Winter Energy Balance 160 W m -2
More information1. Weather and climate.
Lecture 31. Introduction to climate and climate change. Part 1. Objectives: 1. Weather and climate. 2. Earth s radiation budget. 3. Clouds and radiation field. Readings: Turco: p. 320-349; Brimblecombe:
More informationTopics: Visible & Infrared Measurement Principal Radiation and the Planck Function Infrared Radiative Transfer Equation
Review of Remote Sensing Fundamentals Allen Huang Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies Space Science & Engineering Center University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Topics: Visible & Infrared
More informationBlackbody radiation. Main Laws. Brightness temperature. 1. Concepts of a blackbody and thermodynamical equilibrium.
Lecture 4 lackbody radiation. Main Laws. rightness temperature. Objectives: 1. Concepts of a blackbody, thermodynamical equilibrium, and local thermodynamical equilibrium.. Main laws: lackbody emission:
More informationATM 10. Severe and Unusual Weather. Prof. Richard Grotjahn.
ATM 10 Severe and Unusual Weather Prof. Richard Grotjahn http://atm.ucdavis.edu/~grotjahn/course/atm10/index.html Lecture topics: Optics: Scattering Sky Colors and Rays Optics: refraction Mirages and Refraction
More informationLecture 07. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (5) Physical Processes in Lidar
Lecture 07. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (5) Physical Processes in Lidar Light interaction with objects (continued) Polarization of light Polarization in scattering Comparison of lidar equations
More informationEnergy Balance and Temperature. Ch. 3: Energy Balance. Ch. 3: Temperature. Controls of Temperature
Energy Balance and Temperature 1 Ch. 3: Energy Balance Propagation of Radiation Transmission, Absorption, Reflection, Scattering Incoming Sunlight Outgoing Terrestrial Radiation and Energy Balance Net
More informationEnergy Balance and Temperature
Energy Balance and Temperature 1 Ch. 3: Energy Balance Propagation of Radiation Transmission, Absorption, Reflection, Scattering Incoming Sunlight Outgoing Terrestrial Radiation and Energy Balance Net
More informationThursday, November 1st.
Thursday, November 1st. Announcements. Homework 7 - due Tuesday, Nov. 6 Homework 8 - paper 2 topics, questions and sources due Tuesday, Nov. 13 Midterm Paper 2 - due Tuesday, Nov. 20 I will hand out a
More informationATMOS 5140 Lecture 7 Chapter 6
ATMOS 5140 Lecture 7 Chapter 6 Thermal Emission Blackbody Radiation Planck s Function Wien s Displacement Law Stefan-Bolzmann Law Emissivity Greybody Approximation Kirchhoff s Law Brightness Temperature
More informationAerosol Optical Properties
ATM 507 Lecture 25 Text reading Chapter 15 Paper Due Dec. 9 Review Session Dec. 9 Final Dec. 12 (10:30 AM-12:30 PM) Today s topic Aerosol Optical Properties 1 Aerosol Optical Properties There are a number
More informationEarth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled?
1 NAME Investigation 2 Earth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled? Introduction As you learned from the reading, the balance between incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy
More informationAtmosphere Properties and Molecular Absorption Spectrum
Week 3: September 10-14 Atmosphere Properties and Molecular Absorption Spectrum Topics: 1. Atmospheric composition and structure 2. Molecular absorption line formation 3. Molecular absorption spectrum
More information9/5/16. Section 3-4: Radiation, Energy, Climate. Common Forms of Energy Transfer in Climate. Electromagnetic radiation.
Section 3-4: Radiation, Energy, Climate Learning outcomes types of energy important to the climate system Earth energy balance (top of atm., surface) greenhouse effect natural and anthropogenic forcings
More informationThe Radiative Transfer Equation
The Radiative Transfer Equation R. Wordsworth April 11, 215 1 Objectives Derive the general RTE equation Derive the atmospheric 1D horizontally homogenous RTE equation Look at heating/cooling rates in
More informationAPPLICATIONS WITH METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES. W. Paul Menzel. Office of Research and Applications NOAA/NESDIS University of Wisconsin Madison, WI
APPLICATIONS WITH METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES by W. Paul Menzel Office of Research and Applications NOAA/NESDIS University of Wisconsin Madison, WI July 2004 Unpublished Work Copyright Pending TABLE OF CONTENTS
More informationAerosols and climate. Rob Wood, Atmospheric Sciences
Aerosols and climate Rob Wood, Atmospheric Sciences What are aerosols? Solid or liquid particles suspended in air Sizes range from a few nm to a few thousand nm Huge range of masses Where do aerosols come
More informationATOC 3500/CHEM 3152 Week 9, March 8, 2016
ATOC 3500/CHEM 3152 Week 9, March 8, 2016 Hand back Midterm Exams (average = 84) Interaction of atmospheric constituents with light Haze and Visibility Aerosol formation processes (more detail) Haze and
More informationPlanetary Atmospheres
Planetary Atmospheres Structure Composition Clouds Meteorology Photochemistry Atmospheric Escape EAS 4803/8803 - CP 17:1 Structure Generalized Hydrostatic Equilibrium P( z) = P( 0)e z # ( ) " dr / H r
More informationEnergy and Radiation. GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 3 Ahrens: Chapter 2
Energy and Radiation GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 3 Ahrens: Chapter 2 Last lecture: the Atmosphere! Mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)! T, P and ρ! The Ideal Gas Law! Temperature profiles Lecture outline!
More informationThe Atmosphere. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems. Topic 3: Global Cycles and Physical Systems
The Atmosphere 1 How big is the atmosphere? Why is it cold in Geneva? Why do mountaineers need oxygen on Everest? 2 A relatively thin layer of gas over the Earths surface Earth s radius ~ 6400km Atmospheric
More informationWednesday, September 8, 2010 Infrared Trapping the Greenhouse Effect
Wednesday, September 8, 2010 Infrared Trapping the Greenhouse Effect Goals to look at the properties of materials that make them interact with thermal (i.e., infrared, or IR) radiation (absorbing and reemitting
More information1. The most important aspects of the quantum theory.
Lecture 5. Radiation and energy. Objectives: 1. The most important aspects of the quantum theory: atom, subatomic particles, atomic number, mass number, atomic mass, isotopes, simplified atomic diagrams,
More informationWhy is the sky blue?
Why is the sky blue? Volcanic: June 12, 1991: Mt Pinatubo ejected 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide. Aerosols spread globally Haze lowered a drop of global temperature by 1F Size parameter: Rayleigh
More informationRemote Sensing Systems Overview
Remote Sensing Systems Overview Remote Sensing = Measuring without touching Class objectives: Learn principles for system-level understanding and analysis of electro-magnetic remote sensing instruments
More informationComposition, Structure and Energy. ATS 351 Lecture 2 September 14, 2009
Composition, Structure and Energy ATS 351 Lecture 2 September 14, 2009 Composition of the Atmosphere Atmospheric Properties Temperature Pressure Wind Moisture (i.e. water vapor) Density Temperature A measure
More informationTHE EXOSPHERIC HEAT BUDGET
E&ES 359, 2008, p.1 THE EXOSPHERIC HEAT BUDGET What determines the temperature on earth? In this course we are interested in quantitative aspects of the fundamental processes that drive the earth machine.
More informationLecture 2: Global Energy Cycle
Lecture 2: Global Energy Cycle Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Solar Flux and Flux Density Solar Luminosity (L) the constant flux of energy put out by the sun L = 3.9
More informationExercises. Exercises 145
Exercises 145 cations for the global energy balance, as discussed in Section 10.1. It is notable that over some of the world s hottest desert regions, the outgoing longwave radiation exceeds absorbed solar
More informationChapter 3- Energy Balance and Temperature
Chapter 3- Energy Balance and Temperature Understanding Weather and Climate Aguado and Burt Influences on Insolation Absorption Reflection/Scattering Transmission 1 Absorption An absorber gains energy
More informationIn the News: &id= &m=
In the News: http://www.npr.org/templates/player/mediaplayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false &id=112755481&m=112805055 1 In the News: http://www.economist.com/scien cetechnology/displaystory.cfm?st ory_id=14302001
More informationClouds, Precipitation and their Remote Sensing
Clouds, Precipitation and their Remote Sensing Prof. Susanne Crewell AG Integrated Remote Sensing Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology University of Cologne Susanne Crewell, Kompaktkurs, Jülich 24.
More informationLecture 9: Climate Sensitivity and Feedback Mechanisms
Lecture 9: Climate Sensitivity and Feedback Mechanisms Basic radiative feedbacks (Plank, Water Vapor, Lapse-Rate Feedbacks) Ice albedo & Vegetation-Climate feedback Cloud feedback Biogeochemical feedbacks
More informationAtmospheric Measurements from Space
Atmospheric Measurements from Space MPI Mainz Germany Thomas Wagner Satellite Group MPI Mainz Part 1: Basics Break Part 2: Applications Part 1: Basics of satellite remote sensing Why atmospheric satellite
More informationRadiation in climate models.
Lecture. Radiation in climate models. Objectives:. A hierarchy of the climate models.. Radiative and radiative-convective equilibrium.. Examples of simple energy balance models.. Radiation in the atmospheric
More informationName(s) Period Date. Earth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled?
Name(s) Period Date 1 Introduction Earth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled? As you learned from the reading, the balance between incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy
More informationEarth: A Dynamic Planet A. Solar and terrestrial radiation
Earth: A Dynamic Planet A Aims To understand the basic energy forms and principles of energy transfer To understand the differences between short wave and long wave radiation. To appreciate that the wavelength
More information2. Illustration of Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect with Simple Models
2. Illustration of Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect with Simple Models In the first lecture, I introduced the concept of global energy balance and talked about the greenhouse effect. Today we will address
More informationUnderstanding the Greenhouse Effect
EESC V2100 The Climate System spring 200 Understanding the Greenhouse Effect Yochanan Kushnir Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades, NY 1096, USA kushnir@ldeo.columbia.edu Equilibrium
More informationLecture 3: Global Energy Cycle
Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Latitudinal energy balance Seasonal and diurnal cycles Solar Flux and Flux Density Solar Luminosity (L)
More informationLaser Beam Interactions with Solids In absorbing materials photons deposit energy hc λ. h λ. p =
Laser Beam Interactions with Solids In absorbing materials photons deposit energy E = hv = hc λ where h = Plank's constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J s c = speed of light Also photons also transfer momentum p p
More informationLecture 10: Climate Sensitivity and Feedback
Lecture 10: Climate Sensitivity and Feedback Human Activities Climate Sensitivity Climate Feedback 1 Climate Sensitivity and Feedback (from Earth s Climate: Past and Future) 2 Definition and Mathematic
More informationClimate Dynamics (PCC 587): Feedbacks & Clouds
Climate Dynamics (PCC 587): Feedbacks & Clouds DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 6: 10-14-13 Feedbacks Climate forcings change global temperatures directly
More informationRadiative Transfer in the Atmosphere
Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere Lectures in Brienza 19 Sep 2011 Paul Menzel UW/CIMSS/AOS Outline Radiation Definitions Planck Function Emission, Absorption, Scattering Radiative Transfer Equation
More informationQuestions you should be able to answer after reading the material
Module 4 Radiation Energy of the Sun is of large importance in the Earth System, it is the external driving force of the processes in the atmosphere. Without Solar radiation processes in the atmosphere
More information9/12/2011. Training Course Remote Sensing - Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods September 2011
Training Course Remote Sensing - Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods 19 23 September 2011 Introduction to Remote Sensing Michiel Damen (September 2011) damen@itc.nl 1 Overview Electro Magnetic (EM)
More informationG109 Midterm Exam (Version A) October 10, 2006 Instructor: Dr C.M. Brown 1. Time allowed 50 mins. Total possible points: 40 number of pages: 5
G109 Midterm Exam (Version A) October 10, 2006 Instructor: Dr C.M. Brown 1 Time allowed 50 mins. Total possible points: 40 number of pages: 5 Part A: Short Answer & Problems (12), Fill in the Blanks (6).
More informationElectromagnetic Radiation. Radiation and the Planetary Energy Balance. Electromagnetic Spectrum of the Sun
Radiation and the Planetary Energy Balance Electromagnetic Radiation Solar radiation warms the planet Conversion of solar energy at the surface Absorption and emission by the atmosphere The greenhouse
More informationCLASSICS. Handbook of Solar Radiation Data for India
Solar radiation data is necessary for calculating cooling load for buildings, prediction of local air temperature and for the estimating power that can be generated from photovoltaic cells. Solar radiation
More informationAerosol. Challenge: Global Warming. Observed warming during 20 th century, Tapio. 1910s. 1950s. 1990s T [Kelvin]
Aerosol Challenge: Global Warming 1910s 1950s 1990s 2 1 0 +1 +2 T [Kelvin] Observed warming during 20 th century, Tapio Schneider, J. Climate, 2001 1 Aerosols are liquid or solid particles suspended in
More information8. Clouds and Climate
8. Clouds and Climate 1. Clouds (along with rain, snow, fog, haze, etc.) are wet atmospheric aerosols. They are made up of tiny spheres of water from 2-100 m which fall with terminal velocities of a few
More informationThe flux density of solar radiation at the Earth s surface, on a horizontal plane, is comprised of a fraction of direct beam and diffuse radiation
Instructor: Dennis Baldocchi Professor of Biometeorology Ecosystem Science Division Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management 35 Hilgard Hall University of California, Berkeley Berkeley,
More informationExamining effect of Asian dusts on the AIRS-measured radiances from radiative transfer simulations
Examining effect of Asian dusts on the AIRS-measured radiances from radiative transfer simulations Hyo-Jin Han 1, B.J. Sohn 1 Allen Huang 2, Elisabeth Weisz 2 1 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences
More informationLecture 06. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (4) Physical Processes in Lidar
Lecture 06. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (4) Physical Processes in Lidar Physical processes in lidar (continued) Doppler effect (Doppler shift and broadening) Boltzmann distribution Reflection
More informationGlaciology HEAT BUDGET AND RADIATION
HEAT BUDGET AND RADIATION A Heat Budget 1 Black body radiation Definition. A perfect black body is defined as a body that absorbs all radiation that falls on it. The intensity of radiation emitted by a
More informationUV-Vis Nadir Retrievals
SCIAMACHY book UV-Vis Nadir Retrievals Michel Van Roozendael, BIRA-IASB ATC14, 27-31 October, Jülich, Germany Introduction Content Fundamentals of the DOAS method UV-Vis retrievals: from simplified to
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 16 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 16 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationEarth s Energy Balance and the Atmosphere
Earth s Energy Balance and the Atmosphere Topics we ll cover: Atmospheric composition greenhouse gases Vertical structure and radiative balance pressure, temperature Global circulation and horizontal energy
More informationName Class Date STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Atmosphere SECTION 11.1 Atmospheric Basics In your textbook, read about the composition of the atmosphere. Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. 1. Most of Earth s atmosphere
More informationATM S 111: Global Warming Solar Radiation. Jennifer Fletcher Day 2: June
ATM S 111: Global Warming Solar Radiation Jennifer Fletcher Day 2: June 22 2010 Yesterday We Asked What factors influence climate at a given place? Sunshine (and latitude) Topography/mountains Proximity
More information