Biology Kevin Dees. Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism
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1 Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism
2 Defined as the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in a living thing. Think of metabolism as a road map of thousands of different chemical reactions regulate metabolism A B C D ENZYME 1 ENZYME 2 ENZYME 3
3 There are two basic metabolic processes 1. pathways Degradation reactions breakdown large molecules into smaller ones Releases energy i.e aerobic cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O
4 There are two basic metabolic processes 2. pathways Building reactions Form large molecules from smaller ones Consume energy i.e photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2
5 The key is understanding ENERGY!! can be defined as the capacity to cause change WORK!!! Energy is fundamental to all metabolic processes
6 moving energy Energy associated with relative motion Heat is also kinetic energy Thermal energy stored energy energy because of location or structure Chemical energy can be potential energy because of the energy stored in chemical bonds
7
8 Energy changes forms!!!! The study of energy transformations is known as There are two laws of thermodynamics that govern energy transformations in organisms and all other collections of matter
9 The first law of thermodynamics (principle of conservation of energy) The amount of energy in the universe is ; energy can be transformed and transferred, but cannot be created or destroyed. Plants converting light into sugar Food particles being converted into kinetic energy of movements of animals
10 The second law of thermodynamics (principle of entropy) Every energy transformation or transfer increases the entropy in the universe. = measure of disorder As energy transformations or transfers occur some energy is converted into an unusable form Body heat
11
12 Cellular work There are three types of cellular work Mechanical work motility Cilia beating; contraction of muscle cells Transport work Active transport mechanisms Na-K pump Chemical work Driving reactions to proceed Joining of amino acids to form polypeptides
13 In most cases, cells energy demands needed to do work is ion the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
14 Energy is released why ATP is hydrolyzed
15 How is this energy used by a cell? To perform the three types of cellular work A phosphate is removed The recipient of the phosphate is said to be phosphorylated
16 ATPs are used constantly by a cell You use about 45kg of ATP a day At any given instant there is <1 g present in your cells Why???
17 Biological catalysts - enzymes Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering activation energy The amount of energy needed to initiate a reaction Enzymes are organic catalysts proteins!! Typically end in ase Enzymes regulate metabolism!!
18 Substrate specificity of enzymes Enzymes are very specific as regards the reactions they participate in. In order for an enzyme to work, the reactants (called substrates) bind to the enzyme forming an enzyme-substrate complex The site on the enzyme where the substrates bind is known as the active site Recall that proteins are large 3-D molecules and shape plays a significant role in their function!!!
19
20 Substrate Active site Products
21 The enzymatic activity is affected by the environment ph most have optimal range Temperature most have optimal range Cofactors non-protein helpers Coenzymes organic helpers vitamins Inhibitors compete for active sites with substrates Nerve gas sarin blocks actylcholinesterase - disrupts the nervous system Pesticides Penicillin
Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism. Metabolism. The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in a living thing.
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