Seafloor Mapping and Research Activities
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1 Seafloor Mapping and Research Activities Marco D Emidio Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute Advisory Board Meeting Jackson, MS February 12, 2015
2 Outline 1. Define your Goal/Target What do you want to see? 2. Systems: what it s for? what type of data result? 3. Acquisition Techniques: Design survey with end result in mind Get the navigation right Planning 4. Processing: Improving results eliminating errors, noise, interference 5. Examples: Seafloor: Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES): bathymetry, backscatter Photo/video: manned vehicles, unmanned vehicles (ROVs, AUVs) Sub-seafloor: SSDR (shallow source-deep receiver) CHIRP sub-bottom profiler (AUV) 6. Combining systems/datasets/results 7. Focus Areas: MC118, shipwrecks, Hudson Canyon, 8. Summary
3 1. What do you want to see? Some examples: a) Identification of natural seafloor features: structures (scarps, canyons, craters), fault traces, seafloor communities, seeps, mud volcanos, etc. b) Identification of unnatural features/hazards (shipwrecks, instruments, pipelines, etc.) c) Selection/elimination of target locations for sensors, instrumentation. d) Instrument location/recovery. e) Small-scale seafloor features including faulting associated with seeps and slumps, additional hazards, instruments, deployment targets for instruments, and a variety of benthic fauna and habitats.
4 Outline 1. Define your Goal/Target What do you want to see? 2. Systems: what it s for? what type of data result? 3. Acquisition Techniques: Design survey with end result in mind Get the navigation right Planning 4. Processing: Improving results eliminating errors, noise, interference 5. Examples: Seafloor: Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES): bathymetry, backscatter Photo/video: manned vehicles, unmanned vehicles (ROVs, AUVs) Sub-seafloor: SSDR (shallow source-deep receiver) CHIRP sub-bottom profiler (AUV) 6. Combining systems/datasets/results 7. Focus Areas: MC118, shipwrecks, Hudson Canyon 8. Summary
5 2. Systems: Multibeam and Sub-Bottom Profiler (AUV-borne) (images the seafloor bathymetry and provides backscatter) Eagle Ray flying 50m from seafloor; Line spacing: ~180 m; Resolution: ~1.5 m Kongsberg EM2000 Frequency: 200 khz; # beams per ping: 111; Coverage sector: 120 ; Survey depth: 2200m
6 2. Systems: Mola Mola flies about 10 feet (3m) above the seafloor (fore and aft LED arrays illuminating its images and snapping a photo every three seconds)
7 2. Systems: Photo/video from ROVs and HOVs Cruise JSL 2002: Total video approximately 10 hours Cruise JSL 2006: Total video approximately 15 hours Camera Cruise Deep-See 2006: Total video approximately 15 hours Cruises Station Service Device 2009/2010: Total video approximately 4 hours Lophelia II Cruise Jason 2010: Total video approximately 17 hours Alvin Cruise 2010: Total video approximately 7 hours
8 Outline 1. Define your Goal/Target What do you want to see? 2. Systems: what it s for? what type of data result? 3. Acquisition Techniques: Design survey with end result in mind Get the navigation right Planning 4. Processing: Improving results eliminating errors, noise, interference 5. Examples: Seafloor: Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES): bathymetry, backscatter Photo/video: manned vehicles, unmanned vehicles (ROVs, AUVs) Sub-seafloor: SSDR (shallow source-deep receiver) CHIRP sub-bottom profiler (AUV) 6. Combining systems/datasets/results 7. Focus Areas: MC118, shipwrecks, Hudson Canyon 8. Summary
9 3. Acquisition Techniques: how to maximize results Design survey with end result in mind
10 3. Acquisition Techniques: Get navigation right Eagle Ray Inertial Navigation System Ultra-Short Baseline positioning system Meticulous navigation facilitates returning to the same site with relative ease, matching locations between systems, i.e. referencing photographs to bathymetry or backscatter data, overlay one on the other.
11 3. Acquisition Techniques: Planning Mississippi Canyon area, US Global Relief mapping project 100m resolution
12 3. Acquisition Techniques: Planning Mississippi Canyon area, NOAA Okeanos Explorer survey 25m resolution
13 3. Acquisition Techniques: Planning 4. Processing: Improving results eliminating errors, noise, interference Mississippi Canyon 118, Eagle Ray AUV MBES Bathymetry ~1.5m resolution
14 4. Processing: Improving results eliminating errors, noise, interference 5. Seafloor Example: Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES) Bathymetry Mississippi Canyon 118, Eagle Ray AUV MBES Bathymetry ~1.5m resolution
15 5. Seafloor Example: Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES) Backscatter Mississippi Canyon 118 Backscatter map
16 5. Seafloor Example: Mola Mola AUV photo and photomosaic
17 5. Sub-seafloor Example: Shallow Source Deep Receiver (SSDR) developed at MMRI/CMRET to image the hydrate stability zone (fills the gap in between industry data and Chirp data) High Resolution (10cm in shallow sediments) Far-field Geometry (normal incidence) Polarity Retention Derivation of Reflection and Absorption Coefficients High resolution imaging to greater depths (800m vs 350m) Better alignment between source and receiver Closer spaced survey grid
18 5. Sub-seafloor Example: Shallow Source Deep Receiver (SSDR)
19 5. Sub-seafloor Example: Sub-bottom profiler (CHIRP sonar) frequency: 1.5 to 11.5 khz - resolution: ~0.1 m (.3 ft) First CHIRP line acquired in 2011.
20 5. Sub-seafloor Example: Sub-bottom profiler (CHIRP sonar) Correctly navigated data must be depth-corrected in post processing. Polarity of the signal is preserved (negative in red, positive in black)
21 5. Sub-seafloor Example: Sub-bottom profiler (CHIRP sonar) Correlation with MBES bathymetry to identify seafloor features
22 Outline 1. Define your Goal/Target What do you want to see? 2. Systems: what it s for? what type of data result? 3. Acquisition Techniques: Design survey with end result in mind Get the navigation right 4. Processing: Improving results Eliminate errors, noise, interference 5. Examples: Seafloor: Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES): bathymetry, backscatter Photo/video: manned vehicles, unmanned vehicles (ROVs, AUVs) Sub-seafloor: SSDR (shallow source-deep receiver) CHIRP sub-bottom profiler (AUV) 6. Combining systems/datasets/results 7. Focus Areas: MC118, shipwrecks, Hudson Canyon 8. Summary
23 5. Sub-seafloor Example: Sub-bottom profiler (CHIRP sonar) Correlation with 3D MBES bathymetry 6. Combining systems/dataset/results: 3D MBES and 2D CHRIP
24 6. Combining systems/dataset/results: Backscatter Intensity map ground-truthed with Mola Mola photos to verify/produce the Acoustic Facies map
25 Outline 1. Define your Goal/Target What do you want to see? 2. Systems: what it s for? what type of data result? 3. Acquisition Techniques: Design survey with end result in mind Get the navigation right 4. Processing: Improving results Eliminate errors, noise, interference 5. Examples: Seafloor: Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES): bathymetry, backscatter Photo/video: manned vehicles, unmanned vehicles (ROVs, AUVs) Sub-seafloor: SSDR (shallow source-deep receiver) CHIRP sub-bottom profiler (AUV) 6. Combining systems/datasets/results 7. Focus Areas: MC118, shipwrecks, Hudson Canyon 8. Summary
26 7. Focus areas: MC118 GOM-Hydrates Research Consortium s Seafloor Observatory at MC118:using photo data to confirm backscatter classifications of bottom types and benthic communities
27 7. Focus areas: MC118 : GOM-Hydrates Research Consortium s Seafloor Observatory at MC118:using photo data to confirm Side Scan Sonar backscatter classifications of bottom types
28 7. Focus areas: MC118 : GOM-Hydrates Research Consortium s Seafloor Observatory at MC118: merging datasets Ingrassia (2011) merged all the datasets available - AUVborn multibeam bathymetry and backscatter, Side Scan Sonar from NR-1 submarine and photo data from different ROV s surveys - into a benthic habitat map.
29 7. Focus areas: MC118 : GOM-Hydrates Research Consortium s Seafloor Observatory at MC118: GIS quantification study, biological diversity statistical analysis Photo from Jason II Lophelia cruise 2011, from Ingrassia 2011.
30 7. Focus areas: GOM shipwrecks Documentation of shipwreck sites in the GOM is one of the responsibilities of the BOEM. In 2009, The UVTC/STRC team was asked to participate in a survey whose main mission was to locate shipwrecks. The Eagle Ray and Mola Mola were used in the successful effort.
31 7. Focus areas: Hudson Canyon NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NFSC) - Inventory Fish Habitat (meter size).
32 7. Focus areas: Hudson Canyon (NFSC). Pierdomenico (2011) mapped the complexity and extent of microhabitats in an area critical to commercial fishing interests and built a time-series model to determine where fish habitat was increasing, decreasing or remaining stable in an area of known industrial traffic and anthropogenic impact.
33 8. Summary A variety of tools is available for marine investigations. In seafloor mapping using post-processing approaches that combine best existing technologies and off-the-shelf processing software with custom techniques that focus on a particular goal produces resolutions far above the accepted standards. Most recent MMRI Marine Sciences Publications and Presentations *Wilson, R.M., L. Macelloni, A. Simonetti, C. Lutken, K. Sleeper, M. D Emidio, M. Pizzi, L. Lapham, J Knapp, J. Chanton Subsurface methane sources and migration pathways within a gas hydrate mound system, Gulf of Mexico. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15, doi: /2013GC004888, ISSN: A. Conti, M.S. thesis in Ocean Science, 2013, Analysis and interpretation of seismo-acoustic data for the morpho-acoustic characterization of a cold seep of the Northern Gulf of Mexico slope area, University of Rome, La Sapienza. F. Marra, M.S. thesis in Ocean Science, 2014, Characterization of the Benthic Boundary Layer of a cold seep through the analysis of oceanographic parameters in continuous logging (Northern Gulf of Mexico), University of Rome, La Sapienza. *L. Macelloni, C.B. Lutken, S. Garg, A. Simonetti, M. D'Emidio, R.M. Wilson, K. Sleeper, L.L. Lapham, T. Lewis, M. Pizzi, J.H. Knapp, C.C. Knapp, J. Brooks, T.M. McGee, 2015, Heat-flow regimes and the hydrate stability zone of a transient,thermogenic, faultcontrolled hydrate system (Woolsey Mound, northern Gulf of Mexico), Marine and Petroleum Geology, 59: *A. Conti, M. D Emidio, L. Macelloni, C. Lutken, V. Asper, M. Woolsey, R. Jarnagin, A. Diercks, and R.C. Highsmith, (2015), Morphoacoustic characterization of natural seepage features at ECOGIG OC26 site (Gulf of Mexico), Deep Sea Research Part I- Oil Spill Special Issue- (under review)
34 Thank you Questions? Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute and Center for Marine Resources and Environmental Technology 111 Brevard Hall University, Mississippi Phone:
35 Acknowledgments Funds for various aspects of the projects have been provided by the Department of the Interior s Minerals Management Service (MMS), now the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), the Department of Commerce s National Institute for Undersea Science and Technology (NIUST), and the Department of Energy s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Ecosystem Impact of Oil and Gas Inputs to the Gulf (ECOGIG-GOMRI). Support from all sponsors is gratefully acknowledged.
Marine Research at the Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute University of Mississippi
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