GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 13
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1 UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 13 Earthquakes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company
2 Three different types of seismic waves are recorded by seismographs Key Figure 13.5 (page 303) Go to next slide to begin
3 Focus Mantle Core S P Seismograph
4 Seismic waves travel through Earth and over its surface. Focus Mantle Core S P Seismograph
5 Minutes P S Surface waves
6 The waves travel at different speeds and arrive at the seismograph at different times. Minutes P S Surface waves
7 Compression wave
8 P waves are compressional waves that travel quickly through rock. Compression wave
9 P waves are compressional waves that travel quickly through rock. Compression wave P waves push and pull particles in the direction of their path of travel.
10
11 A section of rock expands and contracts.
12 Wave direction Wave direction
13 Wave direction Wave direction
14 Shear-wave crest
15 S waves travel at about half the speed of P waves. Shear-wave crest
16 S waves travel at about half the speed of P waves. Shear-wave crest S waves push material at right angles to their path of travel.
17
18 A section of rock shears from a square to a parallelogram.
19 Wave direction Wave direction
20 Wave direction Wave direction
21 Wave direction
22 Surface waves ripple across Earth s surface. Wave direction
23 Surface waves ripple across Earth s surface. The ground surface moves in a rolling, elliptical motion. Wave direction
24 Wave direction
25 The ground shakes sideways, with no vertical motion. Wave direction
26 Three different types of seismic waves are recorded by seismographs Which list places the different kinds of seismic waves in order of increasing velocity of travel (from slowest to fastest)? A. S wave, P wave, surface wave B. P wave, S wave, surface wave C. Surface wave, S wave, P wave D. Surface wave, P wave, S wave
27 Three different types of seismic waves are recorded by seismographs Which list places the different kinds of seismic waves in order of increasing velocity of travel (from slowest to fastest)? A. S wave, P wave, surface wave B. P wave, S wave, surface wave C. Surface wave, S wave, P wave D. Surface wave, P wave, S wave
28 Three different types of seismic waves are recorded by seismographs Through which of the different states of matter can S waves travel? A. Solid only B. Liquid only C. Gas only D. Solid and liquid only E. Solid, liquid and gas
29 Three different types of seismic waves are recorded by seismographs Through which of the different states of matter can S waves travel? A. Solid only B. Liquid only C. Gas only D. Solid and liquid only E. Solid, liquid and gas
30 Three different types of seismic waves are recorded by seismographs True or False: As S waves propagate, the medium they travel through moves at right angles to the direction of wave propagation. A. True B. False
31 Three different types of seismic waves are recorded by seismographs True or False: As S waves propagate, the medium they travel through moves at right angles to the direction of wave propagation. A. True B. False
32 Earthquakes indicate how tectonic plates interact at their boundaries Earth System Figure (page 310) Go to next slide to begin
33 World seismicity from 1976 to 2002 ASIA EUROPE PACIFIC OCEAN NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN AFRICA INDIAN OCEAN SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA 50 km deep (shallow focus) km deep 300 km deep (shallow focus) ANTARCTIC OCEAN
34 Mid-ocean ridge (divergence) Transform fault (lateral shearing) Rift valley (divergence) Lithosphere Asthenosphere
35 Mid-ocean ridge (divergence) Normal faulting Transform fault (lateral shearing) Rift valley (divergence) Lithosphere Asthenosphere
36 Mid-ocean ridge (divergence) Normal faulting Transform fault (lateral shearing) Rift valley (divergence) Lithosphere Asthenosphere Shallow earthquakes coincide with normal faulting at divergent boundaries and with strike-slip faulting at transform boundaries.
37 Deep-ocean trench (convergence) Lithosphere Lithosphere Asthenosphere
38 Deep-ocean trench (convergence) Lithosphere Lithosphere Asthenosphere Large shallow earthquakes occur mainly on thrust faults.
39 Deep-ocean trench (convergence) Lithosphere Asthenosphere Large shallow earthquakes occur mainly on thrust faults. Intermediate- and deepfocus earthquakes occur in the descending slab.
40 Earthquakes indicate how tectonic plates interact at their boundaries Which kinds of plate-tectonic boundaries are associated with earthquake activity? A. Transform only B. Convergent only C. Divergent only D. Transform and convergent only E. Convergent, divergent and transform
41 Earthquakes indicate how tectonic plates interact at their boundaries Which kinds of plate-tectonic boundaries are associated with earthquake activity? A. Transform only B. Convergent only C. Divergent only D. Transform and convergent only E. Convergent, divergent and transform
42 Earthquakes indicate how tectonic plates interact at their boundaries In which plate-tectonic environment do earthquakes occur at the greatest depths? A. Transforms B. Mid-ocean ridges C. Subduction zones D. Continent-continent collision zones
43 Earthquakes indicate how tectonic plates interact at their boundaries In which plate-tectonic environment do earthquakes occur at the greatest depths? A. Transforms B. Mid-ocean ridges C. Subduction zones D. Continent-continent collision zones
44 Earthquakes indicate how tectonic plates interact at their boundaries What kind of faulting most commonly occurs at midocean ridges? A. Normal B. Reverse C. Thrust D. Strike-slip
45 Earthquakes indicate how tectonic plates interact at their boundaries What kind of faulting most commonly occurs at midocean ridges? A. Normal B. Reverse C. Thrust D. Strike-slip
46 Earthquake Sounds Click video to begin playing
47 Earthquake Sounds T waves are seismic waves that travel through: A. The crust B. The mantle C. Seafloor sediments D. Water
48 Earthquake Sounds T waves are seismic waves that travel through: A. The crust B. The mantle C. Seafloor sediments D. Water
49 Earthquake Sounds True or False: The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 was caused by a relatively small-magnitude, long-duration earthquake that displaced a 100-km-long fault system. A. True B. False
50 Earthquake Sounds True or False: The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 was caused by a relatively small-magnitude, long-duration earthquake that displaced a 100-km-long fault system. A. True B. False
51 Earthquake Sounds Which plate-tectonic environment generated the faulting that caused the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami? A. Mid-ocean ridge B. Oceanic Transform C. Subduction zone D. None of these
52 Earthquake Sounds Which plate-tectonic environment generated the faulting that caused the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami? A. Mid-ocean ridge B. Oceanic Transform C. Subduction zone D. None of these
53 Earthquake Sounds What style of faulting led to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami? A. Thrust B. Normal C. Reverse D. Strike-slip
54 Earthquake Sounds What style of faulting led to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami? A. Thrust B. Normal C. Reverse D. Strike-slip
55 Normal Fault During normal faulting, the hanging wall moves the footwall. A. over B. down C. horizontally with respect to D. none of these
56 Normal Fault During normal faulting, the hanging wall moves the footwall. A. over B. down C. horizontally with respect to D. none of these
57 Normal Fault If you properly recognize a normal fault in the landscape, what type of tectonic stress must have been present to cause it? A. compressional B. tensional C. shear
58 Normal Fault If you properly recognize a normal fault in the landscape, what type of tectonic stress must have been present to cause it? A. compressional B. tensional C. shear
59 Normal Fault The focus of an earthquake is always located: A. at the surface B. in the mantle C. along the fault plane D. above the epicenter
60 Normal Fault The focus of an earthquake is always located: A. at the surface B. in the mantle C. along the fault plane D. above the epicenter
61 Normal Fault An earthquake generates three groups of waves when a fault is initiated; which will reach you first? Which will do the most damage? A. P waves; S waves B. S waves; surface waves C. surface waves; S waves D. P waves; surface waves
62 Normal Fault An earthquake generates three groups of waves when a fault is initiated; which will reach you first? Which will do the most damage? A. P waves; S waves B. S waves; surface waves C. surface waves; S waves D. P waves; surface waves
63 Normal Fault If you approach an outcrop where a fault is evident in cross section, what must be present in order for you to determine whether of not the movement is normal or reverse? A. a marker bed B. a seismograph C. fossils D. your geology professor
64 Normal Fault If you approach an outcrop where a fault is evident in cross section, what must be present in order for you to determine whether of not the movement is normal or reverse? A. a marker bed B. a seismograph C. fossils D. your geology professor
65 Reverse Fault During reverse faulting, the hanging wall moves the footwall. A. over B. down C. horizontally with respect to D. none of these
66 Reverse Fault During reverse faulting, the hanging wall moves the footwall. A. over B. down C. horizontally with respect to D. none of these
67 Reverse Fault If you properly recognize a reverse fault in the landscape, what type of tectonic stress must have been present to cause it? A. compressional B. tensional C. shear
68 Reverse Fault If you properly recognize a reverse fault in the landscape, what type of tectonic stress must have been present to cause it? A. compressional B. tensional C. shear
69 Reverse Fault The epicenter of an earthquake is always located: A. at the Earth s surface, directly above the focus B. in the mantle C. along the fault plane D. on the fault scarp
70 Reverse Fault The epicenter of an earthquake is always located: A. at the Earth s surface, directly above the focus B. in the mantle C. along the fault plane D. on the fault scarp
71 Reverse Fault An earthquake generates three groups of waves when a fault is initiated; which wave type does not pass through liquids? A. P waves B. S waves C. surface waves D. water waves
72 Reverse Fault An earthquake generates three groups of waves when a fault is initiated; which wave type does not pass through liquids? A. P waves B. S waves C. surface waves D. water waves
73 Reverse Fault Displacement along a reverse fault is: A. the Richter magnitude of the earthquake B. a measurement of the relative offset along the fault plane C. a measurable distance between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake D. always in the same direction as that of a normal fault
74 Reverse Fault Displacement along a reverse fault is: A. the Richter magnitude of the earthquake B. a measurement of the relative offset along the fault plane C. a measurable distance between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake D. always in the same direction as that of a normal fault
75 P and S waves After an earthquake releases energy, which type of wave will arrive first? A. P wave B. S wave C. surface waves D. tsunami wave
76 P and S waves After an earthquake releases energy, which type of wave will arrive first? A. P wave B. S wave C. surface waves D. tsunami wave
77 P and S waves Which direction does matter move with respect to energy in a P wave? A. parallel B. perpendicular C. oblique D. none of these
78 P and S waves Which direction does matter move with respect to energy in a P wave? A. parallel B. perpendicular C. oblique D. none of these
79 P and S waves Which direction does energy move with respect to matter in an S wave? A. parallel B. perpendicular C. oblique D. none of these
80 P and S waves Which direction does energy move with respect to matter in an S wave? A. parallel B. perpendicular C. oblique D. none of these
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