PREX Overview Extracting the Neutron Radius from 208 Pb
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1 PREX Overview Extracting the Neutron Radius from 208 Pb Seamus Riordan University of Massachusetts, Amherst March 17, 2013 Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 1/19
2 Outline Motivation and Experiment Analysis Results Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 2/19
3 Theoretical Overview Both proton and neutron structure in nuclei are important to understanding the strong nuclear force Calculations are difficult due to non-pqcd regime complicated by many-body physics Interesting for Fundamental nuclear structure Isospin dependence and nuclear symmetry aspects Dense nuclear matter and neutron stars Proton radius is relatively easy - electromagnetic probes Neutron radius is difficult Weakly couples to electroweak probes Hadronic probes typically have some model dependence Theory has range of R n R p for various nuclei Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 3/19
4 Non-Parity Violating Electron Scattering Electron scattering γ exchange provides R p through nucleus FFs, spin 0: dσ dω = α2 cos 2 θ 2 4E 2 sin 4 θ F 2 (Q 2 ) 2 q [fm 1 ] Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 4/19
5 Non-Parity Violating Electron Scattering Electron scattering γ exchange provides R p through nucleus FFs, spin 0: dσ dω = α2 cos 2 θ 2 4E 2 sin 4 θ F 2 (Q 2 ) 2 In limit of small Q 2 F (Q 2 ) F (0)+ df dq 2 = ρ( x)d Q = x 1 6 Q2 rcharge So small Q 2 measurements give RMS radius (R n/p ) Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 4/19
6 Parity Violating Electron Scattering e also exchange Z, which is parity violating Primarily couples to neutron: e Z Q proton weak 1 4 sin 2 θ W 0.076, Qweak neutron 1 Detectable in parity violating asymmetry of electrons with different helicity In Born approximation, Q 2 MZ 2, from γ Z interference: A PV = σ+ σ σ + + σ = G F Q 2 [ 4πα 1 4 sin 2 θ W F n(q 2 ] ) 2 F p (Q 2 ) For fixed target exp., typical A PV Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 5/19
7 PREX PREX measures R n of 208 Pb Lead is attractive: Large excess of neutrons Doubly-magic nucleus, 1st excited state 2.6 MeV Spin-0 Optimize FoM to DW calcs. Ran in Spring 2010 (approved 30 PAC days) E e = GeV, θ e 5, Q GeV 2 I e µa Proposed uncertainty on A PV of 3% on 0.5 ppm, R n 1% Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 6/19
8 PREX Collaboration Spokespeople Krishna Kumar UMass Amherst Robert Michaels Jefferson Lab Paul Souder Syracuse University Guido Urcioli INFN Rome Ph.D. Students Zafar Ahmed Syracuse Chun-Min Jen Syracuse Abdurahim Rakhman Syracuse Kiad Saenboonruang UVA Jon Wexler UMass Amherst Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 7/19
9 PREX Layout Experimental Layout Standard Hall A HRS spectrometers Detector huts well shielded against backgrounds Run dual arms - cancels out transverse asymmetry, addn l systematics Septum magnet bends 5 to 12.5 Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 8/19
10 PREX Layout Experimental Layout Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 8/19
11 PREX Layout Experimental Layout PREX Optics Schematic VDCs Target Dipole Septum Inelastic Hardware δp 10 3 Quartz Elastic Standard Hall A HRS spectrometers Detector huts well shielded against backgrounds Run dual arms - cancels out transverse asymmetry, addn l systematics Septum magnet bends 5 to 12.5 Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 8/19
12 Lead/Diamond Targets Isotopically pure 208 Pb 0.15 mm thick diamond, 0.5 mm thick Pb (x/x 0 = 10%) Cryogenically cooled frame (30 W) Beam is rastered by two fast magnets upstream to diffuse beam on surface Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 9/19
13 Quartz Detectors GHz of electrons focused into narrow detector region Cerenkov light produced in quartz detectors Two quartz detectors of different thickness in each HRS Average signals together for measurement Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 10/19
14 Polarimetry Compton - non-invasive non-pv asymmetry from e γ Green-laser upgrade for low, 1 GeV beam energy High resolution GSO crystal for photon detection Electron Beam E Magnetic Chicane = 532 nm, k=3.3 ev Electron detector E k Photon detector High Field Moller - non-pv e e scattering Highly polarized iron foils Invasive measurement Upgraded to FADC based DAQ to control systematics Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 11/19
15 Experiment Issues Several run issues (addressed in Juliette s talk), 1/6 of collected Radiation damage to electronics Destruction of scattering chamber rubber O-rings, need to use metal Target degraded over time due to thermal damage, 1 week lifetime Mistune of septum field - loss of some small angle statistics Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 12/19
16 Data Quality Asymmetries corrected for changes in beam parameters over helicity windows (removing false asymmetries) Overall false A correction 40 ppb Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 13/19
17 Data Quality Asymmetries corrected for changes in beam parameters over helicity windows (removing false asymmetries) Measured asymmetries relatively stable over run χ 2 1 Correct for backgrounds, polarization All corrections 17.1 ppb Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 13/19
18 Finite Acceptance Non-linear A to Q 2, take into account to relate A to R n Multiple scattering and energy lost in principle distort observed Q 2 from vertex Q 2-3% lower Put in thick target effects with data observed θ distribution α(θ) = n(θ) = dσ(θ) dθ n(θ )N(θ, θ ) = dσ(θ ) dθ N(θ, θ dθ )dθ Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 14/19
19 Results 0.85 NL3 Plane wave A Pb PV (ppm) 0.8 R n =R p 0.75 SI SLY4 0.7 NL3p06 FSU SIII NL NL3m05 NL3m R n (fm) Set 95% CL on existence of neutron skin R n R p = fm Each model neutron density is folded into numerical solution of Dirac eqn with Coulomb and weak axial potential Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 15/19
20 Result and Error Budget A PV = ± ± ppm ± 9.20% (stat) ± 2.1% (sys) abs (ppm) rel (%) Polarization Detector Lin Beam Corrections Q C Asymmetry Transverse Pol BCM Lin Target Thick Rescattering < 0.1< Inelastic Cont < 0.1< Systematic of 2% achieved! Completely statistics dominated Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 16/19
21 Transverse Asymmetries on Pb and C Transverse, non-pv asymmetry sensitive to two-photon exchange Pb predicted to possibly be large few ppm Potentially important systematic A = A n p e ˆn M γimm γγ M γ 2 Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 17/19
22 Transverse Asymmetries on Pb and C - Results AT Asymmetry A n, 208 Pb = ± 0.19 ± 0.36 ppm A n, 12 C = 6.52 ± 0.36 ± 0.35 ppm [ppm] -6-8 A n H He 12 C Pb Q [GeV] Missing Coulomb distortions in predictions? Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 18/19
23 Summary PREX experiment ran Spring 2010 to measure R n on 208 Pb Established existence of neutron skin with 95% CL despite experimental difficulties R n and A T PRL published Measurement of the Neutron Radius of 208 Pb Through Parity-Violation in Electron Scattering S. Abrahamyan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, (2012) arxiv: Weak charge form factor and radius of 208 Pb through parity violation in electron scattering C.J. Horowitz et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, (R) (2012) arxiv: New Measurements of the Transverse Beam Asymmetry for Elastic Electron Scattering from Selected Nuclei HAPPEX and PREX Collaborations, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, (2012) arxiv: Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 19/19
24 BACKUP SLIDES Seamus Riordan CREX 2013 PREX 19/19
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