Welcome to the course in Heat Transfer (MMV031) L1. Martin Andersson & Zan Wu
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1 Welcome to the course in Heat Transfer (MMV031) L1 Martin Andersson & Zan Wu
2 Agenda Organisation Introduction to Heat Transfer Heat Exchangers (Ex 108)
3 Course improvement compared to last years 2017: Amount of exercises increased (and consequently the amount of lectures decreased). Reduced the amount of the theoretical questions Also hints are provided for a fraction of the theoretical questions. Amount of home assignments decreased (instead we focus more on a proper methodology 2016: The lectures and tutorial sessions are integrated, mainly because it is hard for most students to focus on theory (lectures) for 90 minutes.
4 Contents of the course Heat Conduction Convection Thermal Radiation Condensation Evaporation, Boiling Heat Exchangers
5 Organisation Lectures with tutorials Guest lectures Exercises Mandatory home assignments Exam (mandatory)
6 Organisation Examiner: Associate Professor Martin Andersson Teachers: Martin Andersson and Zan Wu (offices at 5 th floor M-building) Course administrator: Jenny Oldbring (office at 5 th floor M-building)
7 Organisation Course literature: Introduction to Heat Transfer, Sundén B., WIT Press Examination: 14th March, 8-13 (MA 8) Exam is 50 p + 5 p if all home assignments are delivered in time Max 40 % theoretical part + Min 60 % problem solving part Grade 3 requires 22 p (min 5p on theoretical part) Grade 4 requires 33 p (min 5p on theoretical part) Grade 5 requires 44 p (min 5p on theoretical part)
8 Guest lectures and Study Visit Guest lecture(s): SWEP Ericsson
9 Introduction Heat is energy passing a system boundary due to a temperature difference Heat is a form of energy in transition. Heat conduction Heat convection (natural (no pump, fan etc) or forced) Thermal radiation
10 Introduction
11 Introduction
12 Heat conduction T 1 > T 2 T 1 T 2 λ Thickness b q q = λ(t 1 -T 2 )/b
13 Heat conduction
14 Thermal conductivity (examples) Solids Carbon Steel λ = W/mK Polymers, λ = W/mK Liquids Water λ = 0.6 W/mK Oil λ = 0.15 W/mK Gases Air λ = W/mK H2 (hydrogen) λ = 0.2 W/mK
15 Convection U T T s > T q T s q = α(t S -T ) = h(t S -T )
16 How to determine α or h Depends on: Flow velociy Fluid (gas or liquid) Geometry sometimes on temperature Forced convection, Natural convection, Mixed convection Nu = αl/λ f = function (Re=UL/ν, Pr=µc p /λ f, geometry) or Nu = αl/λ f = function (Gr=gβ ΤL 3 /ν 2, Pr=µc p /λ f, geometry) or Nu = αl/λ f = function (Re, Gr, Pr, geometry)
17 Thermal Radiation T 1 q 1 q 2 T2 Q net = A 1 F 12 ε eff (T 14 -T 24 )
18
19
20 Introduction to heat exchangers (ch 15)
21 What is a Heat Exchanger? A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact.
22 Classification of heat exchangers
23 Classification of heat exchangers Transfer process Number of fluids Degree of surface contact Design features Flow arrangements Heat transfer mechanisms
24 Fig. 1 Heat transfer surface area density spectrum of exchanger surfaces ( Shah, 1981).
25 Fig. 2 Fluidized-bed heat exchanger.
26 Fig. 3 (a) Shell-and- tube exchanger with one shell pass and one tube pass; (b) shell-and- tube exchanger with one shell pass and two tube passes.
27 Fig. 4 Standard shell types and front- and rear-end head types (From TEMA, 1999).
28 Fig. 5 Gasketed plate-and-frame heat exchanger.
29 Fig. 6 Plates showing gaskets around the ports (Shah and Focke, 1988).
30 Fig. 7 Section of a welded plate heat exchanger.
31 Fig. 9 Spiral plate heat exchanger with both fluids in spiral counter flow.
32 Fig. 10 (a) Lamella heat exchanger; (b) cross section of a lamella heat exchanger, (c) lamellas
33 Fig. 11 Printed-circuit cross flow exchanger
34 Fig. 12 Corrugated fin geometries for plate-fin heat exchangers: (a) plain triangular fin; (b) plain rectangular fin; (c) wavy fin; (d) offset strip fin; (e) multilouver fin; (f) perforated fin.
35 Fig. 13 (a) Individually finned tubes; (b) flat (continuous) fins on an array of tubes.
36 Fig. 14 Individually fin tubes.
37 Fig. 15 Heat wheel or a rotary regenerator made from a polyester film.
38 Classification according to transfer process Indirect contact type Direct contact type Direct transfer Storage Fluidized bed Immiscible fluids Gas-liquid Liquid-vapour Single-phase Multiphase
39 Classification according to number of fluids Two-fluid Three-fluid N-fluid (N > 3) Classification according to surface compactness Gas-to-liquid Liquid-to-liquid and phase-change Compact β 700 m 2 /m 3 Non-compact β < 700 m 2 /m 3 Compact β 400 m 2 /m 3 Non-compact β < 400 m 2 /m 3
40 Classification according to design or type Tubular Plate-type Extended surface Regenerative PHE Spiral Plate coil Printed circuit Plate-fin Tube-fin Gasketed Welded Brazed Ordinary Separating wall Heatpipe wall Double-pipe Shell-and-tube Spiral tube Pipe coils Cross-flow to tubes Parallel flow to tubes Rotary Fixed-matrix Rotating hoods
41 Classification according to flow arrangements Single-pass Multipass Counter flow Parallel flow Cross flow Split flow Divided flow Extended surface Shell-and-tube Plate Cross- Counter flow Crossparallel flow Compound flow Fluid 1 m passes Fluid 2 n passes Parallel counter flow m-shell passes n-tube passes splitflow Divided-flow
42 Classification according to heat transfer mechanisms Single-phase convection on both sides Single-phase convection on one side, Two-phase convection on other side Two-phase convection on both sides Combined convection and radiative heat transfer
43 Classification according to process function Condensers Liquid-to-vapor phase-change exchangers Heaters Coolers Chillers
44 Convective heat transfer Fluid 1 vägg Fluid 2
45 Overall heat transfer coefficient Q = UA t m = 1 TR t m
46 Expression for overall thermal resistance TR = α 1 i A i + α 1 Fi A i + λ b w w A vl + α F 1 o A o + α 1 ó A o
47 Values of the heat transfer coefficient W/m 2 K Air atmospheric pressure 5-75 Air pressurized Water, liquid Organic liquids Boiling Condensation
48 Correlations for the heat transfer coefficient Nu = hl/k = function (flow velocity, physical properties, geometry) = function (Re, Pr, geometry)
49 General research needs How to achieve more compact heat exchangers High thermal efficiency Balance between enhanced heat transfer and accompanied pressure drop Material issues especially for high temperature applications Manufacturing methodology Fouling Non-steady operation
50 Fouling factors - Försmutsningsfaktorer Tabell 15-I. Försmutsningsfaktorer Strömmande medium 1/ α [m 2 K/W] 4 Destillerat vatten 1 10 Sjövatten ( T < 325 K ) Sjövatten ( T > 325 K ) Matarvatten till ångpannor Bränsleolja Industriluft F
51 Counter current heat exchanger t t h,in t a t c,ut t dt h dt c da t h,ut t b t c,in C Q = t =, Cc = ( m cp ) c ( mc ) h p h C h = ( t t h in h ut t h t c ) A Q = C c ( t t c ut c in d( t) = dt dt h ) c
52 Counter current Hex = h c 1 1 ) ( C C dq t d = h c 1 1 ) ( C C t U da t d = h c 1 1 ) ( C C U da t t d c c p h h p ) ( ) ( dt mc dt mc t U da Q d = = =
53 Counter current Hex
54 Expression for overall thermal resistance
55 Parallel flow Hex,Co-Current Hex t t h,in dt h t h,ut t a t t b da dt c t c,ut t c,in A t m = ( t hin t cin ( t ln ( t ) ( t hin hut t t hut cin cut t ) ) cut ) t m = tb t tb ln t a a
56 Arbitrary Hex Q = UA F LMTD F korrektionsfaktor som beror av två parametrar P och R; F correction factor depending on two parameters P and R t P = t cut hin t t cin cin ( mc p ) R = ( mc ) p c h R kan också skrivas; R can also be written t R = t hin cut t t hut cin
57 F vs P och/and R; Shell-and-tube heat exchanger; one shell pass, two tube passes 1.0 Korrektionsfaktor, F R = P t c,in t h,ut t P = t cut hin t t cin cin t c,ut t h,in t R = t hin cut t t hut cin
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