Change Detection of Land-use and Land-cover of Dehradun City: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis

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1 Cloud Publications International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 2015, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp , Article ID Tech-409 ISSN Research Article Open Access Change Detection of Land-use and Land-cover of Dehradun City: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis Savitree Patidar 1 and Vimit Sankhla 2 1 Department of Geography, S.B.P. Govt. College, Dungarpur, Rajasthan, India 2 Department of Geography, M.L.S.U., Udaipur, Rajasthan, India Publication Date: 14 August 2015 Article Link: Copyright 2015 Savitree Patidar and Vimit Sankhla. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract An attempt has been made in this research paper to detect the land- use and land- cover changes of Dehradun city of India during the period of May 2004 to May In addition, change detection in land use and land cover and the extent of inter-class changes have also been emphasized. Unsupervised classification has been adopted in LISS-III (2004) and Landsat-8 (MSS) images of the study area. The study has revealed that the built-up area in Dehradun city expanded by more than fifty percent during the study period. On the other hand, areas under vegetation, agricultural land and open fields have decreased about thirty eight and thirteen per cent respectively. Continuous assessments of land use/land cover changes in this city and the execution of proper land use planning is required for optimum and systematic development. Keywords Detection; Unsupervised Classification; Inter-Class Change; Execution 1. Introduction The term land can be defined as "a portrayal figure on the earth surface enclosing all physical attributes of the biosphere and the also the immediate environment which focuses on the soil and terrain forms, major hydrating bodies (river, shallow lakes, swamps, marshes and even underground water reserves) major biotic communities and their respective distribution and major physical changes due to human activities (UN, 1994; CSD, 1996). Land use is "the total of provision made and activities that people undertake to change land cover type (FAO, 1997a; FAO/UNEP, 1999). On the other hand, the term land cover is "the total land covered by all biotic means or by man-made features". The meaning of land use varies from natural scientists to social scientists. Ellis, E. (2013) explained these two different views of land use in a lucid way. According to him natural scientists define land use in terms of syndromes of human activities such as agriculture, forestry and building construction that alter land surface processes including biogeochemistry, hydrology and biodiversity. Social scientists define land use from the perspectives of socio-economic rationale and the mode of relative

2 use of land like subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture, lands under private use versus public use. Therefore land cover includes all the physical and biological cover over the earth s surface including water bodies, vegetation cover, bare soil and all sorts of man-made structures Change Detection in Land Use and Land Cover Change detection in land use and land cover is the measure of the separable data layout and noticeable change in information that can lead to more visible insight into subtle process enclosing land cover and land use changes than the data observed from the usual change (Singh et al., 2013). Change detection is the procedure of discovering and observing the difference in a body or phenomenon by visualising at difference times (Singh, 1989; Mouat et al., 1993). Information regarding land cover is essential to outdo the problems arising from regular, uncontrolled progress and destruction of environmental quality, loss of basic water bodies and their associated life forms while planning the national development (Anderson et al., 1976). A high quality understanding is necessary to ensure sustainable land use management (Latham, J., 2014). To amend proper development plans a highly maintained and timely managed data regarding land cover and detection is must (Dhinwa et al., 1992). Since 1970s, remote sensing technique has emerged as an important tool for precise mapping of LULC and change detection. However, this has not precluded the requirements of filed visits for collection of ground truths for validation of LULC maps. Ansary et al. (2013) studied the impact of geology and geomorphology on the different types of land use and land cover categories in the Sitla Rao watershed in the western part of Dehradun district using remote sensing and GIS. Based on Landsat TM image of 17th April 1986 and IRS-1C/1D LISS III, Jain et al. (2013) studied the changing nature of urban landscape of Dehradun from the period of 1986 to Relevance of Land Use and Land Cover Study The study of landuse and land cover change is one of the foremost arenas to understand the degree of interaction between man and environment. The changing nature of landuse and land cover depends on the existing ecological factors and the level of socio-economic development. With the increasing diversification of economic activities especially in secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors, a number of cities and towns in India expand at a higher rate. Level of urbanization in India increased from 17 per cent in 1951 to 31 per cent in It has been estimated that the share of urban population in India will be 55 per cent in India by Proper planning is needed to fulfill the increasing demand of urban space. Target fixed on the amount of land use changes with proper monitoring have been emphasized in the National Land Utilisation Policy (2013). Uttarakhand, 27 th state of India was formed by dividing Uttar Pradesh in Dehradun, the capital of this state has witnessed rapid expansion of built-up areas. Physiographic constraints restrict the horizontal and vertical expansion of Dehradun town. Therefore a balance land use planning is required for the proper development of Dehradun city. 2. Objectives Main objectives of the research study are: 1) To prepare land use and land cover maps of Dehradun town for the two time periods i.e. 5 th May 2004 and 29 th May ) To assess the landuse and land cover change of the study area. 3) To determine the extent of inter-class changes of landuse and land cover. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 1171

3 3. Study Area Dehradun city covers an area of sq.km. Geographical extension of Dehradun town is between E to E longitudes and North to N latitudes. Dehradun is located in a synclinal valley within the Siwalik formation (see Figure 1 for location of the study area). Rocks under Siwalik formation were thrusted over the sediments of Indo-Gangetic Plain along the Himalayan Frontal Fault (Ori and Friend, 1984; Gupta, 1997). On the east, the Dehradun town is surrounded by the Song River, the Tons River on the west, the Himalaya ranges on the north and the south by Sal forests. Figure 1: Location of the Study Area According to the Census of India (2011), total population of the study area was recorded as persons with a population density as 9833 per sq.km. Dehradun town is well known as tourism spot. Apart from this, the town also performs administrative, commercial, and defense related functions. A large number of educational institutes as well as research institutes are situated in Dehradun town i.e. Survey of India, Forest Research Institute, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Zoological Survey of India, Indian Military Academy, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology and Indian Institute of Petroleum. Rapid expansion of built up areas at the cost forest and agriculture land is a common feature in this town. Therefore, an effective landuse planning is required for the overall development of the town. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 1172

4 4. Database and Methodology To fulfill the objectives of this study, the following data and methodology were adopted. LISS-III image (5 th May 2004) (Figure 2) Methodology Flowchart Co registration Landsat -8 MSS image (Registered) (29 th May 2013 (Figure 4) Registered LISS- III Layer Stacking of Common Bands Subset of AOIs Subset LISS-III (Figure 3) Classification Subset MSS (Figure 5) Accuracy Assessment LULC 2004 Map Change Detection LULC 2013 Map Change Detection Map Two multispectral satellite images of medium resolution were used to prepare landuse and land cover (LULC) maps of Dehradun city for the two time periods. Unsupervised classification technique, which identifies natural spectral grouping, was used to classify the images considering the landuse complexity of the study area. To prepare LULC maps and detect changes, the following three broad categories were considered: 1) Vegetation; 2) Built Up Areas and 3) Agricultural Land and Open Fields Accuracy assessments were performed on the two classified LULC maps to measure the degree of fidelity to ground reality. Finally, changes in LULC during the time periods of the study area were detected along with interclass changes. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 1173

5 Figure 2: Raw Image of (LISS-3) Area of Interest Figure 3: Subset of Dehradun City (LISS-3) Image International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 1174

6 Figure 4: Raw Image of (LANDSAT-8) Area of Interest Figure 5: Subset of Dehradun City (LANDSAT-8MSS) Image 5. Land Use and Land Cover of Dehradun City In 2004, vegetation class constituted the largest category with spatial coverage of hectares, i.e per cent of the total study area. Built up area with hectares (34.15 per cent) and agricultural land and open fields, hectares (29.29 per cent) occupied second and third position respectively in terms of total area coverage. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 1175

7 Table 1: Land use and Land cover of Dehradun City (2004 and 2013) Source: Image Processing of LISS-3 & Landsat-8, MSS Landuse Categories Change in Change in Hectares % Hectares % hectares percentage Vegetation Built-up area Agricultural land and open fields In, the second time period, 2013, built-up areas constituted the largest category with spatial coverage of hectare, i.e per cent of the total study area. Agricultural land and open fields with hectares (25.48 per cent) and vegetation class, hectares (22.64 per cent) occupied second and third position respectively in terms of total area coverage. Figure 6 and 7 represent the changing pattern of landuse and land cover of Dehradun city of study period. LULC of Dehradun city has undergone significant changes during the study period. Built-up class has gained substantial area, i.e. an increase of per cent compared to the previous period. During the same period vegetation category has lost the maximum coverage i.e per cent, similarly agricultural land and open fields also witnessed negative growth in spatial coverage with percentage degraded (to compare change detection see Figures 6 and 7). LULC of Dehradun City Figure 6: LULC of 2004 of Dehradun Figure 7: LULC of 2013 of Dehradun 6. Conversion of Landuse and Landcover (2004 to 2013) During the study period all the categories showed both positive and negative growth in area coverage. Table 2 shows that 658 hectares and 338 hectares of vegetation areas were converted into built up and agricultural land and open fields respectively (See Figures 8 and 9 for LULC comparisons). International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 1176

8 Table 2: Inter-Class Changes of Land use and Land Cover (2004 and 2013) Source: Image Processing of LISS-3 & Landsat-8, MSS From To Hectares Percentage Vegetation Built up areas Vegetation Agricultural land and open fields Built up areas Vegetation Built up areas Agricultural land and open fields Agricultural land and open fields Vegetation Agricultural land and open fields Built-up areas While 192 and 374 hectares of area under agricultural land and open fields were converted into vegetation and built up areas and conversion areas into other two categories are negligible shows in Figure 10 respectively. Figure 8: LULC AREA in 2004 of Dehradun City International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 1177

9 9. Conclusion Figure 9: LULC Area in 2013 of Dehradun City The present study was undertaken with the purpose of emphasizing the merits of using remote sensing technology in the domain of LULC and its change detection. Classified maps prepared by unsupervised classification methods and comparison revealed changes in area coverage of all the three categories, i.e. vegetation, built up area, and agricultural land and open fields. The built up class expanded the most at the expense of the other two categories. So, proper landuse planning with long term vision is essential for harmonious growth of Dehradun. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 1178

10 Figure 10: Inter-Area Changed in Dehradun City References Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach, J.T., and Witmer, R.E. 1976: A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964. United States Government Printing Office Washington. Ansary, Z.R., Rao, L.A.K. and Saran, S. Effect of Geology and Geomorphology on Landuse/ Landcover in Himalayan Foothill, Dehradun. Journal Geological Society of India (81) Census of India, Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, Dhinwa, P.S., Pathak, S.K., Sastry, S.V.C., Rao, M. Majundar, K.L., Chotani, M.L. Singh, J.P. and Sinha, R.L.P. Land use change analysis of Bharatpur District using GIS. Photonirvachak. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing (4) Ellis, E.C. Sustaining Biodiversity and People in the World s Anthropogenic Biomes. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability ; International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 1179

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