Unit 5: Light and Electron Configuration C H E M I S T R Y M R. R O N G
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1 Unit 5: Light and Electron Configuration C H E M I S T R Y M R. R O N G
2 Historical Models of the Atom Dalton Thomson Rutherford Bohr
3 What do you notice about where the electrons are?
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5 Bohr Model
6 How many electrons can fit in a level? Energy levels Maximum # of Electrons
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8 Lewis Structures
9 Hog Hilton Congratulations, managers of the Hog Hilton! You ve successfully booked rooms for all our guests! Now let s learn how this relates to how electrons fit within the atom.
10 States of Electrons Normally, an electron is at the lowest state of energy possible, the ground state. If energy is added, an electron can move an energy level and is then considered to be in an excited state.
11 States of Electrons Since this is unstable, when the electron falls back down, it emits energy in the form of light.
12 Hog Hilton Pauli Exclusion Principle: No 2 electrons can have exactly the same energy address (same 4 quantum numbers). To be in the same orbital, they must have opposite spins.
13 Hog Hilton Aufbau Principle: Fill lower sublevels before moving up electrons to higher sublevels
14 Hog Hilton Hund s Rule: Electrons are placed in individual orbitals before they are paired up.
15 Maximum of Electrons In Each Sublevel Maximum Number of Electrons In Each Sublevel Maximum Number Sublevel Number of Orbitals of Electrons s 1 2 p 3 6 d 5 10 f 7 14 LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World, 1996, page 146
16 Energy General Rules Aufbau Principle Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first. 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 4f 6s 5p 4d 5s 4p 7s 6s 5s 6p 5p 6d 5d 4d 5f 4f Lazy Tenant Rule 4s 3p 3s 3d 4s 4p 3p 3d 3s 2p 2s 2p 2s 1s 1s Courtesy Christy Johannesson
17 Energy Level Diagram of a Many-Electron Atom 6s 6p 5d 4f 32 5s 5p 4d 18 4s 4p 3d Arbitrary Energy Scale 3s 3p s 2p 8 1s 2 O Connor, Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 177 NUCLEUS
18 General Rules Pauli Exclusion Principle Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite spins. Wolfgang Pauli Courtesy Christy Johannesson
19 General Rules Hund s Rule Within a sublevel, place one electron per orbital before pairing them. Empty Bus Seat Rule WRONG RIGHT Courtesy Christy Johannesson
20 Filling Rules for Electron Orbitals Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom have been accounted for. Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in opposite directions. Hund s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that a maximum number of unpaired electrons results. *Aufbau is German for building up
21 Notation 8 O Orbital Diagram O 8e - 1s 2s 2p Electron Configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 Courtesy Christy Johannesson
22 Electron Configurations Electron Configurations Orbital Filling Electron Element 1s 2s 2p x 2p y 2p z 3s Configuration H He Li C N O F Ne Na 1s 1 1s 2 NOT CORRECT Violates Hund s Rule 1s 2 2s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
23 Electron Configurations Orbital Filling Electron Element 1s 2s 2p x 2p y 2p z 3s Configuration H He Li C N O F Ne Na 1s 1 1s 2 1s 2 2s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
24 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s Electron Configuration NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La
25 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Hydrogen 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration H = 1s 1
26 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Helium 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration He = 1s 2
27 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Lithium 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration Li = 1s 2 2s 1
28 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Carbon 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration C = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
29 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Nitrogen 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p Hund s Rule maximum number of unpaired orbitals. 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration N = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3
30 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Fluorine 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration F = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5
31 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Aluminum 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration Al = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
32 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Argon 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration Ar = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6
33 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Iron 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration Fe = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6
34 Arbitrary Energy Scale Energy Level Diagram 6s 6p 5d 4f Lanthanum 5s 5p 4d Bohr Model 4s 4p 3d 3s 3p N 2s 2p 1s NUCLEUS H He Li C N Al Ar F CLICK ON ELEMENT TO FILL IN CHARTS Fe La Electron Configuration La = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 5d 1
35 Periodic Patterns s s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s d (n-1) 3d 4d 5d 6d p 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 1s f (n-2) 6 7 4f 5f
36 Periodic Patterns Period # energy level (subtract for d & f) A/B Group # total # of valence e - Column within sublevel block # of e - in sublevel Courtesy Christy Johannesson
37 Periodic Patterns Example - Hydrogen s 1 1 st column of s-block 1st Period s-block Courtesy Christy Johannesson
38 Stability Full energy level Full sublevel (s, p, d, f) Half-full sublevel Courtesy Christy Johannesson
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