The Atom Lets kick it old school...
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- Bertina McCormick
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1 Modern model.notebook Oct 25 9:18 PM The Atom Lets kick it old school... John Dalton All matter is composed of very small things which he called atoms. Electrons and the nucleus were unknown. Sep 2 7:50 PM 1
2 J.J. Thomson uplum Pudding Sep 2 7:58 PM Neils Bohr But I was wrong! They re more like bees around a hive. Neils Bohr Oct 25 9:17 PM 2
3 Now that we got a little bit smarter ;) Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom Erwin Schrödinger developed a mathematical treatment into which both the wave and particle nature of matter could be incorporated. Mathematical laws can identify the regions outside of the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found. These are principle energy levels which are assigned numbers. Oct 25 9:18 PM Quantum Mechanical Model First Quantum Number n represents the principle energy level Oct 25 10:01 PM 3
4 Generally symbolized by n, it denotes the probable distance of the electron from the nucleus. n is also known as the Principle Quantum number or principle energy level number. Oct 25 9:21 PM Second quantum number represents sub levels which corresponds to an atomic orbital or cloud. This is where we get s,p,d,f s orbitals are sphere shaped(always have only 1 ) p orbitals are dumbbell shaped(always have 3 ) d orbitals complex shape(always have 5 ) f orbitals complex shape (always have 7) * Each sub-level contains 2 electrons Oct 25 10:05 PM 4
5 s Orbital shape The s orbital has a spherical shape centered around the origin of the three axes in space. Oct 25 9:22 PM p orbital shape There are three dumbbell-shaped p orbitals in each energy level above n = 1, each assigned to its own axis (x, y and z) in space. Oct 25 9:23 PM 5
6 Things get a bit more complicated with the five d orbitals that are found in the d sublevels beginning with n = 3. To remember the shapes, think of double dumbells and a dumbell with a donut! d orbital shapes Oct 25 9:23 PM Shape of f orbitals Oct 25 9:24 PM 6
7 Third Quantum Number refers to the number of electrons in that sub level max s-2 p-6 d-10 f-14 Oct 25 10:07 PM Oct 25 9:25 PM 7
8 Fourth Quantum Number is m s or spin number Electron spin describes the behavior (direction of spin) of an electron within a magnetic field. Possibilities for electron spin: Oct 25 9:30 PM Pauli Exclusion Principle Wolfgang Pauli Therefore, no two electrons in the same atom can have identical sets of quantum numbers. Oct 25 9:32 PM 8
9 Sep 2 8:17 PM This shows the distribution of all electrons in an atom.(refers to the outsiide ring) Each component consists of: A number denoting the energy level, A letter denoting the type of sub level orbital, A superscript denoting the number of electrons in those orbitals. Oct 25 11:03 PM 9
10 Electron configuration of the elements of the first three series Oct 25 9:33 PM We fill orbitals in increasing order of energy. Different blocks on the periodic table (shaded in different colors in this chart) correspond to different types of orbitals. Oct 25 11:07 PM 10
11 Orbital Diagrams Each box in the diagram represents one orbital. Half-arrows represent the electrons. The direction of the arrow represents the relative spin o the electron. PAULI Exclusion Principle-An orbital may hold at most 2 electrons. Oct 25 10:12 PM Hund s Rule one electron enters each orbital until all the orbitals contain one electron with parallel spins before filling the orbitals with opposite spins. Oct 25 11:06 PM 11
12 Oct 25 9:34 PM Aufbau principle electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first The lowest energy orbital is the 1s, followed by 2s and 2p Starting with the n=3 you may start to get overlap of the levels that you must be aware of: Diagonal Rule Easiest Oct 25 11:58 PM 12
13 Sep 2 8:23 PM Aufbau Ex : Ar (18) Sep 2 8:18 PM 13
14 Some Anomalies Some irregularities occur when there are enough electrons to half-fill s and d orbitals on a given row. Oct 25 11:07 PM This occurs because the 4s and 3d orbitals are very close in energy. These anomalies occur in f-block atoms, as well. Oct 25 11:08 PM 14
![For instance, the electron configuration for chromium is [Ar] 4s 1 3d 5 rather than the](/docs-images/72/66934989/images/15-0.jpg "expected [Ar] 4s 2 3d 4.")
15 For instance, the electron configuration for chromium is [Ar] 4s 1 3d 5 rather than the expected [Ar] 4s 2 3d 4. Oct 25 11:08 PM Teach Aufbau Diagrams (atoms and ions) Sep 2 11:03 PM 15
16 Teach Electron Configurations (atoms and Ions) Sep 2 11:04 PM Teach Noble Gas Notation Sep 2 11:04 PM 16
17 Sep 2 9:59 PM 17
18 Attachments plum.webloc
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