C.7. Numerical series. Pag. 147 Proof of the converging criteria for series. Theorem 5.29 (Comparison test) Let a k and b k be positive-term series
|
|
- Gerald Dixon
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 C.7 Numerical series Pag. 147 Proof of the converging criteria for series Theorem 5.29 (Comparison test) Let and be positive-term series such that 0, for any k 0. i) If the series converges, then also the series converges and ii) If. diverges, then diverges as well. Proof. i) Denote by {s n } and {t n } the sequences of partial sums of respectively. Since for all k, s n t n, n 0., By assumption, the series converges, so lim t n = t R. Proposition 5.28 implies the limit lim s n = s exists, finite or infinite. By the First comparison theorem (Theorem 4., p. 137) we have Therefore s R, and the series s = lim s n lim t n = t R. converges. Furthermore s t.
2 2 C.7 Numerical series ii) If the series converged, part i) of this proof would force to converge, too. Theorem 5.31 (Asymptotic comparison test) Let positive-term series and suppose the sequences { } k 0 and { } k 0 have the same order of magnitude for k. Then the series have the same behaviour. and Proof. Having the same order of magnitude for k is equivalent to Therefore the sequences { ak lim = l R \ {0}. k } { } bk and are both convergent, hence both k 0 bounded (Theorem 2., p. 137). There must exist constants M 1, M 2 > 0 such that M 1 and M 2 for any k > 0, i.e., k 0 M 1 and M 2. be Now it suffices to use Theorem 5.29 to finish the proof. Theorem 5.33 (Ratio test) Let have > 0, k 0. Assume the limit +1 lim = l k exists, finite or infinite. If l < 1 the series converges; if l > 1 it diverges. Proof. First take l finite. By definition of limit we know that for any ε > 0, there is an integer k ε 0 such that k > k ε +1 l < ε i.e., l ε < +1 < l + ε. Assume l < 1. Choose ε = 1 l 2 and set q = 1+l 2, so Repeating the argument we obtain 0 < +1 < l + ε = q, k > k ε. +1 < q < q 2 1 <... < q k kε ε+1
3 hence +1 < ε+1 q kε q k, k > k ε. C.7 Numerical series 3 The claim follows by Theorem 5.29 and from the fact that the geometric series, with q < 1, converges (Example 5.27). Now consider l > 1. Choose ε = l 1, and notice 1 = l ε < +1, k > k ε. Thus +1 > >... > ε+1 > 0, so the necessary condition for convergence fails, for lim 0. k Eventually, if l = +, we put A = 1 in the condition of limit, and there exists k A 0 with > 1, for any k > k A. Once again the necessary condition to have convergence does not hold. Theorem 5.34 (Root test) Given a series suppose lim k ak = l k with non-negative terms, exists, finite or infinite. If l < 1 the series converges, if l > 1 it diverges. Proof. Since this proof is essentially identical to the previous one, we leave it to the reader. Theorem 5.36 (Leibniz s alternating series test) An alternating series ( 1) k converges if the following conditions hold i) lim k = 0 ; ii) the sequence { } k 0 decreases monotonically. Denoting by s its sum, for all n 0 r n = s s n b n+1 and s 2n+1 s s 2n. Proof. As { } k 0 is a decreasing sequence, and s 2n = s 2n 2 b 2n 1 + b 2n = s 2n 2 (b 2n 1 b 2n ) s 2n 2 s 2n+1 = s 2n 1 + b 2n b 2n+1 s 2n 1. Thus the subsequence of partial sums made by the terms with even index decreases, whereas the subsequence of terms with odd index increases. For any n 0, moreover,
4 4 C.7 Numerical series s 2n = s 2n 1 +b 2n s 2n 1... s 1 and s 2n+1 = s 2n b 2n+1 s 2n... s 0. Thus {s 2n } n 0 is bounded from below and {s 2n+1 } n 0 from above. By Theorem 3.9 both sequences converge, so let us put lim s 2n = inf s 2n = s and lim s 2n+1 = sup s 2n+1 = s. n 0 Since s ( ) s = lim s2n s 2n+1 = lim b 2n+1 = 0, we conclude that the series ( 1) k has sum s = s = s. In addition, s 2n+1 s s 2n, n 0, in other words the sequence {s 2n } n 0 approximates s from above, while {s 2n+1 } n 0 approximates s from below. For any n 0 we have 0 s s 2n+1 s 2n+2 s 2n+1 = b 2n+2 and 0 s 2n s s 2n s 2n+1 = b 2n+1, n 0 i.e., r n = s s n b n+1. Theorem 5.40 (Absolute convergence test) If then it also converges and a k. converges absolutely Proof. This proof is analogous to the one of Theorem 10.7 (absolute convergence test for improper integrals). Let us introduce the sequences a + k = { ak if 0 0 if < 0 and a k = { 0 if ak 0 if < 0. Notice a + k, a k 0 for any k 0, and = a + k a k, = a + k + a k. Since 0 a + k, a k, for any k 0, the Comparison test (Theorem 5.29) says that the series and converge. Observing that a + k a k ( = a + k ) a k = a + k a k,
5 C.7 Numerical series 5 for any n 0, we deduce that also the series = a + k Finally, passing to the limit n the relation n n a k yields the desired inequality. a k converges.
Homework 4, 5, 6 Solutions. > 0, and so a n 0 = n + 1 n = ( n+1 n)( n+1+ n) 1 if n is odd 1/n if n is even diverges.
2..2(a) lim a n = 0. Homework 4, 5, 6 Solutions Proof. Let ɛ > 0. Then for n n = 2+ 2ɛ we have 2n 3 4+ ɛ 3 > ɛ > 0, so 0 < 2n 3 < ɛ, and thus a n 0 = 2n 3 < ɛ. 2..2(g) lim ( n + n) = 0. Proof. Let ɛ >
More informationFirst In-Class Exam Solutions Math 410, Professor David Levermore Monday, 1 October 2018
First In-Class Exam Solutions Math 40, Professor David Levermore Monday, October 208. [0] Let {b k } k N be a sequence in R and let A be a subset of R. Write the negations of the following assertions.
More informationCopyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
.1 Limits of Sequences. CHAPTER.1.0. a) True. If converges, then there is an M > 0 such that M. Choose by Archimedes an N N such that N > M/ε. Then n N implies /n M/n M/N < ε. b) False. = n does not converge,
More informationScalar multiplication and addition of sequences 9
8 Sequences 1.2.7. Proposition. Every subsequence of a convergent sequence (a n ) n N converges to lim n a n. Proof. If (a nk ) k N is a subsequence of (a n ) n N, then n k k for every k. Hence if ε >
More informationMAS221 Analysis Semester Chapter 2 problems
MAS221 Analysis Semester 1 2018-19 Chapter 2 problems 20. Consider the sequence (a n ), with general term a n = 1 + 3. Can you n guess the limit l of this sequence? (a) Verify that your guess is plausible
More informationInfinite Series. Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Infinite Series Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Sequences Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Objectives List the terms of a sequence. Determine whether a sequence converges
More informationAnalysis II: Basic knowledge of real analysis: Part IV, Series
.... Analysis II: Basic knowledge of real analysis: Part IV, Series Kenichi Maruno Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas - Pan American March 1, 2011 K.Maruno (UT-Pan American) Analysis II
More informationMATH 117 LECTURE NOTES
MATH 117 LECTURE NOTES XIN ZHOU Abstract. This is the set of lecture notes for Math 117 during Fall quarter of 2017 at UC Santa Barbara. The lectures follow closely the textbook [1]. Contents 1. The set
More informationChapter 2. Real Numbers. 1. Rational Numbers
Chapter 2. Real Numbers 1. Rational Numbers A commutative ring is called a field if its nonzero elements form a group under multiplication. Let (F, +, ) be a filed with 0 as its additive identity element
More informationCSC 344 Algorithms and Complexity. Proof by Mathematical Induction
CSC 344 Algorithms and Complexity Lecture #1 Review of Mathematical Induction Proof by Mathematical Induction Many results in mathematics are claimed true for every positive integer. Any of these results
More informationFrom Calculus II: An infinite series is an expression of the form
MATH 3333 INTERMEDIATE ANALYSIS BLECHER NOTES 75 8. Infinite series of numbers From Calculus II: An infinite series is an expression of the form = a m + a m+ + a m+2 + ( ) Let us call this expression (*).
More informationProof. We indicate by α, β (finite or not) the end-points of I and call
C.6 Continuous functions Pag. 111 Proof of Corollary 4.25 Corollary 4.25 Let f be continuous on the interval I and suppose it admits non-zero its (finite or infinite) that are different in sign for x tending
More informationMATH 301 INTRO TO ANALYSIS FALL 2016
MATH 301 INTRO TO ANALYSIS FALL 016 Homework 04 Professional Problem Consider the recursive sequence defined by x 1 = 3 and +1 = 1 4 for n 1. (a) Prove that ( ) converges. (Hint: show that ( ) is decreasing
More informationPreliminary check: are the terms that we are adding up go to zero or not? If not, proceed! If the terms a n are going to zero, pick another test.
Throughout these templates, let series. be a series. We hope to determine the convergence of this Divergence Test: If lim is not zero or does not exist, then the series diverges. Preliminary check: are
More informationMATH 101, FALL 2018: SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE REAL LINE
MATH 101, FALL 2018: SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE REAL LINE SEBASTIEN VASEY These notes describe the material for November 26, 2018 (while similar content is in Abbott s book, the presentation here is different).
More informationSequences of Real Numbers
Chapter 8 Sequences of Real Numbers In this chapter, we assume the existence of the ordered field of real numbers, though we do not yet discuss or use the completeness of the real numbers. In the next
More informationMidterm Review Math 311, Spring 2016
Midterm Review Math 3, Spring 206 Material Review Preliminaries and Chapter Chapter 2. Set theory (DeMorgan s laws, infinite collections of sets, nested sets, cardinality) 2. Functions (image, preimage,
More informationMath 141: Lecture 19
Math 141: Lecture 19 Convergence of infinite series Bob Hough November 16, 2016 Bob Hough Math 141: Lecture 19 November 16, 2016 1 / 44 Series of positive terms Recall that, given a sequence {a n } n=1,
More informationSequences. Limits of Sequences. Definition. A real-valued sequence s is any function s : N R.
Sequences Limits of Sequences. Definition. A real-valued sequence s is any function s : N R. Usually, instead of using the notation s(n), we write s n for the value of this function calculated at n. We
More information8.1 Sequences. Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = 1.
8. Sequences Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = Examples: 6. Find a formula for the general term a n of the sequence, assuming
More information2.1 Convergence of Sequences
Chapter 2 Sequences 2. Convergence of Sequences A sequence is a function f : N R. We write f) = a, f2) = a 2, and in general fn) = a n. We usually identify the sequence with the range of f, which is written
More informationAssignment 4. u n+1 n(n + 1) i(i + 1) = n n (n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 2) + 1 = (n + 1)(n + 2) 2 n + 1. u n (n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1) = n
Assignment 4 Arfken 5..2 We have the sum Note that the first 4 partial sums are n n(n + ) s 2, s 2 2 3, s 3 3 4, s 4 4 5 so we guess that s n n/(n + ). Proving this by induction, we see it is true for
More informationSequences. We know that the functions can be defined on any subsets of R. As the set of positive integers
Sequences We know that the functions can be defined on any subsets of R. As the set of positive integers Z + is a subset of R, we can define a function on it in the following manner. f: Z + R f(n) = a
More informationSeries. 1 Convergence and Divergence of Series. S. F. Ellermeyer. October 23, 2003
Series S. F. Ellermeyer October 23, 2003 Convergence and Divergence of Series An infinite series (also simply called a series) is a sum of infinitely many terms a k = a + a 2 + a 3 + () The sequence a
More informationChapter 8. Infinite Series
8.4 Series of Nonnegative Terms Chapter 8. Infinite Series 8.4 Series of Nonnegative Terms Note. Given a series we have two questions:. Does the series converge? 2. If it converges, what is its sum? Corollary
More informationAppendix A. Sequences and series. A.1 Sequences. Definition A.1 A sequence is a function N R.
Appendix A Sequences and series This course has for prerequisite a course (or two) of calculus. The purpose of this appendix is to review basic definitions and facts concerning sequences and series, which
More information2.7 Subsequences. Definition Suppose that (s n ) n N is a sequence. Let (n 1, n 2, n 3,... ) be a sequence of natural numbers such that
2.7 Subsequences Definition 2.7.1. Suppose that (s n ) n N is a sequence. Let (n 1, n 2, n 3,... ) be a sequence of natural numbers such that n 1 < n 2 < < n k < n k+1
More informationInduction, sequences, limits and continuity
Induction, sequences, limits and continuity Material covered: eclass notes on induction, Chapter 11, Section 1 and Chapter 2, Sections 2.2-2.5 Induction Principle of mathematical induction: Let P(n) be
More informationMathematics 242 Principles of Analysis Solutions for Problem Set 5 Due: March 15, 2013
Mathematics Principles of Analysis Solutions for Problem Set 5 Due: March 15, 013 A Section 1. For each of the following sequences, determine three different subsequences, each converging to a different
More information1 Sequences of events and their limits
O.H. Probability II (MATH 2647 M15 1 Sequences of events and their limits 1.1 Monotone sequences of events Sequences of events arise naturally when a probabilistic experiment is repeated many times. For
More information1. Supremum and Infimum Remark: In this sections, all the subsets of R are assumed to be nonempty.
1. Supremum and Infimum Remark: In this sections, all the subsets of R are assumed to be nonempty. Let E be a subset of R. We say that E is bounded above if there exists a real number U such that x U for
More informationFINAL EXAM Math 25 Temple-F06
FINAL EXAM Math 25 Temple-F06 Write solutions on the paper provided. Put your name on this exam sheet, and staple it to the front of your finished exam. Do Not Write On This Exam Sheet. Problem 1. (Short
More informationThe Caratheodory Construction of Measures
Chapter 5 The Caratheodory Construction of Measures Recall how our construction of Lebesgue measure in Chapter 2 proceeded from an initial notion of the size of a very restricted class of subsets of R,
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.pr] 6 Jan 2014
Recurrence for vertex-reinforced random walks on Z with weak reinforcements. Arvind Singh arxiv:40.034v [math.pr] 6 Jan 04 Abstract We prove that any vertex-reinforced random walk on the integer lattice
More informationMATH 131A: REAL ANALYSIS (BIG IDEAS)
MATH 131A: REAL ANALYSIS (BIG IDEAS) Theorem 1 (The Triangle Inequality). For all x, y R we have x + y x + y. Proposition 2 (The Archimedean property). For each x R there exists an n N such that n > x.
More information106 CHAPTER 3. TOPOLOGY OF THE REAL LINE. 2. The set of limit points of a set S is denoted L (S)
106 CHAPTER 3. TOPOLOGY OF THE REAL LINE 3.3 Limit Points 3.3.1 Main Definitions Intuitively speaking, a limit point of a set S in a space X is a point of X which can be approximated by points of S other
More informationDR.RUPNATHJI( DR.RUPAK NATH )
Contents 1 Sets 1 2 The Real Numbers 9 3 Sequences 29 4 Series 59 5 Functions 81 6 Power Series 105 7 The elementary functions 111 Chapter 1 Sets It is very convenient to introduce some notation and terminology
More information= 1 2 x (x 1) + 1 {x} (1 {x}). [t] dt = 1 x (x 1) + O (1), [t] dt = 1 2 x2 + O (x), (where the error is not now zero when x is an integer.
Problem Sheet,. i) Draw the graphs for [] and {}. ii) Show that for α R, α+ α [t] dt = α and α+ α {t} dt =. Hint Split these integrals at the integer which must lie in any interval of length, such as [α,
More informationMATH 409 Advanced Calculus I Lecture 7: Monotone sequences. The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem.
MATH 409 Advanced Calculus I Lecture 7: Monotone sequences. The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. Limit of a sequence Definition. Sequence {x n } of real numbers is said to converge to a real number a if for
More informationSequence. A list of numbers written in a definite order.
Sequence A list of numbers written in a definite order. Terms of a Sequence a n = 2 n 2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2 n, 2, 4, 8, 16, 2 n We are going to be mainly concerned with infinite sequences. This means we
More informationEntropy for zero-temperature limits of Gibbs-equilibrium states for countable-alphabet subshifts of finite type
Entropy for zero-temperature limits of Gibbs-equilibrium states for countable-alphabet subshifts of finite type I. D. Morris August 22, 2006 Abstract Let Σ A be a finitely primitive subshift of finite
More information10.1 Sequences. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers: a 1, a 2, a 3,..., a n, a n+1,... Each of the numbers is called a term of the sequence.
10.1 Sequences A sequence is an ordered list of numbers: a 1, a 2, a 3,..., a n, a n+1,... Each of the numbers is called a term of the sequence. Notation: A sequence {a 1, a 2, a 3,...} can be denoted
More informationMath 117: Infinite Sequences
Math 7: Infinite Sequences John Douglas Moore November, 008 The three main theorems in the theory of infinite sequences are the Monotone Convergence Theorem, the Cauchy Sequence Theorem and the Subsequence
More informationMATH 426, TOPOLOGY. p 1.
MATH 426, TOPOLOGY THE p-norms In this document we assume an extended real line, where is an element greater than all real numbers; the interval notation [1, ] will be used to mean [1, ) { }. 1. THE p
More informationSolution of the 7 th Homework
Solution of the 7 th Homework Sangchul Lee December 3, 2014 1 Preliminary In this section we deal with some facts that are relevant to our problems but can be coped with only previous materials. 1.1 Maximum
More informationPower Series. Part 1. J. Gonzalez-Zugasti, University of Massachusetts - Lowell
Power Series Part 1 1 Power Series Suppose x is a variable and c k & a are constants. A power series about x = 0 is c k x k A power series about x = a is c k x a k a = center of the power series c k =
More informationNotes on uniform convergence
Notes on uniform convergence Erik Wahlén erik.wahlen@math.lu.se January 17, 2012 1 Numerical sequences We begin by recalling some properties of numerical sequences. By a numerical sequence we simply mean
More informationSolutions Final Exam May. 14, 2014
Solutions Final Exam May. 14, 2014 1. (a) (10 points) State the formal definition of a Cauchy sequence of real numbers. A sequence, {a n } n N, of real numbers, is Cauchy if and only if for every ɛ > 0,
More informationON THE CONVERGENCE OF SERIES WITH RECURSIVELY DEFINED TERMS N. S. HOANG. 1. Introduction
Journal of Classical Analysis Volume 13, Number 2 (2018), 141 149 doi:10.7153/jca-2018-13-10 ON THE CONVERGENCE OF SERIES WITH RECURSIVELY DEFINED TERMS N. S. HOANG Abstract. We investigate the asymptotic
More informationSolutions Manual for Homework Sets Math 401. Dr Vignon S. Oussa
1 Solutions Manual for Homework Sets Math 401 Dr Vignon S. Oussa Solutions Homework Set 0 Math 401 Fall 2015 1. (Direct Proof) Assume that x and y are odd integers. Then there exist integers u and v such
More information1. Theorem. (Archimedean Property) Let x be any real number. There exists a positive integer n greater than x.
Advanced Calculus I, Dr. Block, Chapter 2 notes. Theorem. (Archimedean Property) Let x be any real number. There exists a positive integer n greater than x. 2. Definition. A sequence is a real-valued function
More informationJumping Sequences. Steve Butler Department of Mathematics University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA
1 2 3 47 6 23 11 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 11 (2008), Article 08.4.5 Jumping Sequences Steve Butler Department of Mathematics University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095 butler@math.ucla.edu
More informationTHE RADIUS OF CONVERGENCE FORMULA. a n (z c) n, f(z) =
THE RADIUS OF CONVERGENCE FORMULA Every complex power series, f(z) = (z c) n, n=0 has a radius of convergence, nonnegative-real or infinite, R = R(f) [0, + ], that describes the convergence of the series,
More informationv( x) u( y) dy for any r > 0, B r ( x) Ω, or equivalently u( w) ds for any r > 0, B r ( x) Ω, or ( not really) equivalently if v exists, v 0.
Sep. 26 The Perron Method In this lecture we show that one can show existence of solutions using maximum principle alone.. The Perron method. Recall in the last lecture we have shown the existence of solutions
More informationMath 104: Homework 7 solutions
Math 04: Homework 7 solutions. (a) The derivative of f () = is f () = 2 which is unbounded as 0. Since f () is continuous on [0, ], it is uniformly continous on this interval by Theorem 9.2. Hence for
More informationChapter 10. Infinite Sequences and Series
10.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 1 Chapter 10. Infinite Sequences and Series 10.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence Note. The convergence tests investigated
More information10.1 Sequences. Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = 1.
10.1 Sequences Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = 1 Examples: EX1: Find a formula for the general term a n of the sequence,
More informationMATH 1231 MATHEMATICS 1B CALCULUS. Section 4: - Convergence of Series.
MATH 23 MATHEMATICS B CALCULUS. Section 4: - Convergence of Series. The objective of this section is to get acquainted with the theory and application of series. By the end of this section students will
More informationIowa State University. Instructor: Alex Roitershtein Summer Homework #5. Solutions
Math 50 Iowa State University Introduction to Real Analysis Department of Mathematics Instructor: Alex Roitershtein Summer 205 Homework #5 Solutions. Let α and c be real numbers, c > 0, and f is defined
More informationBecause of the special form of an alternating series, there is an simple way to determine that many such series converge:
Section.5 Absolute and Conditional Convergence Another special type of series that we will consider is an alternating series. A series is alternating if the sign of the terms alternates between positive
More informationHomework 11. Solutions
Homework 11. Solutions Problem 2.3.2. Let f n : R R be 1/n times the characteristic function of the interval (0, n). Show that f n 0 uniformly and f n µ L = 1. Why isn t it a counterexample to the Lebesgue
More informationMath 163 (23) - Midterm Test 1
Name: Id #: Math 63 (23) - Midterm Test Spring Quarter 208 Friday April 20, 09:30am - 0:20am Instructions: Prob. Points Score possible 26 2 4 3 0 TOTAL 50 Read each problem carefully. Write legibly. Show
More informationExistence of a Limit on a Dense Set, and. Construction of Continuous Functions on Special Sets
Existence of a Limit on a Dense Set, and Construction of Continuous Functions on Special Sets REU 2012 Recap: Definitions Definition Given a real-valued function f, the limit of f exists at a point c R
More information3 Measurable Functions
3 Measurable Functions Notation A pair (X, F) where F is a σ-field of subsets of X is a measurable space. If µ is a measure on F then (X, F, µ) is a measure space. If µ(x) < then (X, F, µ) is a probability
More informationThe integral test and estimates of sums
The integral test Suppose f is a continuous, positive, decreasing function on [, ) and let a n = f (n). Then the series n= a n is convergent if and only if the improper integral f (x)dx is convergent.
More information2 Problem Set 2 Graphical Analysis
2 PROBLEM SET 2 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS 2 Problem Set 2 Graphical Analysis 1. Use graphical analysis to describe all orbits of the functions below. Also draw their phase portraits. (a) F(x) = 2x There is only
More informationFRACTAL GEOMETRY, DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS AND CHAOS
FRACTAL GEOMETRY, DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS AND CHAOS MIDTERM SOLUTIONS. Let f : R R be the map on the line generated by the function f(x) = x 3. Find all the fixed points of f and determine the type of their
More informationExercise 1. Let f be a nonnegative measurable function. Show that. where ϕ is taken over all simple functions with ϕ f. k 1.
Real Variables, Fall 2014 Problem set 3 Solution suggestions xercise 1. Let f be a nonnegative measurable function. Show that f = sup ϕ, where ϕ is taken over all simple functions with ϕ f. For each n
More information( f ^ M _ M 0 )dµ (5.1)
47 5. LEBESGUE INTEGRAL: GENERAL CASE Although the Lebesgue integral defined in the previous chapter is in many ways much better behaved than the Riemann integral, it shares its restriction to bounded
More informationIowa State University. Instructor: Alex Roitershtein Summer Exam #1. Solutions. x u = 2 x v
Math 501 Iowa State University Introduction to Real Analysis Department of Mathematics Instructor: Alex Roitershtein Summer 015 Exam #1 Solutions This is a take-home examination. The exam includes 8 questions.
More informationRoot test. Root test Consider the limit L = lim n a n, suppose it exists. L < 1. L > 1 (including L = ) L = 1 the test is inconclusive.
Root test Root test n Consider the limit L = lim n a n, suppose it exists. L < 1 a n is absolutely convergent (thus convergent); L > 1 (including L = ) a n is divergent L = 1 the test is inconclusive.
More informationMathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering
Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering Lecture notes for PDEs Sergei V. Shabanov Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA CHAPTER 1 The integration theory
More informationFundamental Inequalities, Convergence and the Optional Stopping Theorem for Continuous-Time Martingales
Fundamental Inequalities, Convergence and the Optional Stopping Theorem for Continuous-Time Martingales Prakash Balachandran Department of Mathematics Duke University April 2, 2008 1 Review of Discrete-Time
More informationResearch Article New Oscillation Criteria for Second-Order Neutral Delay Differential Equations with Positive and Negative Coefficients
Abstract and Applied Analysis Volume 2010, Article ID 564068, 11 pages doi:10.1155/2010/564068 Research Article New Oscillation Criteria for Second-Order Neutral Delay Differential Equations with Positive
More informationCalculus (Real Analysis I)
Calculus (Real Analysis I) (MAT122β) Department of Mathematics University of Ruhuna A.W.L. Pubudu Thilan Department of Mathematics University of Ruhuna Calculus (Real Analysis I)(MAT122β) 1/172 Chapter
More informationMASTERS EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS SOLUTIONS
MASTERS EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS PURE MATHEMATICS OPTION SPRING 010 SOLUTIONS Algebra A1. Let F be a finite field. Prove that F [x] contains infinitely many prime ideals. Solution: The ring F [x] of
More informationIt follows from the above inequalities that for c C 1
3 Spaces L p 1. Appearance of normed spaces. In this part we fix a measure space (, A, µ) (we may assume that µ is complete), and consider the A - measurable functions on it. 2. For f L 1 (, µ) set f 1
More informationWe begin by considering the following three sequences:
STUDENT S COMPANIONS IN BASIC MATH: THE TWELFTH The Concept of Limits for Sequences and Series In calculus, the concept of limits is of paramount importance, in view of the fact that many basic objects
More informationMaths 212: Homework Solutions
Maths 212: Homework Solutions 1. The definition of A ensures that x π for all x A, so π is an upper bound of A. To show it is the least upper bound, suppose x < π and consider two cases. If x < 1, then
More informationL p Functions. Given a measure space (X, µ) and a real number p [1, ), recall that the L p -norm of a measurable function f : X R is defined by
L p Functions Given a measure space (, µ) and a real number p [, ), recall that the L p -norm of a measurable function f : R is defined by f p = ( ) /p f p dµ Note that the L p -norm of a function f may
More informationMATH31011/MATH41011/MATH61011: FOURIER ANALYSIS AND LEBESGUE INTEGRATION. Chapter 2: Countability and Cantor Sets
MATH31011/MATH41011/MATH61011: FOURIER ANALYSIS AND LEBESGUE INTEGRATION Chapter 2: Countability and Cantor Sets Countable and Uncountable Sets The concept of countability will be important in this course
More informationPart 2 Continuous functions and their properties
Part 2 Continuous functions and their properties 2.1 Definition Definition A function f is continuous at a R if, and only if, that is lim f (x) = f (a), x a ε > 0, δ > 0, x, x a < δ f (x) f (a) < ε. Notice
More informationMATH115. Sequences and Infinite Series. Paolo Lorenzo Bautista. June 29, De La Salle University. PLBautista (DLSU) MATH115 June 29, / 16
MATH115 Sequences and Infinite Series Paolo Lorenzo Bautista De La Salle University June 29, 2014 PLBautista (DLSU) MATH115 June 29, 2014 1 / 16 Definition A sequence function is a function whose domain
More information0.1 Pointwise Convergence
2 General Notation 0.1 Pointwise Convergence Let {f k } k N be a sequence of functions on a set X, either complex-valued or extended real-valued. We say that f k converges pointwise to a function f if
More informationEstimates for probabilities of independent events and infinite series
Estimates for probabilities of independent events and infinite series Jürgen Grahl and Shahar evo September 9, 06 arxiv:609.0894v [math.pr] 8 Sep 06 Abstract This paper deals with finite or infinite sequences
More informationMA2223 Tutorial solutions Part 1. Metric spaces
MA2223 Tutorial solutions Part 1. Metric spaces T1 1. Show that the function d(,y) = y defines a metric on R. The given function is symmetric and non-negative with d(,y) = 0 if and only if = y. It remains
More informationReal Variables: Solutions to Homework 9
Real Variables: Solutions to Homework 9 Theodore D Drivas November, 20 xercise 0 Chapter 8, # : For complex-valued, measurable f, f = f + if 2 with f i real-valued and measurable, we have f = f + i f 2
More informationWe have been going places in the car of calculus for years, but this analysis course is about how the car actually works.
Analysis I We have been going places in the car of calculus for years, but this analysis course is about how the car actually works. Copier s Message These notes may contain errors. In fact, they almost
More informationInfinite Sequences and Series Section
A B I L E N E C H R I S T I A N U N I V E R S I T Y Department of Mathematics Infinite Sequences and Series Section 8.1-8.2 Dr. John Ehrke Department of Mathematics Fall 2012 Zeno s Paradox Achilles and
More informationChapter 8. General Countably Additive Set Functions. 8.1 Hahn Decomposition Theorem
Chapter 8 General Countably dditive Set Functions In Theorem 5.2.2 the reader saw that if f : X R is integrable on the measure space (X,, µ) then we can define a countably additive set function ν on by
More informationIt follows from the above inequalities that for c C 1
3 Spaces L p 1. In this part we fix a measure space (, A, µ) (we may assume that µ is complete), and consider the A -measurable functions on it. 2. For f L 1 (, µ) set f 1 = f L 1 = f L 1 (,µ) = f dµ.
More informationChapter 4. Measure Theory. 1. Measure Spaces
Chapter 4. Measure Theory 1. Measure Spaces Let X be a nonempty set. A collection S of subsets of X is said to be an algebra on X if S has the following properties: 1. X S; 2. if A S, then A c S; 3. if
More informationAn extremal problem in Banach algebras
STUDIA MATHEMATICA 45 (3) (200) An extremal problem in Banach algebras by Anders Olofsson (Stockholm) Abstract. We study asymptotics of a class of extremal problems r n (A, ε) related to norm controlled
More information1 + lim. n n+1. f(x) = x + 1, x 1. and we check that f is increasing, instead. Using the quotient rule, we easily find that. 1 (x + 1) 1 x (x + 1) 2 =
Chapter 5 Sequences and series 5. Sequences Definition 5. (Sequence). A sequence is a function which is defined on the set N of natural numbers. Since such a function is uniquely determined by its values
More information16.4. Power Series. Introduction. Prerequisites. Learning Outcomes
Power Series 6.4 Introduction In this Section we consider power series. These are examples of infinite series where each term contains a variable, x, raised to a positive integer power. We use the ratio
More informationReview (11.1) 1. A sequence is an infinite list of numbers {a n } n=1 = a 1, a 2, a 3, The sequence is said to converge if lim
Announcements: Note that we have taking the sections of Chapter, out of order, doing section. first, and then the rest. Section. is motivation for the rest of the chapter. Do the homework questions from
More informationLimit and Continuity
Limit and Continuity Table of contents. Limit of Sequences............................................ 2.. Definitions and properties...................................... 2... Definitions............................................
More informationh(x) lim H(x) = lim Since h is nondecreasing then h(x) 0 for all x, and if h is discontinuous at a point x then H(x) > 0. Denote
Real Variables, Fall 4 Problem set 4 Solution suggestions Exercise. Let f be of bounded variation on [a, b]. Show that for each c (a, b), lim x c f(x) and lim x c f(x) exist. Prove that a monotone function
More informationRENEWAL THEORY STEVEN P. LALLEY UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. X i
RENEWAL THEORY STEVEN P. LALLEY UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 1. RENEWAL PROCESSES A renewal process is the increasing sequence of random nonnegative numbers S 0,S 1,S 2,... gotten by adding i.i.d. positive random
More informationThe Comparison Test & Limit Comparison Test
The Comparison Test & Limit Comparison Test Math4 Department of Mathematics, University of Kentucky February 5, 207 Math4 Lecture 3 / 3 Summary of (some of) what we have learned about series... Math4 Lecture
More information