A100H Exploring the Universe: Big Bang Theory. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
|
|
- Gloria Wade
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A100H Exploring the : Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100h-mdw@courses.umass.edu April 21, 2016 Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 1
2 Early Final Exam: Friday 29 Apr at 10:30 am 12:30 pm, here! Emphasizes Chapters Some topics from entire course folded in... Same format: approximately 2/3 multiple choice, 1/3 short answer Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 2
3 Early Final Exam: Friday 29 Apr at 10:30 am 12:30 pm, here! Today What are the features of the Big Bang theory? The Early What is the implied history of the according to the Big Bang theory? Evidence for the Big Bang theory? Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 2
4 Early Final Exam: Friday 29 Apr at 10:30 am 12:30 pm, here! Today What are the features of the Big Bang theory? The Early What is the implied history of the according to the Big Bang theory? Evidence for the Big Bang theory? Your questions? Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 2
5 Extrapolate the expansion back in time Early Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 3
6 Early Early The early universe must have been extremely hot and dense Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 4
7 Early Early Photons converted into particle-antiparticle pairs and vice-versa E = mc 2 E = hν = hc λ Early universe was full of particles and radiation because of its high temperature Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 5
8 Unification of fundamental physical forces Early Four known forces in the present-day : (1) Strong Force (2) Electromagnetism (3) Weak Force (4) Gravity Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 6
9 Unification Early Do the forces unify at high temperatures? suggests that they do! Four known forces in the : (1) Strong Force (2) Electromagnetism (3) Weak Force (4) Gravity Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 7
10 Unification Early Do the forces unify at high temperatures? suggests that they do! Electroweak (Yes!) Four known forces in the : (1) Strong Force (2) Electromagnetism (3) Weak Force (4) Gravity Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 7
11 Unification Early Do the forces unify at high temperatures? suggests that they do! Electroweak (Yes!) Four known forces in the : (1) Strong Force (2) Electromagnetism (3) Weak Force (4) Gravity GUT (Maybe) Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 7
12 Unification Early Do the forces unify at high temperatures? suggests that they do! Electroweak (Yes!) GUT (Maybe) Four known forces in the : (1) Strong Force (2) Electromagnetism (3) Weak Force (4) Gravity String theory (???) Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 7
13 Early Particle colliders attempt to create early-universe conditions Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 8
14 Early Running the clock forward from the beginning... Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 9
15 1. Planck Era 2. GUT Era Before Planck time ( sec) No theory of quantum gravity Lasts from Planck time ( sec) to end of GUT force ( sec) 3. Electroweak Era Lasts from end of GUT force ( sec) to end of electroweak force ( sec) Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 10
16 4. Particle Era Matter and antimatter nearly equal 1 extra proton for 10 9 protonantiproton 5. Era of Begins when matter annihilates remaining antimatter at sec Nuclei begin to fuse 6. Era of Nuclei Helium nuclei form at this age 3 minutes too cool to blast helium apart Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 11
17 7. Era of Atoms Atoms form at age 380,000 years Background radiation released 8. Era of Galaxies Galaxies form at age 1 billion years Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 12
18 Evidence for the Big Bang Early The Evidence The Big Bang theory correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements. Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 13
19 Evidence for the Big Bang Early The Evidence The Big Bang theory correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements. Observed helium abundance too large to be the result of supernovae Extrapolate backwards in time At some point: as hot as star center Fuse H to He! Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 13
20 Evidence for the Big Bang Early The Evidence The Big Bang theory correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements. 2. Detected the leftover radiation from the Big Bang! Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 13
21 Evidence for the Big Bang Early The Evidence The Big Bang theory correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements. 2. Detected the leftover radiation from the Big Bang! becomes transparent to radiation soon after electrons combine with nuclei Prediction: Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation from this epoch will shift to larger wavelength as expands Black body temperature radiation will decrease Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 13
22 Evidence for the Big Bang Early The Evidence The Big Bang theory correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements. 2. Detected the leftover radiation from the Big Bang! Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 13
23 Abundance of the elements Early Protons and neutrons combined to make long-lasting helium nuclei when universe was 3 minutes old Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 14
24 Abundance of the elements Early Big Bang theory prediction: 75% H, 25% He (by mass) Matches observations of nearly primordial gases Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 15
25 Abundance of the elements Early Abundances of other light elements agree with Big Bang model having 4.4% normal matter more evidence for WIMPS! Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 16
26 now consists of protons and electrons (some He,... ): ionized H continues to expand and cool At t = 300,000 years with T = 3000K: Photons no longer sufficiently energetic to keep H ionized Atoms form! becomes transparent! Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 17
27 Early Background radiation from Big Bang has been freely streaming across since atoms formed at temperature 3,000 K: visible/ir Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 18
28 Early Like photosphere of star Background radiation from Big Bang has been freely streaming across since atoms formed at temperature 3,000 K: visible/ir Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 18
29 Cosmic Microwave Background: Discovery Early CMB = Cosmic Microwave Background Engineers designed first microwave satellite uplink Signal independent of pointing antenna Assumed additional noise in their receivers that they could not understand Discovered relic cosmic radiation: T=2.73 K Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 19
30 Cosmic Background Explorer Early The microwave background is a precise blackbody! Expansion of universe has redshifted thermal radiation from that time to 1000 times longer wavelength: microwaves Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 20
31 Cosmic Background Explorer Early The microwave background is a precise blackbody! Temperature profile close to isotropic but not quite Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 20
32 BB temperature on the sky Early WMAP gives us detailed baby pictures of structure in the universe Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 21
33 Early Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 22
34 Early 1. Why is the so close to close to the critical solution? Called the flatness problem Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 23
35 Early 1. Why is the so close to close to the critical solution? Called the flatness problem 2. Why is the so isotropic? Photons we see from opposite directions could never have been in contact. Why is the temperature the same? Called the horizon problem Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 23
36 Early The flatness problem Three types of s: Closed, open, and flat. Geometry of our universe appears flat Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 24
37 Early The flatness problem Three types of s: Closed, open, and flat. Geometry of our universe appears flat Mass-energy density and expansion rate of the universe appear to be nearly perfectly balanced, even 14 billion years later when minor variations should have grown drastically! Why the minor variations haven t increased dramatically? Did the variations not exist? Did some unknown physics prevent their growth? Did some unknown physics smooth them out? Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 24
38 Early The horizon problem Look in some direction = looking back in time There s a boundary of 14 billion (or so) light-years in all directions If there is anything farther away than that, there is no way for it to have ever communicated with us. This is called the horizon. Choose a direction and you observe CMB from 14 billion light-years away (call this Point A). Observe in opposite direction (call this Point B); you see exactly the same sort of CMB in that direction. Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 25
39 Early The horizon problem This suggests the CMB in the has diffused throughout the, like heating up an oven The thermal information seems to be have been transferred Points A and B Physicists call this: thermal equilibrium But Points A and B are 28 billion light-years apart We only have 14 billion years to send a signal Therefore, Points A and B could not have communicated with each other in the age of the How did they become the same temperature if there s no way for heat to transfer between them? This is the horizon problem Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 26
40 Early A period of rapid expansion early in the history of the solves both problems! Originally proposed by Alan Guth in 1980 This model asserts that the early Universal expanded at an exponential rate for a short period How is the horizon problem is solved? Different regions we see were close enough to communicate at early time During inflation, space expanded so rapidly that these close regions were spread out to cover the visible Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 27
41 Early A period of rapid expansion early in the history of the solves both problems! Originally proposed by Alan Guth in 1980 This model asserts that the early Universal expanded at an exponential rate for a short period How is the horizon problem is solved? How is the flatness problem solved? Inflation actually flattens the universe! Picture an uninflated balloon. As the balloon expands, though, the surface smoothes out. According to inflation theory, this happens to the fabric of the as well. Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 27
42 Early Other successes of the theory: Inflation also provides the seeds for the structure that we see in our universe today. Tiny energy variations during inflation, due simply to quantum uncertainty, become the sources for matter to clump together, eventually becoming galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 28
43 Early Problems with the theory: The exact mechanism that would cause and turn off the inflationary period isn t known. Thought be energy generated in a phase transition. E.g. as water freezes it heats its surroundings. Many technical aspects of inflationary theory remain unanswered, though the models include a scalar field called an inflaton field and a corresponding theoretical particle called an inflaton. Most cosmologists today believe that some form of inflation likely took place in the early universe. Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 28
44 Early Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 29
45 Early How do we observe the radiation left over from the Big Bang? Radiation left over from the Big Bang is now in the form of microwaves the cosmic microwave background which we can observe with a radio telescope. How do the abundances of elements support the Big Bang theory? Observations of helium and other light elements agree with the predictions for fusion in the Big Bang theory Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 30
46 Early How do we account for the geometry and isotropy of the? A rapid period of expansion called inflation makes the flat and allows regions that were in contact at early times to be spread over very large distances today. Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 31
47 Early Read: Chap 23 04/26/16 slide 32
A100 Exploring the Universe Big Bang Theory and the Early Universe. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100 Exploring the Universe and the Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100-mdw@courses.umass.edu December 02, 2014 Read: Chap 23 12/04/14 slide 1 Assignment on Chaps 22 23, at the end of next week,
More informationChapter 23 The Beginning of Time. Agenda. Presentation Tips. What were conditions like in the early universe? 23.1 The Big Bang.
Chapter 23 The Beginning of Time Agenda Announce: Observation April 19 Thursday 8pm APS Meeting April 17 no class (instead Fate of the Universe tutorial Presentation Tips Ch. 23 Presentation Tips Limit
More informationThe Big Bang The Beginning of Time
The Big Bang The Beginning of Time What were conditions like in the early universe? The early universe must have been extremely hot and dense Photons converted into particle-antiparticle pairs and vice-versa
More informationOUSSEP Final Week. If we run out of time you can look at uploaded slides Pearson Education, Inc.
OUSSEP Final Week Last week hopefully read Holiday-Week 23rd November Lecture notes Hand in your Hubble Deep Field Reports today! (If not today then in my mail box @ International College.) Today we will
More informationWhat is the evidence that Big Bang really occurred
What is the evidence that Big Bang really occurred Hubble expansion of galaxies Microwave Background Abundance of light elements but perhaps most fundamentally... Darkness of the night sky!! The very darkness
More informationHubble s Law. Our goals for learning. What is Hubble s Law? How do distance measurements tell us the age of the universe?
Hubble s Law Our goals for learning What is Hubble s Law? How do distance measurements tell us the age of the universe? How does the universe s expansion affect our distance measurements? We measure speeds
More informationCosmology. Big Bang and Inflation
Cosmology Big Bang and Inflation What is the Universe? Everything we can know about is part of the universe. Everything we do know about is part of the universe. Everything! The Universe is expanding If
More informationChapter 22 Back to the Beginning of Time
Chapter 22 Back to the Beginning of Time Expansion of Universe implies dense, hot start: Big Bang Back to the Big Bang The early Universe was both dense and hot. Equivalent mass density of radiation (E=mc
More informationAssignments. Read all (secs ) of DocOnotes-cosmology. HW7 due today; accepted till Thurs. w/ 5% penalty
Assignments Read all (secs. 25-29) of DocOnotes-cosmology. HW7 due today; accepted till Thurs. w/ 5% penalty Term project due last day of class, Tues. May 17 Final Exam Thurs. May 19, 3:30 p.m. here Olber
More informationChapter 22 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective. Seventh Edition. The Birth of the Universe Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 22 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition The Birth of the Universe The Birth of the Universe 22.1 The Big Bang Theory Our goals for learning: What were conditions like in the early universe?
More informationThe Contents of the Universe (or/ what do we mean by dark matter and dark energy?)
The Contents of the Universe (or/ what do we mean by dark matter and dark energy?) Unseen Influences Dark Matter: An undetected form of mass that emits little or no light but whose existence we infer from
More informationThe Beginning of the Universe 8/11/09. Astronomy 101
The Beginning of the Universe 8/11/09 Astronomy 101 Astronomy Picture of the Day Astronomy 101 Outline for Today Astronomy Picture of the Day Return Lab 11 Astro News Q&A Session Dark Energy Cosmic Microwave
More informationASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies
ASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies ANNOUNCEMENTS FINAL EXAM: THURSDAY, May 14 th, 11:15am Last Astronomy public talk, May 8 th (up to 3% Extra class credit (see Blackboard announcement for details)
More informationEarly (Expanding) Universe. Average temperature decreases with expansion.
Early (Expanding) Universe Average temperature decreases with expansion. Particles & Anti-Particles Very short wavelength photons collide and form electron-positron pairs. E=mc 2 electron=matter positron=antimatter
More informationInflationary Universe and. Quick survey about iclickers Review of Big Bang model of universe Review of Evidence for Big Bang Examining Inflation
Inflationary Universe and Quick survey about iclickers Review of Big Bang model of universe Review of Evidence for Big Bang Examining Inflation Survey questions 1. The iclickers used in class encouraged
More informationSurvey questions. Inflationary Universe and. Survey Questions. Survey questions. Survey questions
Inflationary Universe and Quick survey about iclickers Review of Big Bang model of universe Review of Evidence for Big Bang Examining Inflation Survey questions 1. The iclickers used in class encouraged
More informationChapter 27 The Early Universe Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 27 The Early Universe Units of Chapter 27 27.1 Back to the Big Bang 27.2 The Evolution of the Universe More on Fundamental Forces 27.3 The Formation of Nuclei and Atoms 27.4 The Inflationary Universe
More informationASTR 1120 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies. OUR Universe: Accelerating Universe
ASTR 1120 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies FINAL: Saturday, Dec 12th, 7:30pm, HERE ALTERNATE FINAL: Monday, Dec 7th, 5:30pm in Muenzinger E131 Last OBSERVING session, Tue, Dec.8th, 7pm Please check
More informationHubble's Law. H o = 71 km/s / Mpc. The further a galaxy is away, the faster it s moving away from us. V = H 0 D. Modern Data.
Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the origin and evolution of the Universe, addressing the grandest issues: How "big" is the Universe? Does it have an "edge"? What is its large-scale structure? How did
More informationLecture 24: Cosmology: The First Three Minutes. Astronomy 111 Monday November 27, 2017
Lecture 24: Cosmology: The First Three Minutes Astronomy 111 Monday November 27, 2017 Reminders Last star party of the semester tomorrow night! Online homework #11 due Monday at 3pm The first three minutes
More informationThe Early Universe. 1. Inflation Theory: The early universe expanded enormously in a brief instance in time.
The Early Universe The Early Universe 1. Inflation Theory: The early universe expanded enormously in a brief instance in time. 2. The fundamental forces change during the first second after the big bang.
More informationASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies
ASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies ANNOUNCEMENTS MIDTERM III: Tuesday, Nov 24 th Midterm alternate day: Fri, Nov 20th, 11am, ESS 450 At LAST: In the very Beginning BIG BANG: beginning of Time
More informationLab Monday optional: review for Quiz 3. Lab Tuesday optional: review for Quiz 3.
Announcements SEIs! Quiz 3 Friday. Lab Monday optional: review for Quiz 3. Lab Tuesday optional: review for Quiz 3. Lecture today, Wednesday, next Monday. Final Labs Monday & Tuesday next week. Quiz 3
More informationChapter 22: Cosmology - Back to the Beginning of Time
Chapter 22: Cosmology - Back to the Beginning of Time Expansion of Universe implies dense, hot start: Big Bang Future of universe depends on the total amount of dark and normal matter Amount of matter
More informationLecture 36: The First Three Minutes Readings: Sections 29-1, 29-2, and 29-4 (29-3)
Lecture 36: The First Three Minutes Readings: Sections 29-1, 29-2, and 29-4 (29-3) Key Ideas Physics of the Early Universe Informed by experimental & theoretical physics Later stages confirmed by observations
More informationGalaxy A has a redshift of 0.3. Galaxy B has a redshift of 0.6. From this information and the existence of the Hubble Law you can conclude that
Galaxy A has a redshift of 0.3. Galaxy B has a redshift of 0.6. From this information and the existence of the Hubble Law you can conclude that A) Galaxy B is two times further away than Galaxy A. B) Galaxy
More informationThe first 400,000 years
The first 400,000 years All about the Big Bang Temperature Chronology of the Big Bang The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) The VERY early universe Our Evolving Universe 1 Temperature and the Big Bang
More informationPlanetarium/Observing: the clock is ticking! Don t forget to fill out your Planetarium/ Observing impression online.
Announcements HW #5 Due Wed, Dec. 10th. Planetarium/Observing: the clock is ticking! Don t forget to fill out your Planetarium/ Observing impression online. NOTE: Planetarium: Large dome you sit inside.
More informationChapter 27: The Early Universe
Chapter 27: The Early Universe The plan: 1. A brief survey of the entire history of the big bang universe. 2. A more detailed discussion of each phase, or epoch, from the Planck era through particle production,
More informationThe expansion of the Universe, and the big bang
The expansion of the Universe, and the big bang Q: What is Hubble s law? A. The larger the galaxy, the faster it is moving way from us. B. The farther away the galaxy, the faster it is moving away from
More informationAstronomy 114. Lecture35:TheBigBang. Martin D. Weinberg. UMass/Astronomy Department
Astronomy 114 Lecture35:TheBigBang Martin D. Weinberg weinberg@astro.umass.edu UMass/Astronomy Department A114: Lecture 35 09 May 2005 Read: Ch. 28,29 Astronomy 114 1/18 Announcements PS#8 due Monday!
More informationLecture 17: the CMB and BBN
Lecture 17: the CMB and BBN As with all course material (including homework, exams), these lecture notes are not be reproduced, redistributed, or sold in any form. Peering out/back into the Universe As
More informationLecture 32: Astronomy 101
Lecture 32: Evidence for the Big Bang Astronomy 101 The Three Pillars of the Big Bang Threefundamental pieces of evidence: Expansion of the Universe: Explains Hubble s Law Primordial Nucleosynthesis: Formation
More informationWhat forms AGN Jets? Magnetic fields are ferociously twisted in the disk.
What forms AGN Jets? Magnetic fields are ferociously twisted in the disk. Charged particles are pulled out of the disk and accelerated like a sling-shot. Particles are bound to the magnetic fields, focussed
More informationChapter 21 Evidence of the Big Bang. Expansion of the Universe. Big Bang Theory. Age of the Universe. Hubble s Law. Hubble s Law
Chapter 21 Evidence of the Big Bang Hubble s Law Universal recession: Slipher (1912) and Hubble found that all galaxies seem to be moving away from us: the greater the distance, the higher the redshift
More informationThe Expanding Universe
Cosmology Expanding Universe History of the Universe Cosmic Background Radiation The Cosmological Principle Cosmology and General Relativity Dark Matter and Dark Energy Primitive Cosmology If the universe
More informationi>clicker Quiz #14 Which of the following statements is TRUE?
i>clicker Quiz #14 Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Hubble s discovery that most distant galaxies are receding from us tells us that we are at the center of the Universe B. The Universe started
More informationAstronomy 113. Dr. Joseph E. Pesce, Ph.D Joseph E. Pesce, Ph.D.
Astronomy 113 Dr. Joseph E. Pesce, Ph.D. The Big Bang & Matter 17-2 Cosmology ³ The study of the origins, structure, and evolution of the universe ³ Key moments: ² Einstein General Theory of Relativity
More informationAstronomy 113. Dr. Joseph E. Pesce, Ph.D. The Big Bang & Matter. Olber s Paradox. Cosmology. Olber s Paradox. Assumptions 4/20/18
Astronomy 113 Dr. Joseph E. Pesce, Ph.D. The Big Bang & Matter Cosmology ³The study of the origins, structure, and evolution of the universe ³Key moments: ²Einstein General Theory of Relativity ²Hubble
More informationWhat is the 'cosmological principle'?
What is the 'cosmological principle'? Modern cosmology always starts from this basic assumption the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic. This idea seems strange there's empty space between me and the
More informationAstr 2320 Thurs. May 7, 2015 Today s Topics Chapter 24: New Cosmology Problems with the Standard Model Cosmic Nucleosynthesis Particle Physics Cosmic
Astr 2320 Thurs. May 7, 2015 Today s Topics Chapter 24: New Cosmology Problems with the Standard Model Cosmic Nucleosynthesis Particle Physics Cosmic Inflation Galaxy Formation 1 Chapter 24: #3 Chapter
More informationLecture 19 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Lecture 19 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis As with all course material (including homework, exams), these lecture notes are not be reproduced, redistributed, or sold in any form. The CMB as seen by the WMAP satellite.!2
More informationChapter 22 Reading Quiz Clickers. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. The Birth of the Universe Pearson Education, Inc.
Reading Quiz Clickers The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition The Birth of the Universe 22.1 The Big Bang Theory What were conditions like in the early universe? How did the early universe change with time?
More informationLecture #25: Plan. Cosmology. The early Universe (cont d) The fate of our Universe The Great Unanswered Questions
Lecture #25: Plan Cosmology The early Universe (cont d) The fate of our Universe The Great Unanswered Questions Announcements Course evaluations: CourseEvalUM.umd.edu Review sheet #3 was emailed to you
More informationChapter 17 Cosmology
Chapter 17 Cosmology Over one thousand galaxies visible The Universe on the Largest Scales No evidence of structure on a scale larger than 200 Mpc On very large scales, the universe appears to be: Homogenous
More informationAstronomy 162, Week 10 Cosmology Patrick S. Osmer Spring, 2006
Astronomy 162, Week 10 Cosmology Patrick S. Osmer Spring, 2006 Information Makeup quiz Wednesday, May 31, 5-6PM, Planetarium Review Session, Monday, June 5 6PM, Planetarium Cosmology Study of the universe
More informationHomework 6 Name: Due Date: June 9, 2008
Homework 6 Name: Due Date: June 9, 2008 1. Where in the universe does the general expansion occur? A) everywhere in the universe, including our local space upon Earth, the solar system, our galaxy and
More informationPhysics 133: Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology. Week 8
Physics 133: Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology Week 8 Outline for Week 8 Primordial Nucleosynthesis Successes of the standard Big Bang model Olbers paradox/age of the Universe Hubble s law CMB Chemical/Physical
More informationTuesday, Thursday 2:30-3:45 pm. Astronomy 100. Tom Burbine
Astronomy 100 Tuesday, Thursday 2:30-3:45 pm Tom Burbine tburbine@mtholyoke.edu www.xanga.com/astronomy100 Schedule Today (end and beginning of the universe) May 3 (Does Life Exist Elsewhere in the Universe)
More informationLecture #24: Plan. Cosmology. Expansion of the Universe Olber s Paradox Birth of our Universe
Lecture #24: Plan Cosmology Expansion of the Universe Olber s Paradox Birth of our Universe Reminder: Redshifts and the Expansion of the Universe Early 20 th century astronomers noted: Spectra from most
More informationCosmology and the Evolution of the Universe. Implications of the Hubble Law: - Universe is changing (getting bigger!) - it is not static, unchanging
Cosmology and the Evolution of the Edwin Hubble, 1929: -almost all galaxies have a redshift -moving away from us -exceptions in Local Group -with distance measurements - found a relationship greater distance
More informationImplications of the Hubble Law: - it is not static, unchanging - Universe had a beginning!! - could not have been expanding forever HUBBLE LAW:
Cosmology and the Evolution of the Universe Edwin Hubble, 1929: -almost all galaxies have a redshift -moving away from us -greater distance greater redshift Implications of the Hubble Law: - Universe is
More informationv = H o d Hubble s Law: Distant galaxies move away fastest Velocity (v) is proportional to Distance (d):
Hubble s Law: Distant galaxies move away fastest Velocity (v) is proportional to Distance (d): v = H o d The Hubble Constant was measured after decades of observation: H 0 = 70 km/s/mpc Velocity (km/s)
More informationExploring the Early Universe. Chapter Twenty-Nine. Guiding Questions. The Isotropy Problem
Exploring the Early Universe Chapter Twenty-Nine Guiding Questions 1. Has the universe always expanded as it does today, or might it have suddenly inflated? 2. How did the fundamental forces of nature
More informationRapid Inflation of the Early Universe. 27. Exploring the Early Universe. The Isotropy Problem. Possible Causes of Cosmic Inflation
27. Exploring the Early Universe Rapid inflation of the early Universe Mass & energy formed during inflation Most matter & antimatter annihilated each other Neutrinos & helium are primordial fireball relics
More informationCosmology. An Analogy 11/28/2010. Cosmology Study of the origin, evolution and future of the Universe
Cosmology Cosmology Study of the origin, evolution and future of the Universe Obler s Paradox If the Universe is infinite why is the sky dark at night? Newtonian Universe The Universe is infinite and unchanging
More informationBIG BANG SUMMARY NOTES
BIG BANG SUMMARY NOTES BIG BANG THEORY Studies of red-shifts of distant galaxies show that the universe is expanding. This and other observations has led to the Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory claims
More informationThe Big Bang Theory, General Timeline. The Planck Era. (Big Bang To 10^-35 Seconds) Inflationary Model Added. (10^-35 to 10^-33 Of A Second)
The Big Bang Theory, General Timeline The Planck Era. (Big Bang To 10^-35 Seconds) The time from the exact moment of the Big Bang until 10^-35 of a second later is referred to as the Planck Era. While
More informationMIT Exploring Black Holes
THE UNIVERSE and Three Examples Alan Guth, MIT MIT 8.224 Exploring Black Holes EINSTEIN'S CONTRIBUTIONS March, 1916: The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity Feb, 1917: Cosmological Considerations
More informationThe Concept of Inflation
The Concept of Inflation Introduced by Alan Guth, circa 1980, to provide answers to the following 5 enigmas: 1. horizon problem. How come the cosmic microwave background radiation is so uniform in very
More informationCosmology. Chapter 18. Cosmology. Observations of the Universe. Observations of the Universe. Motion of Galaxies. Cosmology
Cosmology Chapter 18 Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the structure and evolution of the Universe as a whole How big is the Universe? What shape is it? How old is it? How did it form? What will happen
More informationEarlier in time, all the matter must have been squeezed more tightly together and a lot hotter AT R=0 have the Big Bang
Re-cap from last lecture Discovery of the CMB- logic From Hubble s observations, we know the Universe is expanding This can be understood theoretically in terms of solutions of GR equations Earlier in
More informationa)! 0-10 miles b)! miles c)! miles d)! miles
How far away from this classroom will you be for Thanksgiving? a)! 0-10 miles b)! 10-100 miles c)! 100-1000 miles d)! 1000+ miles This Class (Lecture 33): The Early Universe HW 11 due on Dec 5 th Music:
More informationJohn Ellison University of California, Riverside. Quarknet 2008 at UCR
Overview of Particle Physics John Ellison University of California, Riverside Quarknet 2008 at UCR 1 Particle Physics What is it? Study of the elementary constituents of matter And the fundamental forces
More informationFinal Exam. String theory. What are these strings? How big are they? Types of strings. String Interactions. Strings can vibrate in different ways
Final Exam Monday, May 8: 2:45-4:45 pm 2241 Chamberlin Note sheet: two double-sided pages Cumulative exam-covers all material, 40 questions 11 questions from exam 1 material 12 questions from exam 2 material
More informationMatter vs. Antimatter in the Big Bang. E = mc 2
Matter vs. Antimatter in the Big Bang Threshold temperatures If a particle encounters its corresponding antiparticle, the two will annihilate: particle + antiparticle ---> radiation * Correspondingly,
More information2. The evolution and structure of the universe is governed by General Relativity (GR).
7/11 Chapter 12 Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the origin, evolution, and structure of the universe. We start with two assumptions: 1. Cosmological Principle: On a large enough scale (large compared
More informationAy1 Lecture 18. The Early Universe and the Cosmic Microwave Background
Ay1 Lecture 18 The Early Universe and the Cosmic Microwave Background 18.1 Basic Ideas, and the Cosmic Microwave background The Key Ideas Pushing backward in time towards the Big Bang, the universe was
More informationUniverse. Chapter 26. Exploring the Early Universe 8/17/2015. By reading this chapter, you will learn. Tenth Edition
Roger Freedman Robert Geller William Kaufmann III Universe Tenth Edition Chapter 26 Exploring the Early Universe By reading this chapter, you will learn 26 1 How the very young universe expanded enormously
More informationThe Cosmic Microwave Background
The Cosmic Microwave Background Class 22 Prof J. Kenney June 26, 2018 The Cosmic Microwave Background Class 22 Prof J. Kenney November 28, 2016 Cosmic star formation history inf 10 4 3 2 1 0 z Peak of
More informationInflation; the Concordance Model
Duke Physics 55 Spring 2007 Inflation; the Concordance Model Lecture #31: OUTLINE BDSV Chapter 23.3, 23.4 Inflation of the Early Universe: Solving the structure problem Solving the horizon problem Solving
More informationAstronomy 122 Outline
Astronomy 122 Outline This Class (Lecture 26): The Primeval Fireball Next Class: Dark Matter & Dark Energy ICES Form!!! HW10 due Friday Hubble s Law implications An expanding Universe! Run in movie in
More informationIsland Universes. Up to 1920 s, many thought that Milky Way encompassed entire universe.
Island Universes Up to 1920 s, many thought that Milky Way encompassed entire universe. Observed three types of nebulas (clouds): - diffuse, spiral, elliptical - many were faint, indistinct - originally
More informationDark Energy and the Accelerating Universe
Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe Dragan Huterer Department of Physics University of Michigan The universe today presents us with a grand puzzle: What is 95% of it made of? Shockingly, we still
More informationLecture notes 20: Inflation
Lecture notes 20: Inflation The observed galaxies, quasars and supernovae, as well as observations of intergalactic absorption lines, tell us about the state of the universe during the period where z
More informationThe Standard Big Bang What it is: Theory that the universe as we know it began billion years ago. (Latest estimate: 13:82 ± 0:05 billion years!)
The Standard Big Bang What it is: Theory that the universe as we know it began 13-14 billion years ago. (Latest estimate: 13:82 ± 0:05 billion years!) Initial state was a hot, dense, uniform soup of particles
More informationCosmic Background Radiation
Cosmic Background Radiation The Big Bang generated photons, which scattered frequently in the very early Universe, which was opaque. Once recombination happened the photons are scattered one final time
More informationThe best evidence so far in support of the Big Bang theory is:
Notes about the final exam: Saturday May 17th, 7:45 AM-9:45 AM Chamberlain 2103 If you have a CONFLICT email me or Ella before the end of this week. No excuses accepted after exam. Comprehensive, covering
More informationFXA ρ 0 = 3(H 0 ) 2. UNIT G485 Module Universe Evolution. Candidates should be able to : age of the universe 1/H 0
1 Candidates should be able to : Explain that the standard (hot big bang) model of the universe implies a finite age for the universe. Select and use the expression : age of the universe 1/H 0 Describe
More informationThe slides with white background you need to know. The slides with blue background just have some cool information.
The slides with white background you need to know. The slides with blue background just have some cool information. The Big Bang cosmology the study of the origin, properties, processes, and evolution
More informationDEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS OPTION E-6 GALAXIES Introductory Video: The Big Bang Theory Objectives Understand the Hubble classification scheme of galaxies and describe the
More informationThe Big Bang Theory was first proposed in the late 1920 s. This singularity was incredibly dense and hot.
The Big Bang Theory was first proposed in the late 1920 s. It states that there was an infinitely small, infinitely dense point that contained everything that is the universe. This singularity was incredibly
More informationKatsushi Arisaka University of California, Los Angeles Department of Physics and Astronomy
11/14/12 Katsushi Arisaka 1 Katsushi Arisaka University of California, Los Angeles Department of Physics and Astronomy arisaka@physics.ucla.edu Seven Phases of Cosmic Evolution 11/14/12 Katsushi Arisaka
More informationASTRONOMY 5 Final Exam Spring 2001 (Edited for questions relevant to Astronomy Final)
ASTRONOMY 5 Final Exam Spring 2001 (Edited for questions relevant to Astronomy 5 2007 Final) Follow the directions in each section. Write all answers on this examination paper. Feel free to ask for clarification
More informationAstronomy 182: Origin and Evolution of the Universe
Astronomy 182: Origin and Evolution of the Universe Prof. Josh Frieman Lecture 10 Nov. 11, 2015 Today Hot Big Bang I: Cosmic Microwave Background Assignments This week: read Hawley and Holcomb, Chapter
More informationThe History and Philosophy of Astronomy
Astronomy 350L (Spring 2005) The History and Philosophy of Astronomy (Lecture 27: Modern Developments II: Inflation) Instructor: Volker Bromm TA: Amanda Bauer The University of Texas at Austin Big Bang
More informationFormation of the Universe. What evidence supports current scientific theory?
Formation of the Universe What evidence supports current scientific theory? Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the Nature, Structure, Origin, And fate of the universe. How did it all begin? Astronomers
More informationAgenda. Chapter 17. Cosmology. Cosmology. Observations of the Universe. Observations of the Universe
Agenda Chapter 17 3/17/09 Measure Solar Altitude is it really 2pm? Announce: Observation: Tue March 24 Test 2: Tue March 24 Online stuff due by Test 2 Ch. 17 Cosmology Labwork: Hubble s Law & Large Scale
More informationWhere we left off last time...
Where we left off last time... The Planck Era is pure speculation about topics that are being explored in detail today (gravity, string theory, etc.) The GUT era matches what physicists see in particle
More informationAnnouncements. Homework. Set 8now open. due late at night Friday, Dec 10 (3AM Saturday Nov. 11) Set 7 answers on course web site.
Homework. Set 8now. due late at night Friday, Dec 10 (3AM Saturday Nov. 11) Set 7 answers on course web site. Review for Final. In class on Thursday. Course Evaluation. https://rateyourclass.msu.edu /
More informationLecture 12 Cosmology III. Inflation The beginning?
Lecture 12 Cosmology III Inflation The beginning? Unsolved issues in the standard model Horizon problem: Why is the CMB so smooth? The flatness problem: Why is Ω~1? Why is the universe flat? The structure
More informationThe Early Universe and the Big Bang
The Early Universe and the Big Bang Class 24 Prof J. Kenney June 28, 2018 Final Exam: Friday June 29 at 2-5pm in Watson A48 What the Final Exam will emphasize: Classroom lectures 10-24 (starting FRI June
More informationIt is possible for a couple of elliptical galaxies to collide and become a spiral and for two spiral galaxies to collide and form an elliptical.
7/16 Ellipticals: 1. Very little gas and dust an no star formation. 2. Composed of old stars. 3. Masses range from hundreds of thousands to 10's of trillions of solar masses. 4. Sizes range from 3000 ly
More informationChapter 18. Cosmology. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 18 Cosmology Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the structure and evolution of the Universe as a whole
More informationAstronomy 182: Origin and Evolution of the Universe
Astronomy 182: Origin and Evolution of the Universe Prof. Josh Frieman Lecture 11 Nov. 13, 2015 Today Cosmic Microwave Background Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Assignments This week: read Hawley and Holcomb,
More informationLooking Back in Distance and Time Distant galaxy
Lecture 21 Quantum Mechanics, Fundamental Particles, and the First Three Minutes of the Universe A2020 Prof. Tom Megeath Review: Looking Back to the Big Bang Looking Back in Distance and Time Distant galaxy
More informationLecture 20 Cosmology, Inflation, dark matter
The Nature of the Physical World November 19th, 2008 Lecture 20 Cosmology, Inflation, dark matter Arán García-Bellido 1 News Exam 2: good job! Ready for pick up after class or in my office Average: 74/100
More informationAstro-2: History of the Universe. Lecture 12; May
Astro-2: History of the Universe Lecture 12; May 23 2013 Previously on astro-2 The four fundamental interactions are? Strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravity. We think they are unified at high energies,
More informationLecture 37 Cosmology [not on exam] January 16b, 2014
1 Lecture 37 Cosmology [not on exam] January 16b, 2014 2 Structure of the Universe Does clustering of galaxies go on forever? Looked at very narrow regions of space to far distances. On large scales the
More informationAstro-2: History of the Universe
Astro-2: History of the Universe Lecture 13; May 30 2013 Previously on astro-2 Energy and mass are equivalent through Einstein s equation and can be converted into each other (pair production and annihilations)
More information