Ecology and Phylogeny of Damselflies (Zygoptera) in French Polynesia

Transcription

1 Ecology and Phylogeny of Damselflies (Zygoptera) in French Polynesia Ronald A. Englund 1, Steve Jordan 2, Dan A. Polhemus 1 1 Bishop Museum Hawaii, USA 2 Bucknell University

2 Overall Objectives: Polynesie Française aise Odonata Surveys 1) Survey previously unsampled aquatic and terrestrial habitats for Odonata 2) Assess origins and dispersal patterns of FP Odonata via molecular systematics 3) Assess the conservation status and impacts of introduced aquatic species on native Odonata, 4) Provide museum specimens and an ecological information baseline for future researchers 5) Assess ecological shifts previously only found in Hawaii (Aquatic to Terrestrial) Bora Bora: Ischnura cardinalis Raiatea: new Ischnura sacrebleu

3 What was known for Endemic Zygoptera in Polynesie Française aise (5 sp.)? Societies Genus Ischnura: 2 species described in 1930 s - Bora Bora/Raiatea (1) - Tahiti (1) Marquesas (Genus Bedfordia) 2 species described in the 1930 s - Ua Pou (1) - Nuku Hiva (1) Australs (Genus Ischnura) Rapa (1) described in 1966 Raiatea: Trois Cascades Bora Bora damselfly stream habitat

4 Austral Damselflies - Damselfly Morphology (Cook Islands) Rarotonga Rimatara Rurutu Tubuai Raivavae 3 total endemic species from Rurutu, Raivavae, Rapa World s s largest Ischnura from Rapa (45 mm) Tubuai lacking endemic damselfly, but limited survey time/invasive species possible reason? New genus from Raivavae, currently in Ischnura Rurutu: Puputa Cascade Rapa Raivavae: new Ischnura jeanyvesmeyeri

5 Society Islands - Damselfly Morphology Bora Bora: 1 described Ischnura species Tahaa: 2 Ischnura species (2 new) Raiatea: 3 Ischnura species (2 new) Huahine: 2? Ischnura (2 new) Moorea: 1 Ischnura (1 new) Tahiti: 4? Ischnura species so far (3 new) Incomplete surveys, Fred Jacq has several new species Huahine: Ischnura new sp. Bora Bora: Ischnura cardinalis

6 Marquesas - Morphological Work Damselflies Eiao: 1 permanent stream and 1 new species collected by Fred Jacq/Jean /Jean-François Butaud Nuku Hiva: 3 species total, 2 new Bedfordia sp. Ua Huka: 1 new Bedfordia sp. Ua Pou: 1 sp. (Bedfordia( halecarpenteri) Hiva Oa: 1 new Bedfordia species Tahuata: Shares 1 Bedfordia with Hiva Oa? Mohotane: 0 damselfly sp. (1 new Simuliid) Fatu Hiva: 1 new Bedfordia sp. Fatu Hiva: Bedfordia new sp. Ua Pou:Bedfordia new sp.

7 Ischnura thelmae Lieftinck 1966: : Rapa Rarotonga (Cook Islands) Rimatara Rurutu Tubuai Raivavae male Bichromatic female Rapa Marotiri Rocks

8 Ischnura jeanyvesmeyeri Englund & Polhemus (2009) Raivavae (also a new genus to be described later) Rarotonga (Cook Islands) Rimatara Rurutu Tubuai Raivavae Rapa Marotiri Rocks

9 Ischnura rurutana Englund & Polhemus (2009) Rurutu Rarotonga (Cook Islands) Rimatara Rurutu Tubuai Raivavae Rapa Marotiri Rocks

10 AUSTRAL AND SOCIETY ISLAND DAMSELS Rarotonga (Cook Islands) Rimatara Rurutu Tubuai Raivavae Tahiti- Ischnura nov. sp. Ischnura thelmae Rurutu Ischnura rurutana nov. sp. Raivavae New genus Ischnura jeanyvesmeyeri nov. sp. Rapa Rapa Marotiri Rocks

11 Methods: mt DNA COII and A6 and A8 mtdna 1186 bp COII trna-lys trna-asx Asx A8 A6 C2-J-3102 TK-N-3785 C2-J-3711 A6-N-4379 Englund, Jordan et al. Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Marquesas mtdna, Mark Olaf: Methods

12 Englund, Jordan et al. Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Marquesas mtdna, Mark Olaf: Methods 27 specimens 22 ingroup taxa From most major Marquesas populations Outgroups from 2 genera Ischnura widespread Megalagrion orbates Hawaii

13 Englund, Jordan et al. Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Marquesas mtdna, Mark Olaf: Results Ua Huka 1 97 Ua Huka 1 Ua Huka 2 Ua Pou 1 Ua Pou 5 ML Bootstrap Bayesian Posterior 98 Ua Huka 2 97 Ua Poa1 Ua Poa5 ML Bootstrap Hiva Oa Nuku Hiva BB 2 Bayesian Posterior 61 Hiva Oa 8 Hiva Oa 12 Nuku Hiva 22 Nuku Hiva Tahuata1 Hiva Oa Hiva Oa 3 Fatu Hiva 8 Nuku Hiva 13 Nuku Hiva 1 74 Nuku Hiva 5 96 Nuku Hiva 7 Nuku Hiva 15 Nuku Hiva 26 Nuku Hiva Nuku Hiva 4 Nuku Hiva Hiva Oa 3 Hiva Oa 12 Fatu Hiva8 Nuku Hiva 13 Nuku Hiva 1 85 Nuku Hiva 4 Nuku Hiva Nuku Hiva BB1 Nuku Hiva 25 Nuku Hiva 22 Nuku Hiva BB 2 I. heterosticta 23 (Fiji) Tahiti 8 Tahiti 9 Ischnura aurora 38 (Fiji) Analysis I: All Characters Megalagrion orobates (Kauai) Nuku Hiva 15 Nuku Hiva 7 Nuku Hiva 5 I. heterosticta 23 (Fiji) 0.1 Ischnura aurora 38 (Fiji) Tahiti 8 Tahiti 9 Analysis II: 1 st and 2 nd Codon Positions Only Megalagrion orbates (Kauai)

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16 Englund, Jordan et al. Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Marquesas Nuclear DNA Jenn Mrozek 30 individuals 29 alleles 1055 bp of nuclear Elongation Factor-1α gene 86 variable characters 31 parsimony informative characters K80+gamma Maximum Likelihood analysis 0 bootstrap pseudoreplicates SiTahiti8 SiTahiti UP6 60 NH13 BB2 NH17 NH8 NH2 NH1 UP5 UP1 UP3 NH22 NH5 NH15 NH7 NH25 HO3 HO10 TA NH BB1 EF-1alpha HO8 HO1 HO14 HO11, 21 FH6 FH2 FH1 FH8

17 Englund, Jordan et al. Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Society/Austral mtdna: Sherri Liang 665 bp mtdna Raivavae508 Raivave SITahaa7 SITahaa8 SIBo1, 10, 6, Tahaa 1, 14, 5 SITahaa22, 23, 29 SIBo5 SIBo14, 2, 9, Tahaa 2 SIHu1, 5 SIHu11 SIHu10 SIHu12, 2, 6 Tahiti Iti Rurutu504, 510, 516 Rurutu512 SIBo16 Rapa505, 506 Rapa509 Rapa507 SITahaa28 Raivavae513, 515 Societies/Australs mtdna 665 bp of mt COII gene 167 parsimony informative characters GTR + I + gamma model 39 individuals 22 haplotypes 500 bootstrap pseudoreplicates SITahaa30

18 Englund, Jordan et al. Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: All Together 665 bp mt COII gene GTR+I+G model ML analysis 476 bootstrap pseudoreplicates Hawaii Nuku Hiva 13 Nuku Hiva 5 Nuku Hiva 15 Nuku Hiva 26,7 Nuku Hiva 1 Nuku Hiva 4 Fatu Hiva 8 Nuku Hiva 25 Nuku Hiva Big Blue 1 Hiva Oa 10 Hiva Oa 12 Ua Huka 1, 2 Nuku Hiva Big Blue 2 89 Rapa 505,506 Rapa 509 Rapa 507 Ishnura heterosticta - Fiji Hiva Oa 3 91 Nuku Hiva 2 Tahuata 1 Hiva Oa 8 Nuku Hiva 22 Ua Pou 1 Ua Pou Tahiti 8 Tahiti 9 Tahiti Iti 514 Ischnura aurora 38 Bora Bora 16 Rurutu 504, 510, 516 Rurutu 512 Tahaa 28 Rapa Raivavae 508 Raivave 511 Raivavae 513, 515 Megalagrion orobates Bora Bora 1,10,6; Tahaa 1,14,15,22,23,29 Tahaa 7, 8 Bora Bora 5 Bora Bora 2,9,14;Tahaa 2 Huahine 1, 5 Huahine 11 Huahine 10, 12, 2, 6 Rurutu Marquesas Raivavae Huahine Bora & Tahaa

19 Englund, Jordan et al. Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Conclusions Preliminary Conclusions 1. Archipelago monophyly Endemic Marquesan Zygoptera are likely monophyletic. Society Island damselflies may not be. Austral Zygoptera probably are not. 2. Zygoptera of each individual Austral Island are likely monophyletic. 3. mtdna data suggest that Raivavae damselflies may represent a different genus from others in the Australs and even FP. 4. mtdna suggest complex biogeography for Marquesan damselflies, while nuclear data show a much simpler pattern. More data are needed. 5. Ua Huka, Ua Pou, Hiva Oa/Tahuata and Fatu Hiva each host one endemic damselfly species. Nuku Hiva may be home to multiple species, though nuclear data put this into question. 6. Bora Bora/Tahaa and Huahine probably each host a single species.

20 Polynesie Française aise Native Damselflies Summary Excellent indicator species for aquatic ecosystem health, found in undisturbed habitats Each high island with water found to have at least 1-2 endemic, larger islands with more (most new spp.) Terrestrial damselflies found on Raiatea 5 sp. in 1930 s, up to ~24 species today (19 new) Dispersal patterns still unclear, and data are incomplete esp. from the Societies

21 Gaps to fill for the French Polynesia Aquatic Insect Biodiversity Assessment Societies: Highest Priority is Tahiti Nui and Tahiti Iti, particularly high elevation forest and wetland areas Moorea: Upland stream/wetland areas Tahaa: Upland native forest areas for terrestrial damselflies Raiatea: Upland native forest/wetland areas Marquesas Eiao: : Stream/wetland areas Nuku Hiva: High Elevation stream and wetland areas Tahuata: upland stream areas Australs Tubuai: Upland stream areas Mt. Toomaru damselfly habitat Raiatea: new terrestrial Ischnura from Mt. Toomaru

22 Mahalo! Team Members: Jean-Yves Meyer, Benoît t Fontaine, Olivier Gargominy, Jean-François Butaud, Elin Claridge, Diana Percy, Matthew Prebble, Jacques Florence, Jean-Claude Thibault, Rosie Gillespie, Fred Jacq, Elie Poroi Jean-Yves Meyer, Délégation D à la Recherche (Ministère de la Culture, de l Enseignement l Supérieur et de la Recherche, Gouvernement de la Polynésie française) aise) Bishop Museum: Neal Evenhuis, Allen Allison, David Preston, Al Samuelson, Alistair Ramsdale, LaVonne Englund Raivavae: 2002 Tubuai: 2003 Rimatara: 2004