Lecture V Phylogeny and Systematics Dr. Kopeny

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Lecture V Phylogeny and Systematics Dr. Kopeny"

Transcription

1 Delivered 1/30 and 2/1 Lecture V Phylogeny and Systematics Dr. Kopeny Lecture V How to Determine Evolutionary Relationships: Concepts in Phylogeny and Systematics Textbook Reading: pp , in chapter 23: Reconstructing and using Phylogenies Nature 413, (2001) Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. J. G. M. Thewissen, E. M. Williams, L. J. Roe & S. T. Hussain. See webpage for link to pdf of this paper, and summary/persptive of this paper

2 Taxonomic classification is hierarchical and nested Taxonomy is the science of the classification (=naming) of organisms Linnean classification called binomial nomenclature, in reference to genus and specific epithet Taxon is a generic term for any taxonomic unit (level) Most inclusive taxon, not shown here, is Domain

3 Bass Frog Snake Bird Basal lineage Phylogeny history of descent of a group of organisms from their common ancestor Phylogenetic Tree or Cladogram. Depiction of a phylogeny. Carries information only on branching relationships; no information about passage of time or amount of phenotypic change. Each branching point (node) reflects a divergence (ie, speciation, cladogenesis) event that took place in the species that is the most recent common ancestor to the descendents of that cladogenesis event Lineage Organisms in an ancestor-descendent relationship Tunicate Bass Frog Snake Bird Vertebrata (fish, amphibians,reptiles, birds) Tetrapoda (frog, snake, bird) Amniota (snake, bird) The nested polygons here show taxonomic groupings, but with no regard for inclusion or exclusion of ancestors common to the groupings

4 Vertebrata Tetrapoda Amniota Tunicate Bass Frog Snake Bird The nested polygons here do show taxonomic groupings, but with regard for inclusion or exclusion of ancestors common to the groupings Determining monophyletic taxa is key to classifying organisms according to their evolutionary history: Monophyletic taxon is one in which a single ancestor gives rise to all species, and which includes all descendents of that single ancestor Paraphyletic taxon excludes one or more species descended from the most recent common ancestor of the taxon Polyphyletic taxon excludes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the taxon A taxon that includes only A and B would be paraphyletic A taxon that includes B, C and D would be polyphyletic A taxon that includes D, E and F would be monophyletic

5 SCHOOLS OF SYSTEMATICS TRADITIONAL EVOLUTIONARY TAXONOMY [Simpson and others] Establish taxa based on common ancestry (clades) and the extent of adaptive evolutionary change: evolutionary groups that represent adaptive zone constitute legitimate higher taxa -- a grade adaptive zone; characteristic reaction and mutual relationship between environment and organism, a way of life and not a place where life is led. paraphyletic taxa may be acceptable PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS (CLADISTICS) [Hennig] George Gaylord Simpson ( ). Mammalian Paleontologist, regarded as one of the architects of the modern synthesis. Formulated the principles of evolutionary taxonomy Establish taxa based on clades; monophyletic taxa only Powerful methodological and analytic tool for determining relationships The tools of cladistics now represent the prevailing approach to determining relationships; the philosophy of strict monophyly wrt classification is still under debate -- bears on definition - concept- of species Willi Hennig ( ). Hennig is best known for developing phylogenetic systematics, a coherent theory of the investigation and presentation of the relations that exist among species.

6 Systematists classify organisms and determine evolutionary relationships based on analysis of homologous characters (traits) Systematic investigation is based on analysis of homologous characters (traits); characters may be morphological, molecular, behavioral, physiological.. Homologous character; character that is shared by two or more taxa because those taxa inherited the character from a common ancestor Expect shared character to be quite similar, perhaps, but not identical among taxa, as a result of descent with modification Homology indicates common ancestry, which is information with which one can determine evolutionary history Divergent Evolution of Homologous Characters Homologous characters may evolve away from each other in structure

7 Analagous character; character occurring in two or more lineages because it evolved independently in each of those lineages, Analagies may arise through convergent evolution: lineages occupy similar ecological roles and similar selective forces Misinterpretation of analagous characters for homologus ones may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding phylogenetic relationships and unintended taxanomic groupings Aardvark, native to central, southern and eastern Africa Giant Anteater (at a termite mound), native to Latin America from Southern Mexico to Northern Argentina Pangolin, native to Africa and southern and southeastern Asia Convergent Evolution of Analogous Characters. Three distantly related mammals have structural similarities (analogous characters, homoplasious characters) due to convergent evolution. Each taxon independently evolved morphological traits for feeding on ants and termites. The supporting structures of bird and bat wings are homologous structures; derived from a common ancestor The supporting structures of insect wings are analogous to the structures of bird and bat wings; evolved independently.

8 Shoot develops from axillary bud Thorn develops from axillary bud Spine develops from midrib of leaf Spine of Japanese barberry is a modified leaf Thorn of downy hawthorn is a modified stem Analagous traits, or homoplasies, in two distantly related plant taxa Phylogenetic Systematics Dr. Willi Hennig ( ) The history of diversification is recorded through descent with modification Modification exists in the form of evolutionary transformation of characters from one state to another state. Plesiomorphy: Ancestral character state Apomorphy: Derived character state Synapomorphy Derived character state that is exclusively shared by a subset of taxa under investigation. A synapomorphy is evidence that taxa bearing it are descended from the same common ancestor -- the ancestor in which the derived character arose. Cladistic or Phylogenetic Analysis: Procedural Outline SELECT ORGANISMS Identify the ingroup Select an appropriate outgroup BUILD TRANSFORMATION MATIX Select characters for analysis Assign character states Determine polarity of character states ANALYZE AND INTERPRET DATA Subject data to optimization algorithm (usually parsimony criteria) to produce an optimal tree, perhaps a concensus tree Seek congruence Product: Phylogenetic Hypothesis

9 Phylogenetic Systematics Dr. Willi Hennig ( ) The history of diversification is recorded through descent with modification Modification exists in the form of evolutionary transformation of characters from one state to another state. Plesiomorphy: Ancestral character state Apomorphy: Derived character state Synapomorphy Derived character state that is exclusively shared by a subset of taxa under investigation. A synapomorphy is evidence that taxa bearing it are descended from the same common ancestor -- the ancestor in which the derived character arose. Cladistic or Phylogenetic Analysis: Procedural Outline SELECT ORGANISMS Identify the ingroup Select an appropriate outgroup BUILD TRANSFORMATION MATIX Select characters for analysis Assign character states Determine polarity of character states ANALYZE AND INTERPRET DATA Subject data to optimization algorithm (usually parsimony criteria) to produce an optimal tree, perhaps a concensus tree Seek congruence Product: Phylogenetic Hypothesis Reconstruct the phylogeny of three closely related bird species Species A Species B Species C Determine characters to use for analysis bill shape (derived character state: hooked; ancestral= not hooked) head feathers (derived = crest; ancestral = no crest) toe condition (derived = webbed; ancestral = no webbing)

10 Species A Species B Species C Hooked Bill Hooked Bill No Hooked Bill Crested Head No Crested Head Crested Head Webbed Toes Webbed Toes No Webbed Toes Character states variously arise in lineages. Character states variously accumulate in lineages, in descendents of the ancestor in which the character states arose A B C?

11 Outgroup Closely related species that we know diverged from ancestral lineage before our three species of interest diverged Ingroup Outgroup Species A Species B Species C Closely related species that diverged from ancestral lineage before our three species of H=hooked bill interest C=crest diverged (outgroup) Transformation Series Bill Shape Head Plumage Toe Condition Outgroup H- C- W- Species A H+ C+ W+ Species B H+ C- W+ Species C H- C+ W- W=webbed toes +=species has trait -=species lacks trait Assume character state seen in outgroup is ancestral character state.? (ingroup)

12 Choosing Among Competing Hypotheses: The Parsimony Principle The Parsimony Principle holds that, all other things being equal, the hypothesis requiring the fewest number of evolutionary transformations has the highest likelihood of being the correct hypothesis H- C- W- H+ C- W+ H+ C+ W+ H- C+ W- OG B A C C+ Outgroup Species A W+ Species B H+ Species C Closely related species that Transformation W+ H+ Series C+ H+ diverged from Bill Shape Head Plumage Toe C+ Condition ancestral Outgroup H- C-? W- lineage before (ingroup) our Species three A H+ C+ five evolutionary W+ transformations to This explain phylogenetic the distribution hypothesis of character species of Species B H+ C- requires four evolutionary W+ interest W- transformations to explain diverged Species C H- W- C- C+ the distribution of W- H- character C- (outgroup) H- states among taxa under Assume character state seen in investigation outgroup is ancestral. W+ This phylogenetic hypothesis requires states among taxa under investigation

Classification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History

Classification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History Classification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History The diversity of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize

More information

How should we organize the diversity of animal life?

How should we organize the diversity of animal life? How should we organize the diversity of animal life? The difference between Taxonomy Linneaus, and Cladistics Darwin What are phylogenies? How do we read them? How do we estimate them? Classification (Taxonomy)

More information

Reconstructing the history of lineages

Reconstructing the history of lineages Reconstructing the history of lineages Class outline Systematics Phylogenetic systematics Phylogenetic trees and maps Class outline Definitions Systematics Phylogenetic systematics/cladistics Systematics

More information

8/23/2014. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

8/23/2014. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Objectives Explain the following characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification: a. binomial nomenclature b. hierarchical classification List the major

More information

Phylogenies & Classifying species (AKA Cladistics & Taxonomy) What are phylogenies & cladograms? How do we read them? How do we estimate them?

Phylogenies & Classifying species (AKA Cladistics & Taxonomy) What are phylogenies & cladograms? How do we read them? How do we estimate them? Phylogenies & Classifying species (AKA Cladistics & Taxonomy) What are phylogenies & cladograms? How do we read them? How do we estimate them? Carolus Linneaus:Systema Naturae (1735) Swedish botanist &

More information

PHYLOGENY & THE TREE OF LIFE

PHYLOGENY & THE TREE OF LIFE PHYLOGENY & THE TREE OF LIFE PREFACE In this powerpoint we learn how biologists distinguish and categorize the millions of species on earth. Early we looked at the process of evolution here we look at

More information

Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Biologists estimate that there are about 5 to 100 million species of organisms living on Earth today. Evidence from morphological, biochemical, and gene sequence

More information

Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter focus Shifting from the process of how evolution works to the pattern evolution produces over time. Phylogeny Phylon = tribe, geny = genesis or origin

More information

Phylogeny 9/8/2014. Evolutionary Relationships. Data Supporting Phylogeny. Chapter 26

Phylogeny 9/8/2014. Evolutionary Relationships. Data Supporting Phylogeny. Chapter 26 Phylogeny Chapter 26 Taxonomy Taxonomy: ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature,

More information

Fig. 26.7a. Biodiversity. 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading. 2. Course Syllabus. Fig. 26.7b Table

Fig. 26.7a. Biodiversity. 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading. 2. Course Syllabus. Fig. 26.7b Table Fig. 26.7a Biodiversity 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading 2. Course Syllabus Fig. 26.7b Table 26.2-1 1 Table 26.2-2 Outline: Systematics and the Phylogenetic Revolution I. Naming and

More information

Need for systematics. Applications of systematics. Linnaeus plus Darwin. Approaches in systematics. Principles of cladistics

Need for systematics. Applications of systematics. Linnaeus plus Darwin. Approaches in systematics. Principles of cladistics Topics Need for systematics Applications of systematics Linnaeus plus Darwin Approaches in systematics Principles of cladistics Systematics pp. 474-475. Systematics - Study of diversity and evolutionary

More information

UoN, CAS, DBSC BIOL102 lecture notes by: Dr. Mustafa A. Mansi. The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics)

UoN, CAS, DBSC BIOL102 lecture notes by: Dr. Mustafa A. Mansi. The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics) - Phylogeny? - Systematics? The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics) - Phylogenetic systematics? Connection between phylogeny and classification. - Phylogenetic systematics informs the

More information

Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011

Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011 Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011 Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) Darwin and classification: In the Origin, Darwin said that descent from a common ancestral species could explain why the Linnaean system

More information

ESS 345 Ichthyology. Systematic Ichthyology Part II Not in Book

ESS 345 Ichthyology. Systematic Ichthyology Part II Not in Book ESS 345 Ichthyology Systematic Ichthyology Part II Not in Book Thought for today: Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else,

More information

Macroevolution Part I: Phylogenies

Macroevolution Part I: Phylogenies Macroevolution Part I: Phylogenies Taxonomy Classification originated with Carolus Linnaeus in the 18 th century. Based on structural (outward and inward) similarities Hierarchal scheme, the largest most

More information

AP Biology. Cladistics

AP Biology. Cladistics Cladistics Kingdom Summary Review slide Review slide Classification Old 5 Kingdom system Eukaryote Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals New 3 Domain system reflects a greater understanding of evolution

More information

Classification and Phylogeny

Classification and Phylogeny Classification and Phylogeny The diversity of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize without a scheme

More information

Lecture 6 Phylogenetic Inference

Lecture 6 Phylogenetic Inference Lecture 6 Phylogenetic Inference From Darwin s notebook in 1837 Charles Darwin Willi Hennig From The Origin in 1859 Cladistics Phylogenetic inference Willi Hennig, Cladistics 1. Clade, Monophyletic group,

More information

Phylogeny and systematics. Why are these disciplines important in evolutionary biology and how are they related to each other?

Phylogeny and systematics. Why are these disciplines important in evolutionary biology and how are they related to each other? Phylogeny and systematics Why are these disciplines important in evolutionary biology and how are they related to each other? Phylogeny and systematics Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species

More information

Classification and Phylogeny

Classification and Phylogeny Classification and Phylogeny The diversity it of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize without a scheme

More information

CHAPTER 26 PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE Connecting Classification to Phylogeny

CHAPTER 26 PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE Connecting Classification to Phylogeny CHAPTER 26 PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE Connecting Classification to Phylogeny To trace phylogeny or the evolutionary history of life, biologists use evidence from paleontology, molecular data, comparative

More information

Outline. Classification of Living Things

Outline. Classification of Living Things Outline Classification of Living Things Chapter 20 Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Taxonomy Binomial System Species Identification Classification Categories Phylogenetic Trees Tracing Phylogeny Cladistic Systematics

More information

Name: Class: Date: ID: A

Name: Class: Date: ID: A Class: _ Date: _ Ch 17 Practice test 1. A segment of DNA that stores genetic information is called a(n) a. amino acid. b. gene. c. protein. d. intron. 2. In which of the following processes does change

More information

Phylogenetic Analysis

Phylogenetic Analysis Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)

More information

Phylogenetic Analysis

Phylogenetic Analysis Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)

More information

Phylogenetic Analysis

Phylogenetic Analysis Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)

More information

ELE4120 Bioinformatics Tutorial 8

ELE4120 Bioinformatics Tutorial 8 ELE4120 ioinformatics Tutorial 8 ontent lassifying Organisms Systematics and Speciation Taxonomy and phylogenetics Phenetics versus cladistics Phylogenetic trees iological classification Goal: To develop

More information

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 1. Key Concepts Pertaining to Phylogeny 2. Determining Phylogenies 3. Evolutionary History Revealed in Genomes 1. Key Concepts Pertaining to Phylogeny PHYLOGENY

More information

The practice of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy.

The practice of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy. Chapter 18 Key Idea: Biologists use taxonomic systems to organize their knowledge of organisms. These systems attempt to provide consistent ways to name and categorize organisms. The practice of naming

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life Evolutionary biology is about both process and pattern. o The processes of evolution are natural selection

More information

1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms.

1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms. OBJECTIVE SHEET SYSTEMATICS AND CLASSIFICATION 1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms. 2. Clarify the purpose behind systematics and phylogeny. 3. Identify the structures of a phylogenetic

More information

Biology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY!

Biology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY! Biology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY Chapter 1 KEY FIGURES: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 VOCABULARY: Adaptation: a trait that increases the fitness Cells: a developed, system bound with a thin outer layer made of

More information

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS. Chapter 18

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS. Chapter 18 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS Chapter 18 How many species are there? About 1.8 million species have been given scientific names Nearly 2/3 of which are insects 99% of all known animal species are smaller

More information

BIOLOGY. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Concept 26.1: Phylogenies show

More information

Chapter 16: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Chapter 16: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies Chapter Review 1. Use the phylogenetic tree shown at the right to complete the following. a. Explain how many clades are indicated: Three: (1) chimpanzee/human, (2) chimpanzee/ human/gorilla, and (3)chimpanzee/human/

More information

What is Phylogenetics

What is Phylogenetics What is Phylogenetics Phylogenetics is the area of research concerned with finding the genetic connections and relationships between species. The basic idea is to compare specific characters (features)

More information

--Therefore, congruence among all postulated homologies provides a test of any single character in question [the central epistemological advance].

--Therefore, congruence among all postulated homologies provides a test of any single character in question [the central epistemological advance]. Integrative Biology 200A "PRINCIPLES OF PHYLOGENETICS" Spring 2008 University of California, Berkeley B.D. Mishler Jan. 29, 2008. The Hennig Principle: Homology, Synapomorphy, Rooting issues The fundamental

More information

Chapter 26. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life. Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 26. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life. Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Investigating the Tree of Life Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of

More information

PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS

PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 11 Chapter 26 Activity #15 NAME DATE PERIOD PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS PHYLOGENY Evolutionary history of species or group of related species SYSTEMATICS Study

More information

Anatomy of a tree. clade is group of organisms with a shared ancestor. a monophyletic group shares a single common ancestor = tapirs-rhinos-horses

Anatomy of a tree. clade is group of organisms with a shared ancestor. a monophyletic group shares a single common ancestor = tapirs-rhinos-horses Anatomy of a tree outgroup: an early branching relative of the interest groups sister taxa: taxa derived from the same recent ancestor polytomy: >2 taxa emerge from a node Anatomy of a tree clade is group

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

More information

CLASSIFICATION. Why Classify? 2/18/2013. History of Taxonomy Biodiversity: variety of organisms at all levels from populations to ecosystems.

CLASSIFICATION. Why Classify? 2/18/2013. History of Taxonomy Biodiversity: variety of organisms at all levels from populations to ecosystems. Why Classify? Classification has been around ever since people paid attention to organisms. CLASSIFICATION One primeval system was based on harmful and non-harmful organisms. Life is easier when we organize

More information

1/27/2010. Systematics and Phylogenetics of the. An Introduction. Taxonomy and Systematics

1/27/2010. Systematics and Phylogenetics of the. An Introduction. Taxonomy and Systematics Systematics and Phylogenetics of the Amphibia: An Introduction Taxonomy and Systematics Taxonomy, the science of describing biodiversity, mainly naming unnamed species, and arranging the diversity into

More information

Introduction to characters and parsimony analysis

Introduction to characters and parsimony analysis Introduction to characters and parsimony analysis Genetic Relationships Genetic relationships exist between individuals within populations These include ancestordescendent relationships and more indirect

More information

The Classification of Plants and Other Organisms. Chapter 18

The Classification of Plants and Other Organisms. Chapter 18 The Classification of Plants and Other Organisms Chapter 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 Define taxonomy Explain why the assignment of a scientific name to each species is important for biologists KEY TERMS TAXONOMY

More information

Patterns of Evolution

Patterns of Evolution Patterns of Evolution A tree that represents an estimate (hypothesis) of evolutionary relatedness is a phylogeny Classifications can be based on groupings within a phylogeny Groupings can be categorized

More information

Phylogeny CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS SECOND EDITION URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE

Phylogeny CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS SECOND EDITION URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 20 Phylogeny Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION Investigating the Evolutionary

More information

PHYLOGENY WHAT IS EVOLUTION? 1/22/2018. Change must occur in a population via allele

PHYLOGENY WHAT IS EVOLUTION? 1/22/2018. Change must occur in a population via allele PHYLOGENY EXERCISE 1 AND 2 WHAT IS EVOLUTION? The theory that all living organisms on earth are related and have a common ancestor. These organism have changed over time and are continuing to change. Changes

More information

Classifications can be based on groupings g within a phylogeny

Classifications can be based on groupings g within a phylogeny Patterns of Evolution A tree that represents an estimate (hypothesis) of evolutionary relatedness is a phylogeny Classifications can be based on groupings g within a phylogeny y Groupings can be categorized

More information

The process by which the genetic structure of populations changes over time.

The process by which the genetic structure of populations changes over time. Evolution The process by which the genetic structure of populations changes over time. Divergent evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species.

More information

Chapter 10. Classification and Phylogeny of Animals. Order in Diversity. Hierarchy of taxa. Table Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature

Chapter 10. Classification and Phylogeny of Animals. Order in Diversity. Hierarchy of taxa. Table Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 10 Classification and Phylogeny of Animals Order in Diversity History Systematic zoologists have three

More information

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Phylogenies Show Evolutionary Relationships

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Phylogenies Show Evolutionary Relationships Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life You Must Know The taxonomic categories and how they indicate relatedness. How systematics is used to develop phylogenetic trees. How to construct a phylogenetic

More information

The process by which the genetic structure of populations changes over time.

The process by which the genetic structure of populations changes over time. Evolution The process by which the genetic structure of populations changes over time. Divergent evolution Goldfields and Ahinahina (silversword) a highly evolved member of the composite family. Evolution

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

(Stevens 1991) 1. morphological characters should be assumed to be quantitative unless demonstrated otherwise

(Stevens 1991) 1. morphological characters should be assumed to be quantitative unless demonstrated otherwise Bot 421/521 PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS I. Origins A. Hennig 1950 (German edition) Phylogenetic Systematics 1966 B. Zimmerman (Germany, 1930 s) C. Wagner (Michigan, 1920-2000) II. Characters and character states

More information

20 Phylogeny CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece. Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge

20 Phylogeny CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece. Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 20 Phylogeny Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Investigating the Evolutionary History of

More information

Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 2 (February 26, 2010) Natural Selection, Phylogenies

Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 2 (February 26, 2010) Natural Selection, Phylogenies 1 Natural Selection (Darwin-Wallace): There are three conditions for natural selection: 1. Variation: Individuals within a population have different characteristics/traits (or phenotypes). 2. Inheritance:

More information

Introduction to Biosystematics - Zool 575

Introduction to Biosystematics - Zool 575 Introduction to Biosystematics Lecture 10 - Introduction to Phylogenetics 1. Pre Lamarck, Pre Darwin Classification without phylogeny 2. Lamarck & Darwin to Hennig (et al.) Classification with phylogeny

More information

BIOL 428: Introduction to Systematics Midterm Exam

BIOL 428: Introduction to Systematics Midterm Exam Midterm exam page 1 BIOL 428: Introduction to Systematics Midterm Exam Please, write your name on each page! The exam is worth 150 points. Verify that you have all 8 pages. Read the questions carefully,

More information

Systematics - BIO 615

Systematics - BIO 615 A Knyght ther was, and that a worthy man, A Knyght ther was, and he was a worthy man, A Knyght ther was, and that a worthy man, A Knyght ther was, and he was a worthy man, A Knyght ther was, and he wasn

More information

Historical Biogeography. Historical Biogeography. Systematics

Historical Biogeography. Historical Biogeography. Systematics Historical Biogeography I. Definitions II. Fossils: problems with fossil record why fossils are important III. Phylogeny IV. Phenetics VI. Phylogenetic Classification Disjunctions debunked: Examples VII.

More information

Phylogeny & Systematics: The Tree of Life

Phylogeny & Systematics: The Tree of Life Phylogeny & Systematics: The Tree of Life An unexpected family tree. What are the evolutionary relationships among a human, a mushroom, and a tulip? Molecular systematics has revealed that despite appearances

More information

The Tree of Life. Phylogeny

The Tree of Life. Phylogeny The Tree of Life Phylogeny Phylogenetics Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms, or among a family of related nucleic acid or protein sequences Each branch

More information

Biologists have used many approaches to estimating the evolutionary history of organisms and using that history to construct classifications.

Biologists have used many approaches to estimating the evolutionary history of organisms and using that history to construct classifications. Phylogenetic Inference Biologists have used many approaches to estimating the evolutionary history of organisms and using that history to construct classifications. Willi Hennig developed d the techniques

More information

Using Trees for Classifications. Introduction

Using Trees for Classifications. Introduction Using Trees for Classifications The Phylogenetic Cibele Caio Principles and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics, Spring 2009 Introduction The impusle to characterize and classify species Ancient Aristoteles

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

More information

Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny

Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny AP Curriculum Alignment Chapter 19 expands on the topics of phylogenies and cladograms, which are important to Big Idea 1. In order for students to understand

More information

CHAPTERS 24-25: Evidence for Evolution and Phylogeny

CHAPTERS 24-25: Evidence for Evolution and Phylogeny CHAPTERS 24-25: Evidence for Evolution and Phylogeny 1. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural selection or shown as an evolutionary trend: a. Paleontology

More information

Modern Evolutionary Classification. Section 18-2 pgs

Modern Evolutionary Classification. Section 18-2 pgs Modern Evolutionary Classification Section 18-2 pgs 451-455 Modern Evolutionary Classification In a sense, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will mate. Taxonomic

More information

AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Enduring Understanding 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from

More information

C3020 Molecular Evolution. Exercises #3: Phylogenetics

C3020 Molecular Evolution. Exercises #3: Phylogenetics C3020 Molecular Evolution Exercises #3: Phylogenetics Consider the following sequences for five taxa 1-5 and the known outgroup O, which has the ancestral states (note that sequence 3 has changed from

More information

Unit 9: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total)

Unit 9: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total) Name: AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Unit 9: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total) Chapter 22 Descent

More information

2 Big Challenges of Classification

2 Big Challenges of Classification Classification Classification Classify to group things together based on similarities Why Classify? To make organisms/items easier to identify To make organisms/items easier to compare Allows us to predict

More information

Taxonomy and Biodiversity

Taxonomy and Biodiversity Chapter 25/26 Taxonomy and Biodiversity Evolutionary biology The major goal of evolutionary biology is to reconstruct the history of life on earth Process: a- natural selection b- mechanisms that change

More information

Chapter 27: Evolutionary Genetics

Chapter 27: Evolutionary Genetics Chapter 27: Evolutionary Genetics Student Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Understand what the term species means to biology. 2. Recognize the various patterns

More information

Biology 2. Lecture Material. For. Macroevolution. Systematics

Biology 2. Lecture Material. For. Macroevolution. Systematics Biology 2 Macroevolution & Systematics 1 Biology 2 Lecture Material For Macroevolution & Systematics Biology 2 Macroevolution & Systematics 2 Microevolution: Biological Species: Two Patterns of Evolutionary

More information

Lab 06 Phylogenetics, part 1

Lab 06 Phylogenetics, part 1 Lab 06 Phylogenetics, part 1 phylogeny is a visual representation of a hypothesis about the relationships among a set of organisms. Phylogenetics is the study of phylogenies and and their development.

More information

9.3 Classification. Lesson Objectives. Vocabulary. Introduction. Linnaean Classification

9.3 Classification. Lesson Objectives. Vocabulary. Introduction. Linnaean Classification 9.3 Classification Lesson Objectives Outline the Linnaean classification, and define binomial nomenclature. Describe phylogenetic classification, and explain how it differs from Linnaean classification.

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

CHAPTER 10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals

CHAPTER 10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals CHAPTER 10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 10-1 10-2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Linnaeus and Taxonomy More than 1.5 million species of

More information

Name. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 2245/2245W Exam 2 1 March 2014

Name. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 2245/2245W Exam 2 1 March 2014 Name 1 Ecology & Evolutionary Biology 2245/2245W Exam 2 1 March 2014 1. Use the following matrix of nucleotide sequence data and the corresponding tree to answer questions a. through h. below. (16 points)

More information

Homework Assignment, Evolutionary Systems Biology, Spring Homework Part I: Phylogenetics:

Homework Assignment, Evolutionary Systems Biology, Spring Homework Part I: Phylogenetics: Homework Assignment, Evolutionary Systems Biology, Spring 2009. Homework Part I: Phylogenetics: Introduction. The objective of this assignment is to understand the basics of phylogenetic relationships

More information

Nomenclature and classification

Nomenclature and classification Class entry quiz results year biology background major biology freshman college advanced environmental sophomore sciences college introductory landscape architecture junior highschool undeclared senior

More information

Phylogeny and Systematics

Phylogeny and Systematics Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Modified by Maria Morlin racing phylogeny Phylogeny: he evolutionary

More information

Integrating Fossils into Phylogenies. Throughout the 20th century, the relationship between paleontology and evolutionary biology has been strained.

Integrating Fossils into Phylogenies. Throughout the 20th century, the relationship between paleontology and evolutionary biology has been strained. IB 200B Principals of Phylogenetic Systematics Spring 2011 Integrating Fossils into Phylogenies Throughout the 20th century, the relationship between paleontology and evolutionary biology has been strained.

More information

Laboratory IV Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Laboratory IV Phylogenetic Reconstruction Laboratory IV Phylogenetic Reconstruction Objective: In this week s lab you will learn how to reconstruct evolutionary relationships. Biologists have experimented with a variety of methods for interpreting

More information

How to read and make phylogenetic trees Zuzana Starostová

How to read and make phylogenetic trees Zuzana Starostová How to read and make phylogenetic trees Zuzana Starostová How to make phylogenetic trees? Workflow: obtain DNA sequence quality check sequence alignment calculating genetic distances phylogeny estimation

More information

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. Based on the idea that organisms are related by evolution

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. Based on the idea that organisms are related by evolution Bio 1M: Phylogeny and the history of life 1 Phylogeny S25.1; Bioskill 11 (2ndEd S27.1; Bioskills 3) Bioskills are in the back of your book Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

More information

Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology

Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology Evolution Evolution as the explanation for life s unity and diversity Darwinian Revolution Two main Points Descent with Modification Natural Selection Biological Species

More information

Workshop: Biosystematics

Workshop: Biosystematics Workshop: Biosystematics by Julian Lee (revised by D. Krempels) Biosystematics (sometimes called simply "systematics") is that biological sub-discipline that is concerned with the theory and practice of

More information

Chapter 22: Descent with Modification 1. BRIEFLY summarize the main points that Darwin made in The Origin of Species.

Chapter 22: Descent with Modification 1. BRIEFLY summarize the main points that Darwin made in The Origin of Species. AP Biology Chapter Packet 7- Evolution Name Chapter 22: Descent with Modification 1. BRIEFLY summarize the main points that Darwin made in The Origin of Species. 2. Define the following terms: a. Natural

More information

AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.B Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Enduring Understanding 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from

More information

9/19/2012. Chapter 17 Organizing Life s Diversity. Early Systems of Classification

9/19/2012. Chapter 17 Organizing Life s Diversity. Early Systems of Classification Section 1: The History of Classification Section 2: Modern Classification Section 3: Domains and Kingdoms Click on a lesson name to select. Early Systems of Classification Biologists use a system of classification

More information

Concept Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history.

Concept Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history. Concept 15.4 Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history. What is Taxonomy: identification, naming, and classification of species. Common Names: can cause confusion - May refer to several species (ex.

More information

Introduction to Biosystematics - Zool 575

Introduction to Biosystematics - Zool 575 Introduction to Biosystematics Lecture - Outline. Four steps in Phylogenetic Inference 2. Data - Selection 3. - What is it? - How does one recognize it? 4.. haracter (data) selection (not too fast, not

More information

The Life System and Environmental & Evolutionary Biology II

The Life System and Environmental & Evolutionary Biology II The Life System and Environmental & Evolutionary Biology II EESC V2300y / ENVB W2002y Laboratory 1 (01/28/03) Systematics and Taxonomy 1 SYNOPSIS In this lab we will give an overview of the methodology

More information

POPULATION GENETICS Winter 2005 Lecture 17 Molecular phylogenetics

POPULATION GENETICS Winter 2005 Lecture 17 Molecular phylogenetics POPULATION GENETICS Winter 2005 Lecture 17 Molecular phylogenetics - in deriving a phylogeny our goal is simply to reconstruct the historical relationships between a group of taxa. - before we review the

More information

Consensus methods. Strict consensus methods

Consensus methods. Strict consensus methods Consensus methods A consensus tree is a summary of the agreement among a set of fundamental trees There are many consensus methods that differ in: 1. the kind of agreement 2. the level of agreement Consensus

More information

Principles of Phylogeny Reconstruction How do we reconstruct the tree of life? Basic Terminology. Looking at Trees. Basic Terminology.

Principles of Phylogeny Reconstruction How do we reconstruct the tree of life? Basic Terminology. Looking at Trees. Basic Terminology. Principles of Phylogeny Reconstruction How do we reconstruct the tree of life? Phylogeny: asic erminology Outline: erminology Phylogenetic tree: Methods Problems parsimony maximum likelihood bootstrapping

More information