Precision Measurements of Neutron Beta Decay with NoMoS at PERC
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1 Precision Measurements of Neutron Beta Decay with NoMoS at PERC Gertrud Konrad Stefan Meyer Institut Wien, ÖAW, Austria Atominstitut, TU Wien, Austria International Nuclear Physics Conference Adelaide, Australia September 11 16, 2016
2 There are many examples in physics showing that higher precision revealed new phenomena, inspired new ideas, or confirmed or dethroned well established theories. Wolfgang Paul Electromagnetic Traps for Charged and Neutral Particles Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1989 PRECISION MEASUREMENTS
3 Experimental approach to `physics beyond LHC direct production L R symmetric models Standard Model SUSY Exotic fermions Charged Higgs Leptoquarks Contact interaction Precision physics September 13, 2016 V A V+A S T
4 10 19 Theory of everything Grand unification LHC direct production L R symmetric models Standard Model SUSY Exotic fermions Charged Higgs Leptoquarks Contact interaction Precision physics September 13, 2016 V A V+A S T
5 Outline Precision measurements Neutron β decay (theory) within SM beyond SM Neutron β decay (experiment) Overview PERC NoMoS ANNI Summary and Outlook
6 NEUTRON β DECAY (THEORY)
7 Neutron β decay npe e keV : prototype of weak interactions GFV ud g A 5 described by theory: H VA p γ 1 γ n e γμ 1γ5 νe h.c. 2 g V quark mixing nucleon structure helicity
8 Neutron β decay npe e keV : prototype of weak interactions GFV ud g A 5 described by theory: H VA p γ 1 γ n e γμ 1γ5 νe h.c. 2 g V lifetime: 1 coupling strength n 2 2 Vud s ( 1.1) s Fri 11:40 SY g g A V g V G F V ud decay A. Czarnecki et al., PR D70, (2004)
9 -1 n 3 d 1 G p E E E 5 de d d 2 2 e e The neutron alphabet within SM F Vud e e 0 e 2 J.D. Jackson et al., PR106, 517 (1957) p p m p p p p 1a b A B D EE E E E EE e e n e e e e n e e
10 -1 n 3 d 1 G p E E E 5 de d d 2 2 e e 2 unknown parameters V ud, g g 20 or more observables n, a, b, A, B, C, D, a A yet unmeasured The neutron alphabet within SM T A1 ca T,, f e WM e 2 2% F Vud e e 0 e Re 2, A A V J.D. Jackson et al., PR106, 517 (1957) p p p p p p 1 a m b EE E A E B E D EE e e n e e e e n e e, NoMoS@PERC, INPC2016, Adelaide G. Konrad, SMI & TU Wien
11 e e 9 unknown parameters: V ud, L j, R j, j=v, A, S, T 20 or more observables: n, a, b, A, B, C, D, The neutron alphabet beyond SM -1 n 3 d 1 G p E E E 5 de d d F Vud e e 0 e S T V A S T a L V L A L L R R R R b 2 LL 3LL RR 3R R * * * * S V A T S V A T yet unmeasured 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 LA LVLA LT LSLT RA RR V A RT RSRT A L 3 L L 3 L R 3 R R 3 R V A S T V A S T 2 J.D. Jackson et al., PR106, 517 (1957) p p p p p p 1 a m b EE E A E B E D EE e e n e e e e n e e September 13, 2016 F. Glück et al., NP A593, 125 (1995) G. Konrad, SMI & TU Wien
12 Observable Standard Model Status PDG s Lifetime Ratio of weak coupling constants Δ / 110 Δ/ 210 Electron neutrino correlation 1 a Δ/ Fierz interference term 0 yet unmeasured Beta asymmetry 2 cos A Δ/ 810 Neutrino asymmetry 2 cos B Δ/ 310 Proton asymmetry C AB Δ/ Triple correlation Current status of neutron alphabet n 2 2 Vud 1 3 sin D i ga gv e September 13, 2016 K.A. Olive et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C38, (2014)
13 Prospects for and interactions in LHC era d me b 1 b d SM Ee 1,0 0,, at 10 level X 1 10 level measurements complementary to improved LHC results T. Bhattacharya et al., LA UR , arxiv: (2016) see also: O. Naviliat Cuncic & M. González Alonso, Ann. Phys. (Berlin)525 (2013) 600 G. Konrad, SMI & TU Wien
14 Why investigate neutron β decay? Provide value of for other fields of research Big Bang nucleosynthesis, energy generation in Sun, neutron star formation detection efficiency of neutrino and LHC detectors key benchmark for LQCD calculation of hadron structure (exascale computing) Study structure of weak interaction value of weak magnetism form factor predicted (CVC hypothesis) but large theoretical uncertainties Test the Standard Model of particle physics self consistency of the Standard Model unitarity of Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix V Thu 11:30 p if 2 q 2M d' Vud Vus Vub d s' V V V s cd cs cb b' Vtd Vtd V tb b n Search for `physics beyond and new symmetry concepts right handed admixtures, exotic scalar and tensor admixtures left right symmetry, supersymmetry (SUSY), leptoquarks, etc. SUSY deviations from CKM unitarity 10 4 fall in LHC inaccessible region 10 3 level measurements complementary to improved LHC results September 13, 2016 NoMoS@PERC, INPC2016, Adelaide
15 Why investigate neutron β decay? Provide value of for other fields of research Big Bang nucleosynthesis, energy generation in Sun, neutron star formation detection efficiency of neutrino and LHC detectors key benchmark for LQCD calculation of hadron structure (exascale computing) Study structure of weak interaction value of weak magnetism form factor predicted (CVC hypothesis) but large theoretical uncertainties Test the Standard Model of particle physics self consistency of the Standard Model unitarity of Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix V Thu 11:30 p if 2 q 2M d' Vud Vus Vub d s' V V V s cd cs cb b' Vtd Vtd V tb b n Search for `physics beyond and new symmetry concepts right handed admixtures, exotic scalar and tensor admixtures left right symmetry, supersymmetry (SUSY), leptoquarks, etc. SUSY deviations from CKM unitarity 10 4 fall in LHC inaccessible region 10 3 level measurements complementary to improved LHC results September 13, 2016 NoMoS@PERC, INPC2016, Adelaide
16 NEUTRON β DECAY (EXPERIMENT)
17 LANL:,, `Current experiments worldwide PERKEO ILL:,, NIST: ILL: NoMoS@PERC, INPC2016, Adelaide
18 Experiments to measure Fierz term LANL:,,, PERKEO ILL:,, LANL: SNS:, b box PMTs -30 kv Segmented Si detector TOF region (field r B B 0 ) PMTs Calibration insert UCN ball valve Neutron magnetic filter region (field B 0 ) decay volume (field r B,DV B 0 ) 0 kv beam UCN guide NoMoS@PERC, INPC2016, Adelaide 0 kv
19 Experiments to measure Fierz term LANL:,,, PERKEO ILL:,, LANL: SNS:, b box PMTs -30 kv Segmented Si detector TOF region (field r B B 0 ) PMTs Calibration insert UCN ball valve Neutron magnetic filter region (field B 0 ) decay volume (field r B,DV B 0 ) 0 kv beam UCN guide NoMoS@PERC, INPC2016, Adelaide 0 kv
20 Proton and Electron Radiation Channel
21 New facility PERC Neutron beam preparation Decay volume e/p Separator Analysing area.. T T. T Feeder tower Neutron beam from FRM II Vacuum vessel Warm bore Solenoid Magnet coils Electron & proton beam Velocity selector Polariser & AFP spin flipper, 5 m Chopper Neutron guide Neutron guide, 8 m Neutron & gamma beam stop towards user experiments Statistics high flux = cm 2 s 1 and high decay rate = m 1 s 1 D. Dubbers et al., NIM A 596, 238 (2008) G. K. et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 340, (2012) Sensitivity improved by up to 2 orders of magnitude to sub 10 4 level
22 New facility PERC Neutron beam preparation Decay volume.. T e/p Separator T Analysing area. T 212 precise cuts in Ω, Ω : sin sin B B Feeder tower Neutron beam from FRM II Vacuum vessel Warm bore Solenoid Magnet coils Electron & proton beam Velocity selector Polariser & AFP spin flipper, 5 m Chopper Neutron guide Neutron guide, 8 m Neutron & gamma beam stop towards user experiments D. Dubbers et al., NIM A 596, 238 (2008) G. K. et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 340, (2012) Statistics high flux = cm 2 s 1 and high decay rate = m 1 s 1 Sensitivity improved by up to 2 orders of magnitude to sub 10 4 level Systematics 10 4 (for e ), especially Δ/=10 4 C. Klauser, PhD, TU Wien, 2013 C. Klauser et al, JPCS340, (2012)
23 New facility PERC Neutron beam preparation Decay volume.. T e/p Separator T Analysing area. T Neutron beam from FRM II Vacuum vessel Warm bore Solenoid Magnet coils Electron & proton beam Velocity selector Polariser & AFP spin flipper, 5 m Chopper Neutron guide Neutron guide, 8 m Neutron & gamma beam stop towards user experiments Statistics high flux = cm 2 s 1 and high decay rate = m 1 s 1 Sensitivity improved by up to 2 orders of magnitude to sub 10 4 level D. Dubbers et al., NIM A 596, 238 (2008) G. K. et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 340, (2012) Systematics 10 4 (for e ), especially Δ/=10 4 Versatility Status,,,,, 2, C. Klauser, PhD, TU Wien, 2013 C. Klauser et al, JPCS340, (2012) manufacturing within 11, commissioning within 17 months
24 Magnetic spin resonator Status of PERC (excerpt) Ti wire getter pump Ion getter pump C. Gösselsberger, PhD, TU Wien, 2013 Active electron dump C. Ziener, PhD, UHD, 2014 C. Ziener, PhD, UHD, 2014 Rail system for neutron guide Non depolarising neutron guide N. Rebrova, PhD, UHD, 2014 Shielding concept S. Haas, DI, TU Wien, 2013 Superconducting magnet system
25 Beam site FRM II / Garching (DEU) Hall layout New hall east Reactor Guide hall `Atomic egg From reactor Support equipment Transport door Site entrance PERC User experiment J. Klenke, JLSRF 1, A21 (2015) Site entrance `empty new hall neutron guide: L = 40 m, R = 3 km, m = 2.5, = 6x10.6 cm² expected flux: n /cm 2 /s (equal to PF1B at ILL) expected mean wavelength: 4.5 Å only very few neighbours low background easy ground level access, fixed installation
26 PERC Collaboration H. Abele 1, M. Beck 2, J. Bosina 1,3,4, D. Dubbers 5, J. Erhart 1, H. Fillunger 1,3, C. Gösselsberger 1, S. Haas 1, P. Haiden 1, W. Heil 2, A. Hollering 6, M. Horvath 1, E. Jericha 1, C. Klauser 1,4, J. Klenke 6, M. Klopf 1, G. K. 1,3, T. Lauer 6, K. Lehmann 6, H. Lopez 5, W. Mach 1, B. Märkisch 7 (Spokesperson), R.K. Maix 1,7, H. Mest 6, A. Pethukov 4, L. Raffelt 3, N. Rebrova 3, C. Roick 3, H. Saul 1,4,6, U. Schmidt 5, T. Soldner 4, C. Theroine 7, R. Virot 4, X. Wang 1, B. Windelband 5, C. Ziener 5, O. Zimmer 4, J. Zmeskal PERC Collaboration, FRM II, Winter 2014
27 Scientific objectives of PERC Observable Beta asymmetry, electron neutrino correlation Physics case Input for cosmology, astrophysics, neutrino physics Tests of the SM (unitarity of quark mixing, conservation of weak vector currents) Search for right handed currents,, admixtures Neutrino asymmetry, Search for right handed currents,, admixtures proton asymmetry Longitudinal electron polarization Search for reversal and violation Search for, admixtures Energy spectra of electrons (, ) and protons, energy dependence of correlation coefficients Search for, admixtures Weak magnetism in electroweak interaction Radiative corrections Search for Lorentz invariance violation
28 User PERC Observable e Energy p Energy e/p Momenta p Velocity p TOF Measurement principle e Detector MAC E Filter Magnetic spectrometer B3 analysing Wien filter E B 3 Electrostatic chopper B 3 gate B 3 Detector Scintillator, silicon detector Silicon detector Spatial resolving detector Spatial resolving detector Silicon detector Example PERKEO I III, UCNA aspect, PERKEO III
29 Prospects for Fierz PERC m d e b 1 b d SM Ee Electron energy spectrum Electron momentum spectrum limited energy resolution of scintillation detectors
30 Spatial resolving detector Magnetic PERC e/p beam B2 0.5T e p + B3 0.01T Aperture + large drift distances O(dm) Radius of gyration: p p r p, cos q B q B 3 3 no low momentum measurements
31 Spatial resolving detector Magnetic PERC e/p beam B2 0.5T e p + B3 0.01T Aperture + large drift distances O(dm) Radius of gyration: p p r p, cos q B q B 3 3 no low momentum measurements large corrections for θ
32 Spatial resolving detector Magnetic PERC e/p beam B2 0.5T e p + B3 0.01T Aperture + large drift distances O(dm) Radius of gyration: p p r p, cos q B q B 3 3 no low momentum measurements large corrections for θ non adiabatic transport of particles B 2 field coupled with B 3 field pitch angles easily distorted
33 R B drift momentum spectrometer Detector Separator coil (option) Electron beam Pump port Tilted coils B T Active aperture r p p p, cos q B q B 3 3
34 R B drift momentum spectrometer Detector v d R B qr B Separator coil (option) Electron beam Pump port Tilted coils B T Active aperture + low momentum measurements + adiabatic transport of particles D p 1 1 p, vd dt (cos ) T qb 2 cos 3
35 R B drift momentum spectrometer X. Wang, G. K., H. Abele, NIM A701, 254 (2013) Detector v d R B qr B Separator coil (option) Electron beam D Pump port Tilted coils B T Active aperture p 1 1 p, vd dt (cos ) T qb 2 cos 3 + low momentum measurements + adiabatic transport of particles + small corrections for θ + large acceptance of θ
36 R B drift momentum spectrometer X. Wang, G. K., H. Abele, NIM A701, 254 (2013) Detector v d R B qr B Separator coil (option) Electron beam D Pump port Tilted coils B T Active aperture p 1 1 p, vd dt (cos ) T qb 2 cos 3 + low momentum measurements + adiabatic transport of particles + small corrections for θ + large acceptance of θ
37 R B drift momentum spectrometer X. Wang, G. K., H. Abele, NIM A701, 254 (2013) Detector v d R B qr B Separator coil (option) B3 0.15T Electron beam D Pump port Tilted coils B T Active aperture p 1 1 p, vd dt (cos ) T qb 2 cos 3 + low momentum measurements + adiabatic transport of particles + small corrections for θ + large acceptance of θ + high resolution: Δp/p=14.4 kev/c /mm 1.2% /mm September 13, 2016 small drift distances O(cm)
38 NoMoS Neutron decay products MOmentum Spectrometer New Frontiers Group at
39 NoMoS Physics programme G. Konrad, PoS(EPS HEP2015)592 Research focus: Weak magnetism form factor study structure of weak interaction Beta asymmetry parameter, electron neutrino correlation coefficient determine weak coupling constants ratio g A g V test CKM unitarity Fierz interference term non zero value indicates existence of scalar or tensor interactions caused by, e.g., yet unknown charged Higgs bosons or leptoquarks Oscillatory, sidereal effects in the case of Lorentz invariance violation Goal: Electron and proton spectroscopy on sub 10 4 respectively 10 3 level
40 NoMoS Physics programme G. Konrad, PoS(EPS HEP2015)592 Research focus: Weak magnetism form factor Beta asymmetry parameter, electron neutrino correlation coefficient Fierz interference term Oscillatory, sidereal effects in the case of Lorentz invariance violation Goal: Electron and proton spectroscopy on sub 10 4 respectively 10 3 level Theoretical prerequisite: Extension of analysis of correlation coefficients,,,, and to order 10 5 within SM Completion of analysis of non standard correlation coefficients,,,, and to order 10 3 within SM Most precise evaluation possible of and within SM and beyond M. Pitschmann et al., Phys. Rev. D91 (2015) cooperation with M. Pitschmann et al., TU Wien Comprehensive analysis of standard correlation coefficients to order 10 4 A. Ivanov et al., Phys. Rev. D88, (2013)
41 NoMoS Collaboration H. Abele 1, J. Bosina 1,2,3, C. Brousse 2,4, J. Erhart 1, H. Fillunger 1,2, M. Klopf 1, G. K. 1,2, M. Pitschmann 1, T. Soldner 3, K. Suzuki 2, X. Wang 1, J. Zmeskal Supported by PERC Vienna & NoMoS groups, ATI, Autumn 2015 Two Ph.D. positions open NoMoS@PERC, INPC2016, Adelaide G. Konrad, SMI & TU Wien
42 Preliminary measurement plan of NoMoS III. PERC (from 2019) IV. ANNI (from 2027) I. Commissioning (2018) II. 1 st measurements w/ neutrons (2018) NoMoS@PERC, INPC2016, Adelaide
43 ANNI A COLD NEUTRON BEAM FACILITY FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS AT THE ESS
44 ANNI Overview SY 3 Scientific case neutron beta decay hadronic weak interaction electromagnetic properties technical developments etc. Target monolith Neutron guide Beam preparation Experimental area Extension area 25 x 5 m² First pulsed source with higher time averaged flux than ILL September 13, 2016 Parameter Value Capture flux full spectrum n /cm 2 /s Capture flux 2 8 Å n /cm 2 /s Particle 8.9 Å /cm 2 /s/å Divergence distribution FWHM 42 mrad horizontal, 22 mrad vertical Instantaneous bandwidth 0.43 Å C. Theroine et al., ESS instrument construction proposal ANNI, 2015 E. Klinkby, T. Soldner, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. [ECNS2015] (2016), accepted
45 ANNI Collaboration Hartmut Abele 1 Gertrud Konrad 1,2 Bastian Märkisch 3 Ulrich Schmidt 4 Torsten Soldner 5 Camille Theroine 3, New partners very welcome!
46 Neutron alphabet Summary and Outlook deciphers the Standard Model of particle physics observables in neutron β decay are abundant Precision measurements of neutron β decay address important open questions of particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology 10 3 level b measurements complementary to improved LHC results New facility PERC at FRM II clean and bright source of neutron decay products sensitivity improved to sub 10 4 level systematics 10 4 ÖAW New Frontiers Group NoMoS novel R B drift spectrometer for momentum spectroscopy comprehensive physics programme Future possibilities: ANNI facility at ESS
47 Thanks to my SMI and TU Wien ATI, Summer 2016
48 BACKUP
49 Error budget of PERC Source of error Size of correction Size of error Non uniform neutron beam 2.5 x x 10 5 Other edge effects on e/p window 4.0 x x 10 4 Magn. mirror effect, contin s neutron beam Magn. mirror effect, pulsed neutron beam 1.4 x x x 10 4 < 10 5 Non adiabatic e/p transport 5.0 x x 10 5 Background from neutron guide 2.0 x x 10 4 Background from neutron beam stop 2.0 x x 10 5 Backscattering of e/p window 1.0 x x 10 4 Backscattering off e/p beam dump 5.0 x x 10 5 Backscattering off plastic scintillator same with active e/p beam dump 2.0 x x x 10 4 D. Dubbers et al., NIM A596 (2008) 238 and arxiv: Neutron beam polarisation < 10 4 < 10 4 C. Klauser et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 340 (2012) C. Klauser, Ph.D. thesis, TU Wien, 2013
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