Fundamentals of Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics

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1 Fundamentals of Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics Carlo Giunti Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino and Dipartimento di Fisica Teorica, Universita di Torino, Italy Chung W. Kim Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Korea and The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA OXJORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 1 Historical introduction 1 2 Quantized Dirac fields Dirac equation Representations of 7 matrices Products of 7 matrices Relativistic covariance Helicity Gauge transformations Chirality Solution of the Dirac equation Quantization Symmetry transformation of states C, P, and T transformations Wave packets Finite normalization volume Fierz transformations 64 3 The Standard Model Electroweak Lagrangian Electroweak interactions Three generations The Higgs mechanism \ Fermion masses and mixing Gauge bosons Effective low-energy CC and NC Lagrangians Three-generation mixing Diagonalization of the mass matrix Physical parameters in the mixing matrix Parameterization of the mixing matrix Degenerate masses Mixing matrix with one vanishing element CP violation Rephasing invariants Unitarity triangles Conditions for CP violation ' Neutrino interactions Neutrino-electron interactions 136

3 xiv 5.2 Hadron decays Neutrino-nucleon scattering Massive neutrinos Dirac masses Majorana neutrinos Mixing of three Majorana neutrinos One-generation Dirac-Majorana mass term Three-generation Dirac-Majorana mixing Special cases Majorana mass matrix Neutrino oscillations in vacuum Standard Derivation of the Neutrino Oscillation Probability Antineutrino case CPT, CP, and T transformations Two-neutrino mixing Types of neutrino oscillation experiments Averaged transition probability Large Am 2 dominance Active small Am Theory of neutrino oscillations in vacuum Plane-wave approximation Wave-packet treatment Size of neutrino wave packets Questions Neutrino oscillations in matter '; Effective potentials in matter Evolution of neutrino flavors The MSW effect Slab approximation Parametric resonance Geometrical representation Solar neutrinos Thermonuclear energy production Standard solar models Model-independent constraints on solar neutrino fluxes Homestake experiment Gallium experiments Water Cherenkov detectors Vacuum oscillations Resonant flavor transitions in the Sun Regeneration of solar j/ e 's in the Earth 386

4 xv Global fit of solar neutrino data Atmospheric neutrinos Flux of atmospheric neutrinos Atmospheric neutrino experiments Terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments Sensitivity Reactor experiments Accelerator experiments Phenomenology of three-neutrino mixing Neutrino oscillations in vacuum Matter effects Analysis of oscillation data Direct measurements of neutrino mass Beta decay Pion and tau decays Neutrinoless double-beta decay Supernova neutrinos Supernova types Supernova rates Core-collapse supernova dynamics SN1987A Neutrino mass Neutrino mixing Other neutrino properties V Future ' Cosmology Basic general relativity Robertson-Walker metric Dynamics of expansion Matter-dominated Universe Radiation-dominated Universe Curvature-dominated Universe Vacuum-dominated Universe Thermodynamics of the early Universe Entropy Decoupling Cosmic microwave background radiation Relic neutrinos Neutrino decoupling 587

5 xvi 17.2 Electron-positron annihilation Neutrino temperature Energy density of light massive neutrinos Energy density of heavy neutrinos Big-Bang nucleosynthesis Large-scale structure formation Global fits of cosmological data Number of neutrinos Neutrino asymmetry 621 Appendices A Conventions, useful formulas, and physical constants 626 A.I Conventions 626 A.2 Pauli matrices 628 A.3 Dirac matrices 629 A.4 Mathematical formulas 634 A.5 Physical constants 635 B Special relativity * 637 B.I The Lorentz group 637 B.2 Representations of the Lorentz group 643 B.3 The Poincare group and its representations 646 C Lagrangian theory 649 C.I Variational principle and field equations 649 C.2 Canonical quantization 650 C.3 Noether's theorem 650 C.4 Space-time translations 652 ; C.5 Lorentz transformations 653 C.6 Complex fields 653 C.7 Global gauge symmetry 654 D Gauge theories 657 D.I General formulation of gauge theories D.2 Quantum chromodynamics 662 E Feynman rules of the standard electroweak model 664 E.I External lines 664 E.2 Internal lines 665 E.3 Vertices 666 E.4 Cross-sections and decay rates 668 Bibliography 671 Index 705

PHYSICS PARTICLE. An Introductory Course of. Palash B. Pal. CRC Press. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics. Kolkata, India. Taylor &.

PHYSICS PARTICLE. An Introductory Course of. Palash B. Pal. CRC Press. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics. Kolkata, India. Taylor &. An Introductory Course of PARTICLE PHYSICS Palash B. Pal Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata, India W CRC Press Taylor &. Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the &