ENERGIES MARINES RENOUVELABLES: Géotechnique & Fondations Hong DOAN & Denys BOREL. Rencontre des partenaires WeAMEC du 7 avril 2017
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1 ENERGIES MARINES RENOUVELABLES: Géotechnique & Fondations Hong DOAN & Denys BOREL Rencontre des partenaires WeAMEC du 7 avril 2017
2 Ground model - Making the Development Site Transparent Starting Point Desk top study Geophysical Surveys Insitu Testing (CPT) Boreholes sampling & testing Lab Testing and Analysis Interpretation and Integration Engineering Ground Model Engineering Analysis and Design Optimised design 2
3 Ground model - Multi-Disciplinary Integration Public Domain Metocean Ground Model GIS Database Geophysical Data Geotechnical Data Documents understanding of site geological evolution Engineering Analysis Analogous Sites/ Previous Experience 3
4 Ground model approach Sand/gravel bedforms Boulders at seabed Uneven seabed Exposed bedrock Seabed Features 4
5 Ground model approach Coarse material including boulders Weathered zone Variable bedrock profile Competent strata e.g. evaporites Subsurface Features Variable soil conditions e.g. channels 5
6 Ground model approach Mobile seabed / scour Obstruction to caisson Buckling of pile Variable penetration for different piles Shallow refusal Foundation Constraints 6
7 Foundation Constraints Register Documents potential constraints to foundation installation / behaviour Ground Model is used in order to identify, map, characterise and predict ground conditions 7
8 How? 1. Geophysical survey 2. Soil investigation drilling & sampling / coring in-situ testing 8
9 How? Examples UXO survey ROV video footage confirms the geophysical interpretation Seabed Features 9
10 How? Soil investigation: Basic Principle High quality sampling & in situ testing require a fixed reference / seabed From a jack-up rig (self elevating platform) From a floating support ~ conventional borehole with casing between platform deck and seabed Borehole from a vessel / barge with heave compensated drillstring + seabed frame wireline seabed modules & equipments for In situ testing or sampling 10
11 How? Soil investigation: Operations modes Seabed based Downhole in drill pipe 11
12 How? Soil investigation: New seabed systems drilling & testing Seafloor Drilling Technology 12
13 How? Soil investigation: Laboratory for Advanced Testing Fugro laboratory for advanced soil testing located in UK + France Advanced equipment for cyclic and dynamic testing 32 automated stress-path systems 10 cyclic simple shear systems (DSS) 10 cyclic triaxial systems (up to 300mm in sample diameter) 3 resonant column apparatuses Bender element capability in triaxial cells and DSS/CSS Axial and radial small-strain measurement capability Mid-height pore pressure capability Accredited for soil testing by UKAS to ISO Fugro laboratory for advanced soil testing 13 Fugro automated stress path triaxial systems Fugro sample for triaxial testing with axial and radial strain measurement Fugro cyclic simple shear (DSS) sample cell
14 Design of Offshore Foundations for Wind Turbines
15 French Marine Energy Market - Fixed Offshore Wind AO3 Dunkerque AO2 Dieppe Le Treport AO1 Fécamp AO1 Courseulles AO1 Saint Brieuc AO1 Saint Nazaire AO2 Yeu Noirmoutier 15 AO3 Ile d Oléron
16 French Marine Energy Market - Floating Offshore Wind Provence Grand Large Faraman Gruissan Leucate Groix 16
17 French Marine Energy Market Other Energies TIDAL energy WAC: Wave Energy Converters : Image: DCNS OTEC: Ocean Thermal Energy Converter Image: DCNS 17
18 Site characterisation for offshore Windfarm Development Feasibility and licence application Consent and FEED studies Detailed design and procurement Construction and commissioning 2011 DTS Preliminary ground model 2011 Phase 1 geotechnical investigation Foundation concept 2013 Phase 2 geotechnical investigation De-risking + Foundation concept validation 2013 Export cable investigation Burial assessment And cable landing 2013 Inter array cable investigation Burial assessment + Cable Micro routing 2015 Phase 3 geotechnical investigation + advanced lab testing Final ground model for Foundation design 2016 Onshore large scale pile tests & engineering study to confirm: Driveability in rock Behaviour of monopile in rock 18
19 Offshore WTG Design Geotechnical Requirements General Considerations Must be cost-efficient Strict guidelines for certification (e.g. DNV-GL, LR) and approval authority BSH (for German projects) Natural frequency f n should not be close to excitation frequencies to avoid resonance (Natural Frequency Analysis NFA and Fatigue Limit State FLS) Safety against failure in the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Consideration of extreme loads (50-year wave and wind forces BSH storm load) Meet Serviceability Limit State (SLS) requirements Must consider the effects of long-term cyclic loading (from wind and wave loads) Typical WTG Cost Distribution (Kuehn et al., 1998) Installation and de-installation 19
20 Monopile Design Geotechnical Requirements Monopile Foundation Design Considerations Natural frequency (FLS and NFA) decisive for design Soil-structure stiffness response for relevant load range (dynamic, low-amplitude) DNV-GL, BSH requirement: Effects of cyclic loading shall be explicitly considered in ULS and SLS design (as a function of number of cycles and load amplitudes) Limitation of pile lateral displacement (SLS) Rotation at seabed level for lifetime duration < 0.25 ULS verification should consider design 50-year storm load case BSH 35-hour cyclic storm load case Installation through pile driving Large-diameter/thin-walled piles more prone to buckling and damage (e.g. installation in very dense sand or glacial till) 20
21 Jacket Design Geotechnical Requirements Tripile and Jacket Foundations Dong et al. (2012) Design Considerations Axial cyclic tension resistance driving factor for design of piles DNV-GL, BSH, DIN 1054 requirement: Effects of cyclic loading shall be considered in ULS and SLS design Fugro Procedure Automatised software CYCLOPS Cycle-by-cycle analysis of axial displacement accumulation Provides site-specific cyclic t-z (shaft friction-axial displacement) curves 21 Pile resistance forces to tension loading (Achmus & Müller, 2010)
22 Gravity Base Geotechnical Requirements Thornton Bank OWF Gravity Foundations Design Considerations Combined VHMT loading: torsional forces can reduce bearing capacity - Effects of consolidation (strength increase) on stability Reduction of soil strength and stiffness due to cyclic loading (ULS, SLS) Typical requirement δ < 0.25 to 0.5 Weight SLS verification needs to consider: Consolidation and creep Post-strorm reconsolidation settlement Shear-induced deformation Lateral variability Scour protection, seabed preparation and/or skirts normally required 22 Information on this slide is confidential and shall not be communicated without Fugro s permission
23 Suction Bucket Geotechnical Requirements Suction Buckets/Multi-Pod Foundations Design Considerations SPT (2014) Capacity: - Effects of cyclic degradation - Capacity under compressive, tension and prolonged tension Displacement: - Effects of cyclic degradation - SLS verification needs to consider - Consolidation and creep - Lateral variability - Shear-induced deformation Installation: - Is suction (water pressure) sufficient during installation? Can the bucket penetrate to required depth? Risk of plug uplift? 23
24 Fugro Methodology for Cyclic Bearing Capacity Analysis CLR = 1 (1-way loading) CLR = >>1 (2-way loading) 24
25 Floating Offshore Wind Anchor Design Process Client specifies Mooring / metocean conditions Type of mooring system Type of moored object Permanent (FPSO, FSO, FPI) Temporary (MODU, barge, etc) Mooring line characteristics Anchor loads (quasi-static / dynamic) intact / damaged / transient Specifications and applicable codes Client and/or Fugro Location Site conditions Bathymetry Geophysical data / Geohazards / Geological data / Geotechnical data Suitable anchor Anchor sizing Anchor performance Installation requirements Long term behaviour (creep, consolidation, cyclic ) 25
26 Floating Offshore Wind Anchor Types 26
27 ACTIVITY IN R&D
28 R&D projects SOLCYP : French acronym for Piles under Cyclic SOLicitations Leading by Fugro, Dr Alain PUECH CITEPH :Gassy soils, Laboratory testing and numerical modeling ARSCOP: High pressure pressiometer 28
29 SOLCYP OBJECTIVES SOLCYP s Objectives: understand the physical phenomena conditioning the response of piles subject to vertical and lateral cyclic loads quantify the effect of cyclic loadings on the response and capacity of piles define a methodology to assess the behaviour of cyclically loaded piles develop design methods sufficiently flexible in use to remain compatible with the nature of the structure and the severity of the cyclic loading initiate prenormative actions with a view of introducing the proposed methodology in national (and international) codes or professional guidelines 29
30 SOLCYP - Response of soil-pile system under axial loading (1) Extensive experimental database gathered from: In situ tests in two experimental sites : Merville (stiff to very stiff over-consolidated clay) and Loon-Plage (dense to vey dense fine sand) Centrifuge tests in IFSTTAR (formerly LCPC) : model pile tests in Fontainebleau sand Calibration chamber in 3S-R laboratory and in collaboration with Imperial College : highly instrumented pile in Fontainebleau sand 30
31 SOLCYP - Response of soil-pile system under lateral loading (2) Experimental P-y curves : y(z) : Displacement obtained by double-integration the moment data P(z) : Soil Reaction obtained through double derivation of the moment data Typical P- y curve in clay Typical P- y curves in sand 31
32 SOLCYP - Response of soil-pile system under lateral loading (2) Global analyses Derive degredation laws depending on cyclic loading parameters for : - Pile head displacement (y n ) - Maximum Bending Moment (M max,n ) Local (beam column) analyses Derive degraded P-y curves from static standard P-y curves Pile design under lateral cyclic loading 32
33 Thank you
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