ZOOLOGIA EVOLUZIONISTICA. a. a. 2016/2017 Federico Plazzi - Darwin

Transcription

1 ZOOLOGIA EVOLUZIONISTICA a. a. 2016/2017 Federico Plazzi - federico.plazzi@unibo.it Darwin

2 Charles Robert Darwin ( )

3 1. Variation Under Domestication

4 2. Variation Under Nature

5 2. Variation Under Nature Attenzione: non è detto che la distribuzione della variazione sia normale!

6 2. Variation Under Nature Gradualità Attenzione: non è detto che la distribuzione della variazione sia normale!

7 2. Variation Under Nature Gradualità Isotropia Attenzione: non è detto che la distribuzione della variazione sia normale!

8 2. Variation Under Nature Gradualità Isotropia Attenzione: non è detto che la distribuzione della variazione sia normale! Ubiquità

9 2. Variation Under Nature Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges

10 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

11 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

12 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

13 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

14 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

15 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

16 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

17 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

18 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

19 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

20 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

21 3. Struggle for Existence Its bearing on natural selection The term used in a wide sense Geometrical ratio of increase Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants Nature of the checks to increase Competition universal Effects of Climate Protection from the number of individuals Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations

22 4. Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest

23 Un pensiero popolazionistico L unità fondamentale della vita non è la specie, ma la popolazione, fatta di singoli individui. La variabilità che esiste tra i singoli individui e li differenzia si distribuisce in modo stocastico e fornisce il materiale grezzo per la selezione naturale.

24 Che cos è una specie? Il concetto darwiniano di specie L unità fondamentale della vita non è la specie, ma la popolazione, fatta di singoli individui.

25 Che cos è una specie? Il concetto darwiniano di specie L unità fondamentale della vita non è la specie, ma la popolazione, fatta di singoli individui. La transizione tra popolazioni della stessa varietà, varietà della stessa specie e specie dello stesso genere è un continuum.

26 Che cos è una specie? Il concetto darwiniano di specie L unità fondamentale della vita non è la specie, ma la popolazione, fatta di singoli individui. La selezione naturale agisce entro popolazione. La transizione tra popolazioni della stessa varietà, varietà della stessa specie e specie dello stesso genere è un continuum.

27 6. Difficulties of the Theory 7. Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection 10. On the Imperfection of the Geological Record Absence or rarity of transitional varieties

28 6. Difficulties of the Theory 7. Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection 10. On the Imperfection of the Geological Record Organs of extreme perfection

29 6. Difficulties of the Theory 7. Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection 10. On the Imperfection of the Geological Record The Law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection

30 6. Difficulties of the Theory 7. Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection 10. On the Imperfection of the Geological Record The Law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection

31 6. Difficulties of the Theory 7. Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection 10. On the Imperfection of the Geological Record Supposed incompetence of natural selection to account for incipient stages of useful structures

32 6. Difficulties of the Theory 7. Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection 10. On the Imperfection of the Geological Record Supposed incompetence of natural selection to account for incipient stages of useful structures Exaptation

33 6. Difficulties of the Theory 7. Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection 10. On the Imperfection of the Geological Record On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day

34 6. Difficulties of the Theory 7. Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection 10. On the Imperfection of the Geological Record Antiquity of the habitable earth

35 11. On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings Geographical Distribution La transizione tra le specie è graduale sia nel tempo sia nello spazio.

36 14. Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs L efficacia del sistema linneano è un riflesso dell andamento genealogico delle forme viventi.

37 14. Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs L efficacia del sistema linneano è un riflesso dell andamento genealogico delle forme viventi. Gli organi rudimentali sono eredità morfologiche dovute alle parentele dei viventi (vertice storico del triangolo attativo).

38 Una vera teoria La teoria della selezione naturale è profondamente empirica, tanto da funzionare anche con le quantomeno discutibili idee di genetica che aveva Darwin (o, forse, nonostante esse)

39 Una vera teoria La teoria della selezione naturale è profondamente empirica, tanto da funzionare anche con le quantomeno discutibili idee di genetica che aveva Darwin (o, forse, nonostante esse); ha inoltre un grande potere predittivo.

40 Dalla selezione naturale alla discendenza con modificazioni There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved.