HBio Evolution Practice Test 1

Transcription

1 HBio Evolution Practice Test 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following are examples of fossils? a. shells or old bones b. any traces of dead organisms c. insects trapped in tree sap d. All of the above 2. Darwin drew ideas for his theory from observations of organisms on a. the Samoan Islands. b. Manhattan Island. c. the Hawaiian Islands. d. the Galápagos Islands. 3. The species of finches that Darwin observed differed in the shape of their beaks. According to Darwin, all of these species probably a. had a common ancestor. b. had migrated from Africa. c. had descended from similar birds in Africa. d. ate the same diet. 4. The process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment is known as a. accommodation. c. adaptation. b. variation. d. acclimation. 5. When Darwin published his first book about evolution, he included all of the following ideas except a. the idea that species change slowly over time. b. the idea that some organisms reproduce at a greater rate than others. c. the idea that species are permanent and unchanging. d. the idea that some species become better suited to their environment than others. 6. Natural selection could not occur without a. genetic variation in species. b. stable environments. c. competition for unlimited resources. d. gradual warming of the Earth. 7. Since natural resources are limited, all organisms a. must migrate to new habitats. b. must compete for resources. c. display vestigial structures. d. have inherited characteristics.

2 8. Refer to the illustration above. The bones labeled X can be referred to as a. vestigial structures. b. sequential structures. c. homologous structures. d. fossil structures. 9. Which of the following is most likely a vestigial structure? a. the human tailbone c. flower color b. the beak of a finch d. a fossil of a snail 10. The beak of a bird and the beak of a giant squid evolved independently and serve the same function. The beaks are a. divergent structures. c. analogous structures. b. homologous structures. d. hybrid structures. 11. The occurrence of the same blood protein in a group of species provides evidence that these species a. evolved in the same habitat. b. evolved in different habitats. c. descended from a common ancestor. d. descended from different ancestors. 12. The modern synthesis of evolutionary theory predicts that a. closely related species will show similarities in DNA sequences. b. if species have changed over time, their genes should have changed. c. closely related species will show similarities in amino acid sequences. d. All of the above 13. Cytochrome c is a protein that is involved in cellular respiration in all eukaryotic organisms. Human cytochrome c contains 104 amino acids. The following table compares human cytochrome c with cytochrome c from a number of other organisms. Number of cytochrome c amino acids Organism that differ from human cytochrome c amino acids Chickens 18 Chimpanzees 0 Dogs 13 Rattlesnakes 20

3 Rhesus monkeys 1 Yeasts 56 Which of the following is not a valid inference from these data? a. Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than yeasts are. b. The cytochrome c of chimpanzees differs from that of rhesus monkeys by only one amino acid. c. Dogs are more closely related to humans than chickens are. d. All of the proteins produced by chimpanzees and humans are identical. 14. The accumulation of differences between populations that once formed a single population is called a. coevolution. b. adaptation. c. divergent evolution. d. cumulative differentiation. 15. The process in which two or more species become more adapted over time to each other s presence is called a. divergence. c. coevolution. b. radiation. d. competition. 16. Over millions of years, plants and their pollinators have a. coevolved. c. become parasites. b. crossbred. d. become competitive. 17. Refer to the illustration above. While the shark and dolphin are similar in appearance, dolphins evolved from ancestors that were very different from sharks. The current similarity between sharks and dolphins is an example of a. coevolution. c. convergent evolution. b. biogeography. d. divergent evolution. 18. What is the idea developed by Charles Lyell which states that the geologic processes that shaped Earth in the past continue to operate in the same way today? a. inheritance of acquired characteristics b. catastrophism c. uniformitarianism d. descent with modification 19. Artificial selection has been used by humans to a. speed up the process of divergent evolution. b. slow down the process of convergent evolution.

4 c. stop evolution in domestic animals. d. study the process of coevolution. 20. The idea of inheritance of acquitted characteristics was proposed by a. Charles Darwin. c. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. b. George Cuvier. d. Charles Lyell. 21. Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to a. being preserved as fossils. b. providing humans with food. c. surviving in the environments in which they lived. d. swimming from South America to the Galápagos Islands. 22. The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on different Galápagos Islands varied in certain structural adaptations. One of the most significant adaptations that Darwin noted was the a. similarities of the birds embryos. b. birds different-shaped beaks. c. length of the birds necks. d. number of eggs in each bird s nest. 23. Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered a. if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species. b. if finches and tortoises had originated from the same ancestral species. c. if all birds on the different islands were finches. d. why all tortoises on the different islands were identical. 24. Biologists in Darwin s time had already begun to understand that living things change over time. How did Darwin contribute to these ideas? a. He found many fossils that showed that these changes could not possibly happen on islands. b. He figured out and explained how these changes happened and supported his ideas with evidence. c. He made guesses about how these changes happened, and wrote experiments that could be used to test these guesses. d. He was the first person to truly believe that these changes happened, and he worked very hard to convince others. 25. Charles Darwin s observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches a. have the ability to interbreed. b. acquired traits through use and disuse. c. all eat the same type of food. d. descended from a common ancestor. 26. On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed a. completely unrelated species on each of the islands. b. species exactly like those found in South America. c. species similar to mainland South American species. d. species completely unrelated to those found in South America. 27. Which of the following ideas is supported by Darwin s observation of local variation among tortoises in the Galápagos Islands? a. artificial selection

5 b. adaptation c. acquired characteristics d. tendency towards perfection 28. Darwin first began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after a. experimenting with animals. b. observing patterns among the geographical location of certain species. c. reading the writings of Wallace. d. agreeing with Lamarck about the driving force behind evolution. 29. People of Charles Darwin s time understood that fossils were a. preserved remains of ancient organisms. b. available for every organism that ever lived. c. unrelated to living species. d. evidence for the evolution of life on Earth. 30. James Hutton s and Charles Lyell s work suggests that a. Earth is several million years old. b. Earth is several thousand years old. c. all fossils were formed in the last 1000 years. d. all rocks on Earth contain fossils. 31. In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that a. the human population will outgrow the available food supply. b. all populations evolve through natural selection. c. Earth is a few thousand years old. d. past geological events must be explained in terms of processes observable today. 32. One scientist who attempted to explain how rock formations, such as rock layers, form and change over time was a. Thomas Malthus. b. James Hutton. c. Charles Darwin. d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. 33. James Hutton s and Charles Lyell s work was important to Darwin because these scientists a. explained volcanoes and earthquakes. b. explained all geologic events on Earth. c. suggested that Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred. d. refuted the work of Lamarck, which was based on misunderstandings. 34. What did Charles Darwin learn from reading the work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell? a. Earth is relatively young. b. Gradual change operating over long periods of time can result in dramatic changes. c. All geological change is caused by living organisms. d. The processes that formed old rocks on Earth do not operate today. 35. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that organisms a. have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection. b. have an innate tendency to become simpler as time passes. c. inherit all of the adaptations they display. d. belong to species that never change.

6 36. Which is a major concept included in Lamarck s evolutionary hypothesis? a. Change is the result of survival of the fittest. b. Body structures can change according to the actions of the organism. c. A small population size decreases the rate of evolution. d. Artificial selection is the basis for evolution. 37. Lamarck s ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of a. continual increases in population size. b. the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures. c. an unchanging local environment. d. the natural variations already present within the population of organisms. 38. In an experiment, suppose that the wings of fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on a. inheritance of natural variations. b. inheritance of acquired characteristics. c. natural selection. d. survival of the fittest. 39. The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that a. in the human population, people die faster than babies are born. b. without certain checks on population size, there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population. c. in the 1700s, England needed more housing. d. the majority of a species offspring die. 40. The idea that events like war, starvation, and disease could prevent the endless growth of human populations was presented by a. Charles Darwin. b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Charles Lyell. 41. Darwin realized that the economist Malthus s theory of population control a. applied only to humans. b. could be generalized to any population of organisms. c. could be generalized only when populations lived in crowded conditions. d. explained why the number of deaths exceeded that of births. 42. When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following the principle of a. acquired characteristics. b. descent with modification. c. artificial selection. d. natural selection. 43. When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for a. species that are perfect and unchanging. b. homologous structures. c. characteristics acquired during the lifetime of the organism. d. natural variations that are present in a species.

7 44. When a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is a. natural selection. b. artificial selection. c. artificial variation. d. survival of the fittest. 45. According to Darwin s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the a. possession of adaptations developed through use. b. possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness. c. lack of competition within the species. d. choices made by plant and animal breeders. 46. Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT a. more offspring are born than can survive. b. population size is very large. c. fitness varies among individuals. d. there is heritable variation among members of the population. 47. Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection? a. They transmit characteristics acquired by use and disuse to their offspring. b. They tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the population. c. They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment. d. They will perpetuate unfavorable changes in the species. 48. Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment a. diversity. b. fitness. c. adaptation. d. evolution. 49. According to Darwin s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have a. characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse. b. characteristics that plant and animal breeders value. c. the greatest number of offspring. d. variations best suited to environmental conditions. 50. Which of the following phrases best describes the results of natural selection? a. the natural variation found in all populations b. unrelated species living in different locations c. changes in the inherited characteristics of a population over time d. the struggle for existence undergone by all living things 51. Which statement is part of Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection? a. More offspring are produced than can possibly survive. b. The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest. c. The number of offspring is not related to fitness. d. Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of evolution. 52. The principle of common descent helps explain why a. well-adapted species have many offspring.

8 b. conditions in an organism s environment ensures the organism s survival. c. birds and reptiles share a number of inherited characteristics. d. tigers are so different from cheetahs. 53. The hypothesis that all species are descended from common ancestors was proposed by a. James Hutton. b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Charles Darwin. 54. Charles Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection explains each of the following EXCEPT how a. species can become extinct. b. inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring. c. species descend from common ancestors. d. evolution takes place in the natural world. 55. Darwin s concept of natural selection was NOT influenced by a. the work of Charles Lyell. b. knowledge about the structure of DNA. c. his collection of specimens. d. his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle. 56. Biogeography is the study of a. where species and their ancestors live. b. how extinct species can be related to living species. c. how different species can interbreed. d. how animals that live in the same area are closely related. 57. The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. This is evidence in support of which of the following concepts? a. Lamarck s tendency towards perfection b. common descent c. analogous structures d. the inheritance of acquired traits 58. Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as a. evidence that Earth was thousands of years old. b. useful support for his theory. c. interesting but unrelated to the evolution of modern species. d. evidence that traits are acquired through use or disuse.

9 Figure In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 16 1 are a. examples of fossils. b. vestigial structures. c. acquired traits. d. examples of natural variation. 60. Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates a. share a common ancestor with sea stars. b. evolved from sea stars. c. evolved before sea stars. d. belong to the same species as sea stars. 61. Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes a. the nearly universal genetic code. b. the presence of vestigial structures. c. a tendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in various species. d. the transmission of acquired characteristics by DNA. 62. Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the formation of a. homologous structures. b. analogous structures. c. Hox genes. d. intermediate fossil forms. 63. According to the Grants investigation of Galápagos finches, what happened to the beaks of finches? a. Beaks became larger through artificial selection. b. Beaks became smaller when they migrated. c. Beaks became smaller during the finches lifespan. d. Beaks became larger over many generations. 64. Which characteristic of Galápagos finches helped the Grants show the results of natural selection? a. the color of their feathers b. the length and shape of their wings c. the size and shape of their beaks

10 d. the curve of their claws 65. What principle does the Grants investigation of finch adaptation in the Galápagos Islands best support? a. biogeography b. evolutionary embryology c. uniformatarianism d. natural selection

11 HBio Evolution Practice Test 1 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 452 OBJ: State Charles Darwin's contribution to science. STA: SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 452 OBJ: State Charles Darwin's contribution to science. STA: SC.912.L ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 450 p. 453 OBJ: State Charles Darwin's contribution to science. STA: SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 450 OBJ: State Charles Darwin's contribution to science. STA: SC.912.L.15.1 MSC: knowledge 25. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 450 OBJ: State Charles Darwin's contribution to science. STA: SC.912.L ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 452 OBJ: Describe the three patterns of biodiversity noted by Darwin. STA: SC.912.L.15.1 SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 452 OBJ: Describe the three patterns of biodiversity noted by Darwin. STA: SC.912.L.15.1 SC.912.L.15.3

12 28. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 452 OBJ: Describe the three patterns of biodiversity noted by Darwin. STA: SC.912.L.15.1 SC.912.L ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 452 OBJ: Describe the three patterns of biodiversity noted by Darwin. STA: SC.912.L.15.1 SC.912.L ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 454 OBJ: Identify the conclusions drawn by Hutton and Lyell about Earth's history. STA: SC.912.N.3.1 MSC: knowledge 31. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 455 OBJ: Identify the conclusions drawn by Hutton and Lyell about Earth's history. STA: SC.912.N ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 455 OBJ: Identify the conclusions drawn by Hutton and Lyell about Earth's history. STA: SC.912.N.3.1 MSC: knowledge 33. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 455 OBJ: Identify the conclusions drawn by Hutton and Lyell about Earth's history. STA: SC.912.N.3.1 MSC: synthesis 34. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 455 OBJ: Identify the conclusions drawn by Hutton and Lyell about Earth's history. STA: SC.912.N.3.1 MSC: analysis 35. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 456 OBJ: Describe Lamarck's hypothesis of evolution. STA: SC.912.N ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 456 OBJ: Describe Lamarck's hypothesis of evolution. STA: SC.912.N ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 456 OBJ: Describe Lamarck's hypothesis of evolution. STA: SC.912.N ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 456 OBJ: Describe Lamarck's hypothesis of evolution. STA: SC.912.N ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 457 OBJ: Describe Malthus's view of population growth. STA: SC.912.L ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 457 OBJ: Describe Malthus's view of population growth. STA: SC.912.L.17.5 MSC: knowledge 41. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 457 OBJ: Describe Malthus's view of population growth. STA: SC.912.L ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 457 OBJ: Explain the role of inherited variation in artificial selection.

13 STA: SC.912.L ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 458 OBJ: Explain the role of inherited variation in artificial selection. STA: SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 458 OBJ: Explain the role of inherited variation in artificial selection. STA: SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 461 OBJ: Describe the conditions under which natural selection occurs. STA: SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 460 OBJ: Describe the conditions under which natural selection occurs. STA: SC.912.L ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 461 OBJ: Describe the conditions under which natural selection occurs. STA: SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 461 OBJ: Describe the conditions under which natural selection occurs. STA: SC.912.L MSC: knowledge 49. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 460 OBJ: Describe the conditions under which natural selection occurs. STA: SC.912.L ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 460 p. 461 OBJ: Describe the conditions under which natural selection occurs. STA: SC.912.L ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 460 OBJ: Describe the conditions under which natural selection occurs. STA: SC.912.L ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 464 OBJ: Explain the principle of common descent. STA: SC.912.L ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 464 OBJ: Explain the principle of common descent. STA: SC.912.L.15.1 MSC: knowledge 54. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 464 OBJ: Explain the principle of common descent. STA: SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 455 p. 470 p. 451 OBJ: Explain how geologic distribution of species relates to their evolutionary history. STA: SC.912.L.15.1

14 56. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 465 OBJ: Explain how geologic distribution of species relates to their evolutionary history. STA: SC.912.L ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 466 p. 467 OBJ: Explain how fossils and the fossil record document the descent of modern species from ancient ancestors. STA: SC.912.L.15.1 MSC: analysis 58. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 467 OBJ: Explain how fossils and the fossil record document the descent of modern species from ancient ancestors. STA: SC.912.L.15.1 MSC: knowledge 59. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 469 OBJ: Describe what homologous structures and embryology suggest about the process of evolutionary change. STA: SC.912.L ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 469 OBJ: Describe what homologous structures and embryology suggest about the process of evolutionary change. STA: SC.912.L ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 470 OBJ: Explain how molecular evidence can be used to trace the process of evolution. STA: SC.912.L ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 468 p. 469 OBJ: Explain how molecular evidence can be used to trace the process of evolution. STA: SC.912.L ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 472 OBJ: Explain the results of the Grants' investigation of adaptation in Galapagos finches. STA: SC.912.N ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 472 OBJ: Explain the results of the Grants' investigation of adaptation in Galapagos finches. STA: SC.912.N ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 472 p. 473 OBJ: Explain the results of the Grants' investigation of adaptation in Galapagos finches. STA: SC.912.N.1.1.6