SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

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Franklin Mosley
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1 Metal nanoparticles in the presence of lipopolysaccharides trigger the onset of metal allergy in mice Toshiro Hirai, Yasuo Yoshioka, Natsumi Izumi, Ko-ichi Ichihashi, Takayuki Handa, Nobuo Nishijima, Eiichiro Uemura, Ko-ichi Sagami, Hideki Takahashi, Manami Yamaguchi, Kazuya Nagano, Yohei Mukai, Haruhiko Kamada, Shin-ichi Tsunoda, Ken J. Ishii, Kazuma Higashisaka and Yasuo Tsutsumi Supplementary Information NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY

2 Supplementary Table. Quantification of metal release in aqueous solution. % of released metal in supernatant of centrifuged sample nag 7.9 ±.76 nag.9 ±.5 nag. ±. Ag 93.3 ± 3.3 nau Not detected* nag h in cell medium 7.86 ± 8.79 nag h in cell medium.5 ±. nag h in cell medium.79 ±.53 Ag h in cell medium 7.58 ±.65 nau h in cell medium. ±. *The lowest determination levels were ng metal ml (.% from total added metal). Data are means ± s.d. (n = 3 independently prepared samples). NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY

a Particle size in isotonic glucose (nm) nag

7 b nag5 nag nag nag nau nm nni3 nm nm nm

. Physicochemical properties of nanoparticles.

b, Transmission electron microscopy analysis

3 a Particle size in isotonic glucose (nm) nag 9. ±.5 nag 55. ±. nag 7.3 ±.7 b nag5 nag nag nag nau nm nni3 nm nm nm nsp nm nm nm Supplementary Fig.. Physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. a, Particle sizes obtained by dynamic light scattering. Particle sizes are reported as means ± s.d. (n = 3). b, Transmission electron microscopy analysis of nanoparticles used in this study. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 3

4 a Ear swelling ( m) 3 Veh nag nag nag Ag Ear swelling ( m) b Ag -induced ear swelling ( m) 3 Veh ()/Ag high dose Ag ()/Ag high dose nag ()/Ag high dose c Veh-induced ear swelling ( m) Veh (-)/Veh nag (-)/Veh Veh () /Veh nag () /Veh d nag-induced ear swelling ( m) e Veh (ultrapure )/nag Veh ()/nag nag (ultrapure )/nag nag ()/nag **p =.9 *p =.55 ** nag-induced ear swelling ( m) C57BL/6 * f Veh ()/nag nag ()/nag nag-induced ear swelling ( m) NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY

5 Supplementary Fig.. Additional information for sensitization potential of nag. a, Inflammatory response of each size of nag and Ag after intradermal injection in BALB/c mouse ear: n = 5 mice per group. b, Sensitization by nag or Ag observed when a dose of Ag equivalent to the amount of nag was used for challenge ( high dose,.8 mg AgmL L ear ): n = 6,, and 5 mice per group for,, and, respectively. c, Effects of nag pretreatment on vehicle-induced ear swelling in BALB/c mice: n = 6, 5, 6, and 6 mice per group for,,, and, respectively. d, Effects of ultrapure on sensitization potential of nag in BALB/c mice: n = 5 mice per group. e, Sensitization potential of nag in C57BL/6 mice: n = and mice per group for and, respectively. f, Ear swelling after nag injection at early time points (up to 6 h post-injection): n = mice per group. Each experiment was performed twice. Data are means ± s.e.m.. *p <.5, **p <. vs. vehicle- group (Dunnett's test). The labels used in the figure legends are listed in the order of pretreatment sample / administered sample. Veh: Vehicle; a: an underacylated form of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 5

6 nag5-induced ear swelling ( m) Veh/nAg5 nag5/nag5 nag/nag5 ** p =.36 ** p =.7 nag-induced ear swelling ( m) ** ** ** ** Veh/nAg nag5/nag nag/nag ** p =.3 ** p = Supplementary Fig. 3. Effects of nag size on sensitization potential in BALB/c mice. Small nag ( nm) can induce sensitization: n = 5 mice per group. This experiment was performed twice. Data are means ± s.e.m.. **p <. vs. vehicle- group (Dunnett's test). The labels used in the figure legends are listed in the order of pretreatment sample / administered sample. Veh: Vehicle 6 NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY

7 a nag ( g/ml) Ag ( g/ml) Cell viability (%).5.5 Cell viability (%).5.5 b IFN-γ (pg/ml) IFN-γ (pg/ml) nag ( g/ml).5 Ag ( g/ml).5.5 nag- nag- nag- IL- (pg/ml) IL- (pg/ml) nag ( g/ml).5 Ag ( g/ml).5.5 nag- nag- IL-5 (pg/ml) IL-5 (pg/ml) nag- nag ( g/ml).5 Ag ( g/ml).5.5 nag- IL-9 (pg/ml) IL-9 (pg/ml) nag- nag ( g/ml).5 Ag ( g/ml).5.5 nag- nag- Supplementary Fig.. Effector response to silver in nag-. a, The cell viability in from nag- BALB/c mice after stimulation with nag or Ag for 7 h, evaluated by the WST-8 assay: n = or 5 separate cultures of per group. Non-treated cells were considered to exhibit % viability. Each culture was prepared from different mice. b, Levels of effector cytokines in the supernatants of from nag- BALB/c mice after stimulation with nag or Ag for 7 h, determined by ELISA: n = 6 separate cultures of per group. Each culture was prepared from different mice. Each experiment was performed three times (a) or seven times (b). Data are means ± s.e.m.. : not detected. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 7

8 a nau-induced ear swelling ( m) 8 6 Veh/nAu nau/nau b nsp-induced ear swelling ( m) Veh/nSP nsp/nsp Supplementary Fig. 5. Sensitization potentials of gold and silica nanoparticles. a, Effect of pretreatment with nau and on nau-induced ear swelling in BALB/c mice: n = 6 mice per group. b, Effect of pretreatment with nsp and on nsp-induced ear swelling in BALB/c mice: n = mice per group. Each experiment was performed twice. Data are means ± s.e.m.. The labels used in the figure legends are listed in the order of pretreatment sample / administered sample. Veh: vehicle. 8 NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY

9 nni3-induced ear swelling ( m) Veh (ultrapure )/nni3 nni3 (ultrapure )/nni3 **p =.36 ** Supplementary Fig. 6. Effect of ultrapure on nni3 sensitizability. Effect of pretreatment with nni3 ultrapure on nni3-induced ear swelling in BALB/c mice: n = 5 and mice per group for and, respectively. This experiment was performed twice. Data are means ± s.e.m.. **p <. vs. vehicle -group (Dunnett's test). The labels used in the figure legends are listed in the order of pretreatment sample / administered sample. Veh: vehicle. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 9

10 a Cell viability (%) nni3 ( g/ml) Cell viability (%) Ni ( g/ml) b IFN-γ (ng/ml) 8 6 nni3 ( g/ml).5 nni- IL- (pg/ml) nni3 ( g/ml).5 IL-5 (pg/ml) nni- nni3 ( g/ml).5 IL-7A (pg/ml) ** p =.9 nni3 ( g/ml).5 IFN-γ (ng/ml) 8 6 Ni² ( g/ml).5 nni3- IL- (pg/ml) Ni² ( g/ml).5 nni3- IL-5 (pg/ml) Ni² ( g/ml).5 nni3- IL-7A (pg/ml) nni3- ** p =.55 Ni² ( g/ml).5 nni3- nni3- nni3- nni3- Supplementary Fig. 7. Effector response to nickel in nni3-. a, The cell viability in from nni3- BALB/c mice after stimulation with nni3 or Ni for 7 h, evaluated by the WST-8 assay: n = 3 separate cultures of per group. Non-treated cells were considered to exhibit % viability. Each culture was prepared from different mice. b, Levels of effector cytokines in the supernatants of from nni3- BALB/c mice after stimulation with nni3 or Ni for 7 h, determined by ELISA: n = 6 separate cultures of per group. Each culture was prepared from different mice. Each experiment was performed three times. Data are means ± s.e.m.. **p <. vs. vehicle- group (Dunnett's test). : not detected. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY

11 Il6/GAPDH (relative) TNF /GAPDH (relative) Veh Ag nag nag nag Veh Ag nag nag nag Supplementary Fig. 8. Effect of nag on -induced inflammatory response. Relative amounts of Il6 and TNF transcript in with Ag- or each size of nag-treated footpad in BALB/c mice, determined by quantitative PCR h after injection and normalization to GAPDH: n =,, 5,, 3, and mice per group for Veh,, Ag, nag, nag, and nag, respectively. This experiment was performed twice. Data are means ± s.e.m.. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY

M e a n. F l u o r e s c e n c e I n t e n s i t y P r o t e i n ( p g / m L )

M e a n. F l u o r e s c e n c e I n t e n s i t y P r o t e i n ( p g / m L ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P r o t e i n ( p g / m L ) 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P r o t e i n ( p g / m L ) Figure. Representative