OPTINöS ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
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1 1 OPTINöS ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI
2 Skaiduliiai šviesolaidžiai Skaiduliio šviesolaidžio sadara ir parametrai Pakopiio lūžio rodiklio skaidulos Gradietiio lūžio rodiklio skaidulos Spiduliai ir modos Reiškiiai skaidulos medžiagoje Chromati dispersija Slopiimas Optimalus šviesos bagos ilgis
3 3 Skaiduliiai šviesolaidžiai 1. Tarp dviejų aplikų su skirtigais lūžio rodikliais gauamas šviesos lūžis.. Kai šviesa pereia iš optiškai takes s medžiagos į apliką, kurios lūžio rodiklis mažesis, lūžio kampas yra didesis už kritimo kampą. 3. Šviesos lūžio d sis išreiškiamas formule: 1 siϕ siϕ * 4. Šviesos kritimo kampui did jat, lūžio kampas did ja. Kai kritimo kampas pasiekia kritiį, lūžio kampas tampa π/, ir šviesa ebeprasiskverbia į apliką, kurios lūžio rodiklis mažesis 5. Kai φ> φ kr, gauamas visiškasis šviesos atspidys.
4 4 Skaiduliio šviesolaidžio sadara Šviesos lūžis, kai < 1 1 siϕ siϕ * siϕ ϕ >ϕ kr : kr / visiškas atspidys 1 Skaiduliis šviesolaidis apvalaus skerspjūvio dielektriis bagolaidis. SiO 1966 m.: 1000 db/km. K.C.Kao : 0 db/km m.: db/km, 1979 m.: 0, db/km. Kod l opti se telekomuikacijų sistemose audojamos tam tikro ilgio bagos? Kas lemia slopiimą? Kaip jį galima sumažiti? Kokios medžiagos tika optiių skaidulų gamybai? Kaip tos skaidulos gamiamos? Kas dar sukelia šviesos impulsų iškraipymus?
5 5 I 1965, Charles K. Kao ad George A. Hockham of the British compay Stadard Telephoes ad Cables were the first to recogize that atteuatio of cotemporary fibers was caused by impurities, which could be removed, rather tha fudametal physical effects such as scatterig. They demostrated that optical fiber could be a practical medium for commuicatio, if the atteuatio could be reduced below 0 db per kilometer. The first practical optical fiber for commuicatios was iveted i 1970 by researchers Robert D. Maurer, Doald Keck, Peter Schultz, ad Frak Zimar workig for America glass maker Corig Glass Works. They maufactured a fiber with 17 db optic atteuatio per kilometer by dopig silica glass with titaium. O April, 1977, Geeral Telephoe ad Electroics set the first live telephoe traffic through fiber optics, at 6 Mbit/s, i Log Beach, Califoria.
6 6 Pakopiio lūžio rodiklio skaidulos SiO Bl, kai a siϕ siα cosϕ kr kr m 1 / 1 siθ 1 m 1 1 cosϕ kr siα m 1 a a siα m NA 1 t 1 l / v 1l / c t 1l / csiϕkr 1 l / c t l 1 c 1 B t Bl l t Impulsas išplita. 1 c I( θ ), cosθ, ΦΦ / 0 ΦΦ / 0 ( NA) Kaip sumažiti šviesos dispersiją perelyg emažiat?
7 7 t 0 Pradžioje b gikų pasiskirstymo takis gali būti aproksimuotas δ impulsu. X
8 8 t 4 mi Prab gus tam tikram laikui b gikų takio pasiskirstymą aprašatis impulsa būtų išplitęs. X
9 9 Gradietiio lūžio rodiklio skaidulos Šviesos spidulys gradietiio lūžio rodiklio skaidulos šerdies ašimi sklida mažiausiu greičiu. Skaidulos galą jis pasiekia tiesiausiu keliu, kuris lygus skaidulos ilgiui. Įstriži spiduliai ueia ilgesį kelią. Tačiau jie sklida aplika, kurios lūžio rodiklis mažesis. Tod l tų spidulių greitis didesis. Gradietiio lūžio rodiklio skaidulose dispersija mažes. ( r) Aproksimacija : ( r) f ( r) 0 0 [ 1 δ f ( r) ] ( r / a) Jeigu α t 0δ l 8c coshαr α, δ (1 δ ), 0δ δ, c 8 0 ( 1 0,5α r +...) 1/, ( ) 0 δ 8 kai << 1 r a 0
10 10 Daugiamod s ir viemod s skaidulos Kai α, sumaž ja dispersija Lūžio rodiklio profilis turi būti tiksliai pariktas Šviesa yra elektromageti s bagos. Šviesos sklidimą opti je skaiduloje reikia agri ti kaip elektromagetiių bagų sklidimą dielektriiame bagolaidyje. Šviesos dispersijos priežastis yra modų dispersija dielektriiame bagolaidyje skirtigo tipo bagos sklida skirtigais greičiais. α Šviesos dispersija modų dispersija. Skaidula yra viemod (joje sklida tik moda HE 11 ), jeigu a,405λ <, a π 1 m < 10µ m Šviesos impulsas, sklisdamas viemode skaidula, taip pat šiek tiek išplita. To priežastis chromati dispersija. t / l D λ, D D + D w
11 11 Norit sumažiti dispersiją, reikia mažiti modų skaičių. Modų skaičius mažesis, jeigu mažesis skaidulos šerdies skersmuo. Paaudojat viemodes skaidulas išvegiama modų dispersijos. Tod l maždaug uo 1983 metų ilgoms magistrali ms optiio ryšio liijoms paaudojamos viemod s skaidulos. Viemod skaidula Šviesos impulsas, sklisdamas viemode skaidula, taip pat šiek tiek išplita. To priežastis chromati dispersija. A typical sigle-mode optical fiber, showig diameters of the compoet layers.
12 1 c * + j' + ω Dispersija viemod se skaidulose ( β jα) priklauso uo λ ir N pr t D l g m λ d c dλ λ d c dλ λ D m λ,
13 13 Dispersija viemod se skaidulose Dispersija miimali, kai λ 1300 m Pasliktos dispersijos skaidulos (DSF dispersio shifted fiber): dispersija miimali, kai λ 1550 m D D m + D w, D w λ c(πa) Plokščios dispersijos skaidulos (DFF dispersio flatteed fiber)
14 14 α α ir uv ir exp( W uv exp( W / W / W Opti s skaidulos. Slopiimas dw αw d z Priežastys: šviesos absorbcija W ( z) W (0) exp( αz) šviesos sklaida A A ir uv ) A ir ) A exp( λ uv exp( λ ir uv / λ) / λ) α 4 R AR /λ Slopiimas miimalus, kai šviesos bagos ilgis 1,55 µm
15 15 Opti s skaidulos Optiio ryšio sistemose audojamos kvarciio stiklo opti s skaidulos. Skaidula sudaryta iš optiškai takes s šerdies ir apvalkalo. Šviesa sklida šerdimi, atsispid dama uo apvalkalo. Siekiat sumažiti optie skaidula sklidačių šviesos impulsų iškraipymus, reikia mažiti šviesos dispersiją ir slopiimą.
16 16 Opti s skaidulos Mažiausia dispersija viemod se skaidulose gauama, kai šviesos bagos ilgis yra 1,3 µm. Mažiausias slopiimas pasireiškia, kai bagos ilgis 1,55 µm. Pirmosios kartos optiio ryšio sistemose buvo audojama šviesa, kurios bagos ilgis 0,85µm. Tokį pasirikimą l m prieiami, kuriat įragą, GaAs šviesos šaltiiai. Ištyrus šviesos dispersijos ir slopiimo priežastis, prad ta audoti 1,3 ir 1,55µm bagos ilgių šviesa. Yra sukurtos pasliktosios ir kompesuotosios dispersijos skaidulos, kuriose e tik slopiimas, bet ir dispersija maža, kai šviesos bagos ilgis 1,55µm.
17 17 Optiiai kabeliai
18 18 Optiiai kabeliai
19 19 Optiiai kabeliai Idoor/Outdoor Breakout Cable Armored Cable
20 0 Optiiai kabeliai
21 1 Optiiai kabeliai
22 Trasmissio Capacity (b/s) M M.5 G 1.6 G 10 G 1.3 µm SMF FP-LD HIC 1.55 µm DS-SMF DFB-LD Si-MIC : Uder Developmet Solito Trasmissio Optical FDM Quatum Effect Devices OEIC Optical Amplifier Exteral Modulator Si-/GaAs-MIC Year Evolutio of Techology (T. Miki, IEEE Proc. Nov. 1993, pp )
23 3 Solitoai I mathematics ad physics, a solito is a self-reiforcig solitary wave (a wave packet or pulse) that maitais its shape while it travels at costat speed; solitos are caused by a delicate balace betwee oliear ad dispersive effects i the medium. The solito pheomeo was first described by Joh Scott Russell ( ) who observed a solitary wave i the Uio Caal, reproduced the pheomeo i a wave tak, ad amed it the "Wave of Traslatio". I 1973, Akira Hasegawa of AT&T Bell Labs was the first to suggest that solitos could exist i optical fibers, due to a balace betwee self-phase modulatio ad aomalous dispersio. He also proposed the idea of a solito-based trasmissio system to icrease performace of optical telecommuicatios.
24 4 Solitoai I 1988, Li Molleauer ad his team trasmitted solito pulses over 4,000 kilometers usig a pheomeo called the Rama effect, amed for the Idia scietist Sir C. V. Rama who first described it i the 190s, to provide optical gai i the fiber. I 1991, a Bell Labs research team trasmitted solitos errorfree at.5 gigabits over more tha 14,000 kilometers, usig erbium optical fiber amplifiers (spliced-i segmets of optical fiber cotaiig the rare earth elemet erbium) km
25 5 Solitoai I 1998, Thierry Georges ad his team at Frace Télécom R&D Ceter, combiig optical solitos of differet wavelegths (wavelegth divisio multiplexig), demostrated a data trasmissio of 1 terabit per secod. I 001, the practical use of solitos became a reality whe Algety Telecom deployed submarie telecommuicatios equipmet i Europe carryig real traffic usig Joh Scott Russell's solitary wave.
26 6 Opti s skaidulos Šviesos bagos ilgis 1,55 µm. Skaidulos šerdies medžiagos lūžio rodiklis 1,45, apvalkalo lūžio rodiklis 1,43. Koks turi būti skaidulos šerdies skersmuo, kad sklistų tik viea moda?
27 7
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