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55 Kelemen et al. Fig N 55 N 50 N 190 W 180 W 170 W Komandorsky Komandorsky Islands dredge 70-B29 Attu Island Buldir Island BERING SEA Distal Aleutians Adak area Adak Island Atka Island block Amak Island Bogoslof Island Umnak Island Unalaska Island Western Aleutians Central Aleutians trench PACIFIC OCEAN 190 W 180 W Pacific - N. Am. 170 W convergence 60 N 55 N 50 N
56 Kelemen et al. Fig 2 lava samples number Kamchatka Straits dredges Piip, Komandorsky dredge 70-B29 Engenstrom depression Shemya (1) Attu, Agattu Buldir Kiska Semisopochnoi Little Sitkin, Segula Kanaga, Bobrof Atka Adak, Great Stikin Seguam Umnak Makushin, Unalaska Akutan Shishaldin, Unalaska Cold Bay longitude, W
57 Kelemen et al. Fig 3 70 molar Mg# > samples > 15 molar Mg# > molar Mg# > 0.6 wt% SiO wt% MgO 5 estimated temperature, C longitude, W longitude, W longitude, W lavas volcano averages 0.8 wt% SiO wt% MgO 15 5 molar Mg# longitude, W longitude, W longitude, W molar Mg# > molar Mg# > wt% FeO* wt% Na 2 O 4 2 wt% K 2 O molar Mg# > longitude, W longitude, W longitude, W wt% FeO* 5 wt% Na 2 O wt% K 2 O longitude, W longitude, W longitude, W 160
58 Kelemen et al. Fig 4 A east of Adak (gray) Adak area distal Aleutians, 177 to 187 W Komandorsky block Aleutian lavas Aleutian lavas Aleutian lavas east of Adak Adak west of Adak plus four samples with La/Yb < 1 wt% SiO 2 ppm K La/Yb molar Mg# B C , Aleutian plutons Aleutian plutons Aleutian plutons , Marianas lavas (open) Tanzawa plutonic complex (filled) 0.2 Marianas lavas (open) Tanzawa plutonic complex (filled) , Marianas lavas (open) Tanzawa plutonic complex (filled) molar Mg# molar Mg#
59 Kelemen et al. Fig 5A estimated continental crust (Mg# 0.45 to 0.54) samples wt% SiO 2 molar Mg# > wt% K 2 O molar Mg# > log(la/yb(n)) all data lavas Adak & west Komandorsky block distal Aleutians Adak, Kanaga, Bobrof lavas east of Adak plutons
60 Aleutians, west of Adak B29 5 Aleutians, west of Adak Aleutians, west of Adak B29 70B Kuriles Aleutians, east of Adak Kuriles Aleutians, east of Adak Kuriles 6 2 Aleutians, east of Adak Izu-Bonin/Mariana Lesser Antilles Izu-Bonin/Mariana Lesser Antilles Izu-Bonin/Mariana Lesser Antilles Tonga/Kermadec Scotia Tonga/Kermadec Scotia 20 Tonga/Kermadec 15 Scotia wt% SiO 2 reference line at 55 wt% average continental crust 59 wt% plots include lavas with molar Mg# > 0.5 wt% K 2 O reference line at 1 wt% average continental crust 1.9 wt% plots include lavas with molar Mg# > Pb/ 204 Pb plots include all lavas 5 Kelemen et al., figure 5b
61 Carlisle Amukta "Makushin, Unalaska Island" Bogoslof Komandorsky Straits Komandorsky Islands Piip volcano Komandorsky block distal Aleutians Adak area Atka & Seguam Rechesnoi volcano Umnak Island Okmok volcano Umnak Island concentration/morb concentration/morb concentration/morb Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni east central Aleutians Kelemen et al. figure 6 Figure 6, continued
62 Kelemen et al. figure 6A continental crust 0 Taylor & McL andesite model Taylor & McL bulk crust Taylor & McL Archean crust Weaver & Tarney bulk crust Rudnick & Fountain bulk crust concentration/morb Ba U Ta La Pb Sr Zr Sm Gd Ti Ho Tm Lu Co Th K Nb Ce Pr Nd Hf Eu Tb Dy Er Yb Y Ni
63 Kelemen et al. Fig lavas volcano averages Pb/ 204 Pb Sr/ 86 Sr Nd/ 144 Nd longitude, W
64 Kelemen et al. Fig updip convergence rate wt% SiO longitude, W convergence rate, m/yr samples > 15 wt% 12 wt% MgO 5 wt% FeO* convergence rate, m/yr convergence rate, m/yr wt% Na 2 O 3 2 wt% K 2 O convergence rate, m/yr convergence rate, m/yr
65 Kelemen et al. fig 9 KAMCHATKA GULF OF ALASKA 195 W 185 W 175 W 165 W 155 W 145 W W Kilometers OCEANIIC PELAGIC & HEMIPELAGIC SEDIMENT, DIATOM RICH; TRENCH-AXIS U-CRET-HOLO. TURBIDITE SEQUENCE, SIBERIAN DRAINAGES; QUAT? DISTAL TRENCH-AXIS TURBIDITE SEQUENCE, ALASKAN DRAINAGES; ~05. Myr OCEANIIC PELAGIC SEDIMENT, DIATOM RICH; EOCENE-QUAT. ZODIAK FAN TURBIDITE SEQUENCE, NORTH AMERICAN DRAINAGES; EOCENE-OLIG; Kodiak Seamount E ABYSSAL PLAIN TURBIDITE SEQUENCE; NORTH AMERICAN DRAINAGES; MIOC-HOLOCENE 8 Dead Kula-Pac Spreading Ridge? Ma Rat Fracture Zone Amlia Fracture Zone Ma Ma PACIFIC OCEANIC CRUST updip sediment thickness, meters updip sediment flux, m 3 /m/yr longitude, W longitude, W lavas volcano averages Pb/ 204 Pb Pb/ 204 Pb sediment flux, m 3 /m/yr sediment flux, m 3 /m/yr
66 Kelemen et al. Fig east of Adak Adak & west wt% MgO wt% SiO2 wt% TiO2 wt% Al2O wt% FeO* wt% CaO molar Mg# molar Mg# molar Mg# wt% Na2O wt% K2O temperature, C (1 bar, dry) + 3 samples > 15 wt%
67 Kelemen et al., figure lavas volcano averages DSDP 183 sediments 207 Pb/ 204 Pb Attu Adak avg 70B29 Adak EPR & JDF MORB Buldir Komandorsky block Pb/ 204 Pb DSDP 183 sediments Aleutian lavas volcano averages Attu Sr/ 86 Sr Sr/ 86 Sr Adak avg Komandorsky block Pb/ 204 Pb Pb/ 204 Pb Attu Adak avg Nd/ 144 Nd Komandorsky block 143 Nd/ 144 Nd Pb/ 204 Pb Pb/ 204 Pb
68 Kelemen et al., figure molar Mg# > lavas volcano averages 30 5 Th/Nb ppm Th ppm La longitude, W longitude, W Th/Nb Th/(Ta*17) volcano avg Th/Nb volcano avg Th/(Ta*17) molar Mg# > Ba/La Th/La La/Sm longitude, W lavas volcano averages longitude, W lavas volcano averages longitude, W longitude, W
69 Kelemen et al.,figure volcano averages east of Adak Adak & west 1 Elliott compilation east of Adak Adak & west 207 Pb/ 204 Pb Th/La Th/La 1 0 Ba/La volcano averages east of Adak Adak & west 1 Elliott compilaton 207 Pb/ 204 Pb Th/La Ba/La 1 0 Ba/La
70 Kelemen et al., figure lavas volcano averages Ba/Th longitude, W Sr/Nd molar Mg# > longitude, W 165 Ce/Pb longitude, W
71 Kelemen et al.,figure DSDP 183 sediments east of Adak Adak & west 15.6 Amak Bogoslof EPR & JDF MORB 207 Pb/ 204 Pb sed & MORB fluid? 70B29 Buldir 15.4 Komandorsky block Ce/Pb
72 1 0.8 sediment melt? eclogite melt? Ce/Pb 0 Kelemen et al., Figure 16 Th/La molar Mg# > 0.6 spinel peridotite source 00 eclogite melt? molar Mg# > eclogite melt? molar Mg# > low degree mantle melt Sr/Y high degree mantle melt wt% SiO 2 4 eclogite melt? sediment melt? Th/La Sr/Y Dy/Yb (N) 0 mantle component sediment melt? Th/Nb 00 molar Mg# > 0.6 eclogite melt? 0 low degree mantle melt high degree mantle melt wt% Na 2 O Sr/Y Sr/Y Dy/Yb (N) 00 eclogite melt? molar Mg# > mantle component La/Sm (N) 4 3 Dy/Yb (N) east of Adak Tb/Yb (N) east of Adak 3.5 Dy/Yb (N) Adak & west Tb/Yb (N) Adak & west eclogite melt? Ce/Pb Sr/Y Dy/Yb (N) 00 eclogite melt? eclogite melt? molar Mg# > wt% K 2 O Sr/Y Sr/Yb east of Adak Sr/9.6*Yb east of Adak Sr/Yb Adak & west Sr/9.6*Yb Adak & west east of Adak Adak & west
73 Kelemen et al., figure SiO 2 < 54 wt% 16 SiO 2 > 54 wt% 30 molar Mg# > < Mg# < La/Sm La/Sm
74 Kelemen et al., figure molar Mg# Nye & Reid ID1 Nye & Reid ID16 Nye & Reid ID18 Nye & Reid AS wt% SiO molar Mg# ,000 ppm K 0.6 molar Mg# La/Yb
75 Kelemen et al., figure Dy/Yb (N) east of Adak Tb/Yb (N) east of Adak Dy/Yb (N) Adak & west Tb/Yb (N) Adak & west 3 Dy/Yb(N) molar Mg#
76 Kelemen et al., figure 20 8 molar Mg# > 0.6 east of Adak Adak & west ppm Pb ppm Th
77 Kelemen at al., figure 21 melting of eclogite melting (MORB) of A garnet peridotite (pyrolite) B C % melting 1 % melting 2 % melting 5 % melting % melting % melting 20 % melting concentration/morb % melting 1 % melting 2 % melting 5 % melting % melting 20 % melting reaction consumes spinel peridotite produces garnet pyroxenite initial liquid 90 % liquid 80 % liquid 70 % liquid 60 % liquid 50 % liquid 40 % liquid 30 % liquid 20 % liquid % liquid concentration/morb concentration/morb reaction eclogite between melt & reaction between D E F spinel peridotite (pyrolite) spinel eclogite peridotite melt (abyssal) & 0 1 Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Sm Hf Gd Eu Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni initial liquid 1.25x liquid mass 1.5x liquid mass 2x liquid mass 3x liquid mass 0 1 Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Sm Hf Gd Eu Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni initial liquid 1.2x liquid mass 1.4x liquid mass 1.6x liquid mass 2x liquid mass 3x liquid mass concentration/morb concentration/morb 0.1 Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Sm Hf Gd Eu Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni reaction between eclogite melt & spinel peridotite (abyssal) initial liquid 3x liquid mass 5x liquid mass x liquid mass 20x liquid mass concentration/morb Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Sm Hf Gd Eu Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Sm Hf Gd Eu Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Sm Hf Gd Eu Tb Ti Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y Co Ni
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