NAME DATE PER preap Biology Evidence for Evolution
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1 NAME DATE PER preap Biology Evidence for Evolution Evidence for evolution comes from the following areas the fossil record, homologous structures, embryology, and DNA. You will examine examples from each of these areas and identify how they provide evidence for evolution. Part 1: Evidence in living Organisms: Homologous Structures Color the homologous bones according to the color scheme below: Green = humerus Red = radius Blue = ulna Yellow = metacarpals Purple = phlanges B A C F D G Code to forelimbs: A: Lemur B: Frog C: Bird D: Whale E: Human F: Cat G: Bat E 1
2 Answer the following questions: 1. Define homologous structures. 2. Do homologous structures have the same function in different organisms? 3. What do homologous structures have in common? 4. How does the existence of homologous structures support the theory of evolution? Part 2: Similarities in Embryology Study the diagrams below then answer the questions that follow. Embryonic Fetal 1. How is the embryonic stage of each animal similar? 2. How is the fetal stage of each animal similar? 3. Which organisms are most closely related? Explain your answer. 2
3 Part 3: The Evolution of Horses: Looking at the Fossil Record Figure 5 One of the best studied cases in the fossil record concerns the evolution of horses. Modern-day members of the Equidae include horses, zebras, donkeys and asses, all of which are large, long-legged, fast-running animals adapted to living on open grasslands. These species, all classified in the genus Equus, are the last living descendants of a long lineage that has produced 34 genera since its origin approximately 55 million years ago. The First Horse The earliest known members of the horse family, species in the genus Hyracotherium, didn't look much like horses at all. Small, with short legs and broad feet (figure 5), these species occurred in wooded habitats, where they probably browsed on leaves and herbs and escaped predators by dodging through openings in the forest vegetation. The evolutionary path from these smaller creatures to the workhorses of today has involved changes in a variety of traits, including: Size: The first horses were no bigger than dogs, with some considerably smaller. By contrast, modern horses can weigh more than a half ton. Examination of the fossil record reveals that horses changed little in size for their first 30 million years, but since then, a number of different lineages exhibited rapid and substantial increases. However, trends toward decreased size were also exhibited among some branches of the horse evolutionary tree (figure 6). Figure 6 Tooth Size and Shape: The teeth of Hyracotherium were small and relatively simple in shape. Though time, horse teeth have increased greatly in length and have developed a complex patter o ridges on their molars and premolars (figure 7). The effect of these changes is to produce teeth better capable of chewng tough gritty vegetation, such as grass, which tends to wear teeth down. Accompanying these changes have been alterations in the shape of the skull that strengthened the skull to withstand the stresses imposed by continual chewing. As with body size, evolutionary change has not been constant through time. Rather, much of the change in tooth shape has occurred within the past 20 million years. 3
4 Toe Reduction: The feet of modern horses have a single toe, enclosed in a tough, bony hoof. By contrast, Hyracotherium had four toes on its front feet and three on its hindfeet. Rather than hooves, these toes were encased in fleshy pads. Examination of the fossils clearly shows the transition through time: increase in length of the central toe, development of the bony hoof, and reduction and loss of the other toes (figure 7). As with body size, these trends occurred at the same time on several different branches of the horse evolutionary tree. Horses were alsoevolving changes in the length and skeletal structure of the limbs, leading to animals capable of running long distances at high speeds Evolutionary Trends: For many years, horse evolution was held up as an example of constant evolutionary change through time. Some even saw in the record of horse evolution evidence for a guiding force, consistently pushing evolution to move in a single direction. We now know that such views are misguided; evolutionary change over millions of years is rarely simple. Rather, the fossils demonstrate that, although there have been overall trends evident in a variety of characteristics, evolutionary change has been far from constant and uniform through time. Instead, rates of evolution have varied widely, with long periods of little change and some periods of great change. Moreover, when changes happen, they often occur simultaneously in different lineages of the horse evolutionary tree. Finally, even when a trend exists, exceptions, such as the evolutionary decrease in body size exhibited by some lineages, are not uncommon Figure 7 4
5 Answer the following questions after reading about the evolution of the horse. 1. What organisms are members of the genus Equus? 2. When did this genus originate? 3. What did the earlist known horses look like? 4. Describe how the horse has chaged over time in the following areas: a. Size b. Tooth size and shape c. Number of toes 5. Is the horse a perfect example of evolutionary chage through time? Why or why not? 6. Do you think a perfect example exists? 5
6 Part 4: DNA DNA is the blueprint of all life forms. A modern area that provides evidence for evolution comes from similarities in amino acid sequences. Use the tables below that show the umber of amino acid differences between humans and a number of other organisms for a protein (cytochrome c) that consists of 104 amino acids. Answer the questions that follow. Species Pairing # Differences Human chimp 0 Human - fruit fly 29 Human - horse 12 Human pigeon 12 Human rattlesnake 14 Human bread mold 48 Human Rhesus monkey 1 Human snapping turtle 15 Human tuna 21 Human - wheat On the basis of differences in their cytochrome c, which organisms appear to be most closely related to humans? Explain. 2. On the basis of differences in their cytochrome c, which organisms appear to be leastclosely related to humans? Explain. 3. Check the pair of organisms that would be most closely related to each other and explain your answer. Snapping turtle tuna Snapping turtle rattlesnake Snapping turtle pigeon 6
7 Part 5: Biogeography Organisms that live in similar environments may be unrelated but have similar adaptations. This is how natural selection works. The sugar glider (top) is native to Australia and is unrelated to the flying squirrel (bottom), which is native to North America. Examine the animals and answer the questions that follow. 1. In what ways are the sugar glider and flying squirrel similar? 2. How is it that seemingly unrelated organisms can appear so similar? 3. Sugar gliders are marsupial mammals and flying squirrels are placental mammals. What does this mean and how might scientists use this information to determine how closely (or distantly) related these organisms are? 7
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