Adaptation, Evolution & development
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1 Adaptation, Evolution & development CIGOGNE lab
2 Evolution genes & shape
3 - Innovation in our own time experimental evolution - New genes, new uses cis versus coding changes - The genetic toolkit gene regulatory networks - Constraints in evolution convergent evolution
4 Innovation in our own time Experimental evolution Lenski LTEE
5 Experimental evolution Long-term E.coli experiment Elena 2003
6 Fitness landscapes several evolutionary path Elena 2003
7 Point mutations Spot T gene Cooper 2003
8 Unicorn's horn Evolution of the ability to feed on citrate
9 Innovation in our own time Regulatory change + duplications + point mutations Blount et al., Nature 2012
10 Innovation in our own time Complex bases of a complex adaptation Blount et al., Nature 2012
11 To Sum up Experimental evolution evolution in action micro-organisms controlled environments / short timescales booming field
12 - Innovation in our own time experimental evolution - New genes, new uses cis versus coding changes - The genetic toolkit gene regulatory networks - Constraints in evolution convergent evolution
13 Comparing current species evo-devo Morphological (anatomical) changes often provide the substrate on which selection operates during evolution. The corresponding morphological (anatomical) structures are formed during development. To change morphology evolution must change development. Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) aims to understand how this occurs. (c) Maura Strigini
14 New genes, new uses domestication of transposable elements Syncytins are genes of retroviral origin Cornelis 2015
15 New genes, new uses New functions through gene duplication
16 Gene family mini quizz What is a paralog? A- A protein that has taken on a new function B- A protein that can have two different functions at once C- A gene that serves a similar function in a related species D- A gene that has relates to another through gene duplication Mark the duplication(s) in this tree + show homologous genes mouse rat mouse insulin family rat human
17 New function in venom
18 Changes in expression darwin's finches Abzkhanov 2004,6
19 New genes, new uses changes in cis-regulatory vs. coding regions Wagner and Lynch, Trendsin Eco 2008
20 Change in cis-regulatory regions The importance of spatial & temporal Cis-regulation even-skipped in a Drosophila embryo
21 Modularity of cisregulatory sequences even-skipped in a Drosophila embryo Changes in cis-regulatory sequences favored by S. Carroll
22 - Innovation in our own time experimental evolution - New genes, new uses cis versus coding changes - The genetic toolkit gene regulatory networks - Constraints in evolution convergent evolution
23 The Genetic Toolkit Hox genes in drosophila
24 The Genetic Toolkit Hox genes in drosophila A/P colinear expression of the Hox gene cluster
25 The Genetic Toolkit Hox genes in drosophila and mouse
26 The Genetic Toolkit Hox genes in drosophila and mouse The same regulatory genes are shared by animals with different body plans = Shared regulatory genes have conserved roles in development
27 The Genetic Toolkit Hox genes clusters may be disorganized but still expressed colinearly Duboule, Development 2007
28 The Genetic Toolkit Dorso-ventral axis in vertebrates vs. insects These genes are homologous (Dpp/BMP4 and Sog/Chordin)
29 reconstruct features of the common ancestor of bilaterian animals The Genetic Toolkit present in animal ancestors
30 The Genetic Toolkit Dorso-ventral axis in vertebrates vs. insects not so simple!
31 The Genetic Toolkit Fly limb development
32 The Genetic Toolkit Limb development in fly & mouse
33 The Genetic Toolkit Limb development in cricket & bats Dpp Bmp2 more cell divisions longer limbs
34 The Genetic Toolkit forelimb loss in snakes
35 The Genetic Toolkit summary Similar set of genes Similar interactions : gene regulatory networks Similar effect on cells : proliferation, migration, polarization BUT Integration in tissues is different + spatial & temporal regulation is different
36 To sum up - Protein cooption, gene duplications, gene recruitement - Gene regulatory changes - Animals as different as mammals and insects use the same "toolkit" of regulatory genes during development - Genes at the top of regulatory network influence many other genes downstream - Adaptation are often imperfect as a result of co-option of the regulatory network available
37 - Innovation in our own time experimental evolution - New genes, new uses cis versus coding changes - The genetic toolkit gene regulatory networks - Constraints in evolution convergent evolution
38 Constraints in evolution Building on history, physical laws...
39 Constraints in evolution Facilitating developmental structures pedomorphosis and interdigital webbing in salamanders source: Jaekel & Wake 2007
40 Constraints in evolution Counterselected developmental structures all mammals, except for sloths and manatees, have exactly seven cervical vertebrae homeotic transformations that change the number of cervical vertebrae are extremely common in humans, but are strongly selected against: source: Galis 2006
41 Constraints in evolution convergent evolution smilodon Thylacosmilus
42 Convergent evolution polatouche sugar glider Glaucomys sabrinus Petaurus breviceps
43 Convergent evolution placental mammals marsupials source:
44 Convergent evolution within placental mammals source: Biologie évolutive deboek
45 Convergent evolution is pervasive molecular phylogeny (DNA) non-convergent convergent
46 Convergent evolution in placental mammals morphology source :Delsuc, Mauffrey, Douzery 2003 DNA
47 Convergent evolution in placental mammals paléobiogeography Jurassic Lower cretaceous Upper cretaceous source: Wildman et al., 2007
48 Contingency Replay the tape of life
49 Contingency, Convergent evolution, is evolution predictable? experimental evolution Lenski LTEE
50 Contingency, Convergent evolution, is evolution predictable? Compare current species
51 Morphological convergent evolution = common genetic bases? PRESTIN DNA ECHOLOCATION source:li et al. Curr Biol 2010
52 D'où vient la légereté paternelle? convergent evolution / contingency mechanism vasopressin (horomon) vasopressin receptor (horomon receptor) and human?
53 Recurrent or standing mutations? marine water EDA variant fresh water source: Savolainen et al 2013 Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickelback) - Jones 2012
54 Lines of least resistance Facilitating genetic structures variant PITX1 fresh water source: Chan et al 2011
55 To sum up - Convergent evolution is a pervasive phenomenon - Studying convergent evolution is a way to see constraints in evolution - Convergent evolution may result or not from the same genetic changes
56 Convergent genomic evolution CIGOGNE lab Compare current (rodent) species methodological development - Facilitating developmental structures? - Common genetic bases? - What scale? developmental process, pathway, gene, amino-acids, nucleotides - What level? Coding, expression?
57 bibliography
58 Comparing current species history of evo-devo - Evolution + - Mendelian genetics (allele frequency in populations) = Modern synthesis (early 1900s) Comparative anatomy and embryology + fossils Developmental genetics ( 80s) : model species - -> what connects genes to morphology - -> new models Phylogenetics (molecular) (c) Maura Strigini
59 Comparing current species multiple scope of evo-devo 1. How conserved are developmental processes? 2. Can we use developmental information to understand the origin of evolutionary novelties? 3. Can we discover the genetic changes that lie behind evolutionary changes in morphology? (c) Maura Strigini
60 Homology detour : homology is central in evo-devo Homology has nothing to do with function: corresponding body parts may have a similar design but can serve different functions: swimming, flying etc... Homology statements might change with the scale of your observation: tetrapod forelimbs are homologous, but bird and bat wings are not! (c) Maura Strigini
61 Homology Are homologous structures underpinned by homologous genes? And viceversa? This is a highly debated and central question in Evo-Devo Things are not simple: Homologous characters can have different genetic and developmental bases Homologous genes can be implicated in non homologous structures It is the historical continuity of gene regulatory networks rather than the expression of individual homologous genes that underlies the homology of morphological characters Classical example of a tricky case: Pax6 and eye formation in metazoans See Wagner Nature Reviews Genetics, 8, 473, 2007 (c) Maura Strigini
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