The Nature of Organic Materials in Intimate Associations with the Soil Clay Fraction
|
|
- Adela Walters
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Nature of Organic Materials in Intimate Associations with the Soil Clay Fraction Michael H.B. Hayes 1, Andre J. Simpson 2, Guixue Song 1 1 Chemical and Environmental Sciences University of Limerick, Ireland 2 Department of Chemistry University of Toronto at Scarborough Toronto, Canada
2 Classical Definitions Humus: Components of Soil Organic Matter so transformed as to bear no morphological resemblances to the materials of origin Humic Substances: Amorphous, brown, polymeric substances that are differentiated on the basis of solubility properties into: HUMIC ACIDS, Precipitated at ph 1 from solution in aqueous base; FULVIC ACIDS, soluble in aqueous media at all ph values; HUMIN, insoluble in aqueous media
3 COMPOUNDS BELONGING TO RECOGNISABLE CLASSES, SUCH AS POLYSACCHARIDES, PEPTIDES, ALTERED LIGNINS THAT CAN BE SYNTHESIZED BY MICROORGANISMS OR CAN ARISE FROM MODIFICATIONS OF SIMILAR COMPOUNDS IN THE ORGANIC DEBRIS ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE HUMIC SUBSTANCES. The concept of Humic Substances as polymeric or macromolecular materials is now challenged and there is growing acceptance of pseudo-macromolecular assemblies arising from molecular associations.
4 HUMIN IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE A HUMIC COMPONENT IN INTIMATE ASSOCIATION WITH THE SOIL CLAYS. IT WILL BE SHOWN THAT SUCH MATERIALS DO NOT SATISFY THE CRITERIA OUTLINED IN THE CLASSICAL DEFINITIONS OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES
5 Any humic material recovered from soil by whatever means, after exhaustive extractions in aqueous base, can be considered to be Humin
6 Hydrogen Bonding and cation bridging are major mechanisms that inhibit the solvation of humic and other organic molecules in soils
7 Divalent and polyvalent cations can be displaced by H + -exchanging or by chelation. Hydrogen bonds can be broken by urea and by some organic solvents
8 Uses of Urea Urea (8M) is used in Biological Chemistry to break Hydrogen bonds. After exhaustive extractions of H + - exchanged soil, we use urea, in 0.1M NaOH. There were little differences between the amounts of additional organic materials isolated by 8M compared with 6M urea.
9 Urea (Continued) Optical density of Extractions Optical density Molarity of Urea 1st Extraction 6M 2nd Extraction 6M 1st Extraction 8M
10 Thus we use 6M urea in 0.1M NaOH in our exhaustive extraction procedures (following exhaustive extraction in 0.1 M NaOH)
11 In the classical definitions the material isolated in the 0.1M NaOH + 6M urea system described would be regarded as Humin
12 Principles Involved in Solvation When solvent molecules cluster around a solute molecule solvation takes place. Solvation is governed by properties of the solvent and the solute. The relative polarities of solvent and of solute are important in considerations of solubilities
13 Table 1 Relevant Properties of Organic Solvents
14 Table 2
15 Good Organic Solvents The Absorbance Values listed were compiled by multiplying the optical density observed by the dilution factor (using the solvent as diluent). Consider AVs of 18 and above as Good Solvents All these have molar volumes of 77 or less. All have viscosity values of 2 or less. All have Electrostatic Factor values of 140 or more. All have pk HB values >2 (a measure of abilities to break hydrogen bonds)
16 Good Organic Solvents (Continued) Thus DMF, Formamide, and DMSO are good solvents, But Solutes cannot be recovered from these solvents by freeze drying. Boiling points are too high for solvent evaporation to be effective. Resin technology can be used.
17 Again Any material that can be considered to be humic that is extracted in organic solvents, after exhaustive extractions in base, would, in the classical definitions, be HUMIN
18 We have seen that DMSO is the best of the organic solvents tested for the solvation of H + -exchanged humic acid
19 But, DMSO is a poor solvent for anions (though a good solvent for cations) Thus it is essential to have the soil/clay medium H + -exchanged in order to use DMSO.
20 DMSO plus concd H 2 SO 4 (94:6 in volume): An excellent solvent for aqueous base insoluble humin fractions DMSO is a excellent solvent to penetrate clay minerals A small amount of H 2 SO 4 protonates Ionized HS allowing Solvation in DMSO. High solvation (45-65%) takes place Exothermic reaction avoided for dry clay samples. Mild solvent for extraction of recalcitrant humin. No significant structural changes observed.
21 Flow chart for sequential exhaustive extraction of SOM
22 H + -exchanged soil Sequential exhaustive Extraction at ph 7, 10.6 and 12.6, under N 2 Alkaline extracts Dilute <20 ppm, adjust ph 2 XAD-8 Crude humin (soil residue) HAs at ph7, 10.6 and 12.6 XAD-4 FAs at ph7, 10.6, and 12.6 Insoluble humin XAD-4 acids 0.1M NaOH + 6 M Urea in N 2 Urea extracts Dry humic-rich clay DMSO + 6% H 2 SO 4 Dilute <20ppm, adjust ph 2.5 Insoluble DMSO extract XAD-8 10% HF H 2 O DMSO insoluble Humin Insoluble dialysis Soluble XAD-8 resin Urea HA XAD-4 Urea FAs DMSO Humin DMSO FAs Urea XAD-4 acids
23 In Summary Our approach isolates soil organic substances at different ph values giving fractionation on the basis of charge density differences. Then in the sequential extraction we use 0.1M NaOH + 6M urea. Then DMSO + 6% H2SO4 The Urea and DMSO isolates are fractionated into operationally defined humic, fulvic and XAD-4 fractions. The residual material is recovered by dissolving the clay in HF
24 13 C Chemical Shift (ppm) 13 C Chemical Shift (ppm) 13 C Chemical Shift (ppm)
25 Variable Amplitude Cross Polarization(VACP) 13 C NMR Solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR) experiments were carried out using a Varian Inova spectrometer at 13 C and 1 H frequencies of and MHz, respectively. Jackobsen 5 mm MAS double-resonance probe heads were employed. The Variable Amplitude Cross Polarisation with Total Sidebands Suppression technique (VACP-TOSS) was applied with a contact time of 1 ms, a spinning speed of 5 khz, acquisition times of 13 ms, recycle delays of 500 ms.
26 We now show VACP spectra for humic acids isolated from soil at different ph values ranging from ph 7 to 12.6, in 0.5 M NaOH and 0.1M NaOU + Urea. The sequential extraction process was used
27 Urea HA 163 urea HA 0.5M NaOH HA ph 12.6 HA ph 10.6 HA ph C C h e m ic a l s h ift (p p m ) VACP-TOSS 13 C NMR spectra: HAs sequentially/exhaustively extracted at different ph and with 0.1M NaOH + 6M urea from maize-amended soil
28 Note how the evidence for lignin residues (O-aromatic and methoxyl resonances) increase as the ph of the extractant increased. That means that lesser humified humic substances were isolated at the higher ph values. Again, note the similarities between the base and urea extracts.
29 And, What about the DMSO + H 2 SO 4 system? Is it likely to degrade the organic materials and give rise to artefacts? Our evidence, based on NMR spectra for lignin, suggests that structural alterations do not occur
30 Comparison of VACP 13 C NMR spectra of lignin, and Of Lignin after sequential treatment with 0.1M NaOH+6M urea and with DMSO+6%H 2 SO 4 (a) lignin base/urea treated DMSO+6%H 2 SO 4 treated (b) Cellulose CChemicalShift(ppm) FTIR spectra of lignin (a) and Cellulose (b). Cellulose (DMSO+6% H 2 SO 4 treated)
31 128 HAs 171 IHSS Mollisol FAs a * * 72 VACP DD ph 7 d VACP DD b , VACP DD ph 12.6 e VACP DD c VACP 0.1M NaOH + 6M urea f VACP DD DD C Chemical shift (ppm) C Chemical shift (ppm)
32 173 Humic acids 128 Fulvic acids d a ph 7 VACP DD * VACP b , DD VACP DD ph 12.6 e VACP DD c VACP 0.1M NaOH + 6M urea f VACP DD DD C Chemical shifts (ppm) C Chemical shift (ppm)
33 Based on the NMR and IR evidence shown, we are reasonably confident that the DMSO + H 2 SO 4 system does not give rise to artefacts in the systems we work with
34 Let us look now at DMSO Humin, i.e. materials isolated in DMSO + 6% H 2 SO 4 after the soil had been exhaustively extracted in the solvent sequence ending with 0.1M NaoH + 6M urea
35 33 30 DMSO Humin DMSO Fulvic Acids full vacp CSA filter full vacp DD 30 23,19,14 DD 153, VACP-TOSS spectra of DMSO humin (a) and DMSO Fulvic acids, an uncultivated grassland surface soil from Clonroche, Ireland.
36 (a) DMSO humin VACP-TOSS DD Oak Park 33 VACP-TOSS spectra (thin line) and corresponding DD spectra (thick line) of DMSO humin (a), DMSO insolulbe humin (b) and an expanded CSA filtered spectrum of DMSO insoluble humin (c) (c) DMSO insoluble humin. CSA-filtered , (b) DMSO insoluble humin VACP-TOSS DD a Oak Park Transmittance% b C Chemical shift (ppm) wavelength (cm -1 ) FT-IR spectra of DMSO humin (a), and DMSO insoluble humin (b).
37 VACP-TOSS DD VACP-TOSS DD a b C Chemical shift (ppm) 13 C C hem icalshift (ppm )
38 DMSO/H 2 SO 4 extracted significant amount of DMSO humin, and a small amount of water soluble DMSO fulvic- acids like fractions (<5%). DMSO humin is dominanted by highly aliphatic moieties, low aromatic carbon, and by strong contributions from polysaccharides,and polypeptides. CSA filtered spectra are well resolved, indicating strong resonances from anomeric C (carbohydrates), crystalline polymethylene aliphatic (33 ppm) and amorphous polymethylene aliphatic carbon from long chain alkanes, waxes, culticular material and/or long chain fatty acids, etc. DD spectra showed lower resonances from 55 ppm and in the O- aromatic region, suggesting low altered lignin residues, and the contribution from polypeptides and lignin or lignin derived mateiral. Compared with DMSO humin, DMSO fulvic acids are more oxidized, have more mobile polysaccharide-like structures.
39 Liquid State NMR of Humin Materials We now look at liquid state NMR spectra of Urea- and DMSO/H 2 SO 4 isolated Humin soil components
40 amide phenylalanine Aromatic in lignin Urea other protons in C DMSO * Anomeric protons in C α protons in P methoxyl in lignin P-OCO- (CH2) in LP N-acetyl group in PG -(CH2)n Urea humic acids, IHSS Mollisol -CH3 -γ(ch2) a Aliphatic C: carbohydrate P: polypeptides LP: lipoprotein PG: peptidoglycan DMSO humin, IHSS Mollisol b deuterium exchanged N-H to N-D due to addition of 4% D 2 SO 4 aromatic, amide carbohydrate, peptides, lignin, DMSO LP* PG ppm
41 ppm Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) spectrum of DMSO humin isolated from DMSO+ 6% H 2 SO 4. General assignments are as follows: (1) Aliphatic Couplings; (2) Couplings from aliphatic alcohols and ethers - some amino acid side chains overlap in this region; (3) Couplings between α- protons and amino acid side chains in peptides/proteins. Couplings from ester will also overlap in this region; (4) Couplings from double bonds and, (5) Couplings from amide in peptides. Note these couplings are weak as most of the amides have been exchanged by the addition of D 2 SO ppm
42 ppm DMSO humin, IHSS Mollisol 2 PG 10 DMSO ppm Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence (HMQC) spectrum of the DMSO humin fraction, Mollisol IHSS standard. Assignments are as follows: (1) Aliphatic (for detailed assignment of this region; (2) R-OCO-CH 2 R methylene unit adjacent to the carbonyl in lipids (including lipoproteins and cutins); (3) CH 2 carbohydrate; (4) CH carbohydrate; (5) methoxyl; (6) α H-C in peptides/protein.
43 What can we Conclude? The procedures outlined show that, using sequential exhaustive extractions at increasing ph values, humic fractions can be isolated that are compositionally different, though still mixtures. Additional humic acids and fulvic acids are isolated in 0.1M NaOH + 6M urea systems. The mechanisms of release of these materials from the humin matrix may involve conformational alterations or cleavages of hydrogen bonding constraints. The residual materials released in DMSO + 6% H 2 SO 4 are compositionally different from the extracts in aqueous systems. These isolates would be classed as Humin Materials However, these do not satisfy the Operational definitions of Humic Substances
44 Conclusions (Continued) Thus, these so called humin materials are likely to be the most recalcitrant components of SOM. These are protected because of intimate associations between the molecules and clay surfaces. It is evident that, for the most part these are carbohydrates, peptides, peptidoglycans, waxes, lipids, aliphatic hydrocarbons, cutins, etc., but lignin derived (humic) subatances are likely to be there only because of entrapments. In other words the components in associations with the clays are predominantly organic molecules, whose structural types are well known.
UNIT 3 CHEMISTRY. Fundamental Principles in Chemistry
UNIT 3 CHEMISTRY NOTE: This list has been compiled based on the topics covered in the 2016 Master Class program. Once all of the 2017 Chemistry program materials have been finalised, this summary will
More informationSUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR THE MANUSCRIPT. Phenanthrene sorption to soil humic acid and humin fractions
SUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR THE MANUSCRIPT Phenanthrene sorption to soil humic acid and humin fractions Bei Wen a *, Jing-jing Zhang a, Shu-zhen Zhang a, Xiao-quan Shan a *, Shahamat U. Khan b and Baoshan
More informationSequential exhaustive extraction of a Mollisol soil, and. characterizations of humic components, including humin, by
Sequential exhaustive extraction of a Mollisol soil, and characterizations of humic components, including humin, by solid and solution state NMR G. SONG a, E. H. NOVOTNY ab, A. J. SIMPSON c, C. E. CLAPP
More informationThe resonance frequency of the H b protons is dependent upon the orientation of the H a protons with respect to the external magnetic field:
Spin-Spin Splitting in Alkanes The signal arising from a proton or set of protons is split into (N+1) lines by the presence of N adjacent nuclei Example 1: Bromoethane The resonance frequency of the H
More informationZAHID IQBAL WARRAICH
Q1 Chromatography is an important analytical technique in chemistry. There is a number of techniques under the general heading of chromatography. (a) Paper and gas chromatography rely on partition to separate
More informationHUMUS CHEMISTRY. Genesis, Composition, Reactions. Second Edition. F. J. STEVENSON Department of Agronomy University of Illinois
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. HUMUS CHEMISTRY Genesis, Composition, Reactions Second Edition F. J. STEVENSON Department of Agronomy University of Illinois New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore CONTENTS
More informationPhoto-switched self-assembly of Gemini -helical peptide into supramolecular architectures
5 Electronic Supplementary Information of Photo-switched self-assembly of Gemini -helical peptide into supramolecular architectures Chang-Sheng Chen, Xiao-Ding Xu, Shi-Ying Li, Ren-Xi Zhuo, Xian-Zheng
More information2015 AP Biology Unit 2 PRETEST- Introduction to the Cell and Biochemistry
Name: Class: _ Date: _ 2015 AP Biology Unit 2 PRETEST- Introduction to the Cell and Biochemistry Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In what
More informationCenter for Sustainable Environmental Technologies, Iowa State University
NMR Characterization of Biochars By Catherine Brewer Center for Sustainable Environmental Technologies, Iowa State University Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) uses a very strong
More informationChapter 2 The Chemistry of Biology. Dr. Ramos BIO 370
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Biology Dr. Ramos BIO 370 2 Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules Matter - all materials that occupy space and have mass Matter is composed of atoms. Atom simplest form of matter not divisible
More informationBio-elements. Living organisms requires only 27 of the 90 common chemical elements found in the crust of the earth, to be as its essential components.
Bio-elements Living organisms requires only 27 of the 90 common chemical elements found in the crust of the earth, to be as its essential components. Most of the chemical components of living organisms
More informationCOSY type experiments exploring through-bond homonuclear correlations
COSY type experiments exploring through-bond homonuclear correlations Assistant Professor Kenneth Kongstad Bioanalytical Chemistry and Metabolomics Research Group Section for Natural Products and Peptides
More informationOAT Organic Chemistry - Problem Drill 19: NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
OAT Organic Chemistry - Problem Drill 19: NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. Which statement concerning NMR spectroscopy is incorrect? Question #01 (A) Only nuclei
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance H-NMR Part 1 Introduction to NMR, Instrumentation, Sample Prep, Chemical Shift. Dr. Sapna Gupta
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance H-NMR Part 1 Introduction to NMR, Instrumentation, Sample Prep, Chemical Shift Dr. Sapna Gupta Introduction NMR is the most powerful tool available for organic structure determination.
More informationChemistry Review - Vocabulary
Name Topic 1 - Atomic Concepts atom atomic number atomic mass electron valence electrons excited state ground state isotope mass number neutron orbital proton shell wave-mechanical model quanta spectra
More informationEthyl crotonate. Example of benchtop NMR on small organic molecules
R Ethyl crotonate Example of benchtop NMR on small organic molecules Ethyl crotonate (C 6 H 10 O 2 ) is a colourless liquid at room temperature. It is soluble in water, and is used as a solvent for cellulose
More informationOrder of Functionality Loss During
S1 Supplemental Information Order of Functionality Loss During Photodegradation of Aquatic Humic Substances KEVIN A. THORN, STEVEN J. YOUNGER, AND LARRY G. COX U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center,
More informationThe Chemistry of Microbiology
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology Atoms Matter anything that takes up space and has mass
More informationChemistry. Atomic and Molecular Structure
Chemistry Atomic and Molecular Structure 1. The periodic table displays the elements in increasing atomic number and shows how periodicity of the physical and chemical properties of the elements relates
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) 1) Which of the following statements about the atom A) It has 12 neutrons in its nucleus. B) It
More informationVOCABULARY. Set #2. Set #1
VOCABULARY Set #1 1. Absolute zero 2. Accepted value 3. Accuracy 4. Celsius scale 5. Conversion factor 6. Density 7. Dimensional analysis 8. Experimental value 9. Gram 10. International system of units
More informationCEE 697z Organic Compounds in Water and Wastewater
Print version CEE 697z Organic Compounds in Water and Wastewater NOM Characterization Ran Zhao Lecture #6 Dave Reckhow - Organics In W & WW Outline Introduction of NOM Water treatment processes for NOM
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) 1) Which of the following statements about the atom A) It has 12 neutrons in its nucleus. B) It
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Figure 2.1
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Figure 2.1 1) Which compound in Figure 2.1 is an ester? 1) A) a b c d e Answer: D 2) A scientist
More informationCHEM Chapter 13. Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy (Homework) W
CHEM 2423. Chapter 13. Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy (Homework) W Short Answer 1. For a nucleus to exhibit the nuclear magnetic resonance phenomenon, it must be magnetic. Magnetic nuclei include: a. all
More informationExperiment 11: NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Experiment 11: NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY Purpose: This is an exercise to introduce the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy, to determine
More informationAdvanced Unit 6B: Chemistry Laboratory Skills II Alternative
Write your name here Surname Other names Edexcel GCE Centre Number Candidate Number Chemistry Advanced Unit 6B: Chemistry Laboratory Skills II Alternative Wednesday 15 May 2013 Morning Time: 1 hour 15
More informationName Date Class STATES OF MATTER
13 STATES OF MATTER Each clue describes a vocabulary term. Read the clues and write the letters of each term on the lines. 1. Clue: the energy an object has because of its motion. 2. Clue: results from
More informationTest bank for Chemistry An Introduction to General Organic and Biological Chemistry 12th Edition by Timberlake
Test bank for Chemistry An Introduction to General Organic and Biological Chemistry 12th Edition by Timberlake Link download full: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-chemistry-an-introduction-to-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry-12th-edition-by-timberlak
More informationStudents are required to bring these definitions HAND written on separate 3 in X 5 in index cards by chapters, the first week of school
Students are required to bring these definitions HAND written on separate 3 in X 5 in index cards by chapters, the first week of school 2015-2016 Have a Great Summer!!! Ms. Charles LAB SAFETY/Vocabulary
More informationSolutions. Experiment 11. Various Types of Solutions. Solution: A homogenous mixture consisting of ions or molecules
Solutions Solution: A homogenous mixture consisting of ions or molecules -Assignment: Ch 15 Questions & Problems : 5, (15b,d), (17a, c), 19, 21, 23, 27, (33b,c), 39, (43c,d),45b, 47, (49b,d), (55a,b),
More informationMolecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.
Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(σ), that
More informationAssessment Schedule 2017 Scholarship Chemistry (93102)
Scholarship Chemistry (93102) 2017 page 1 of 9 Assessment Schedule 2017 Scholarship Chemistry (93102) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Level 3 Scholarship Outstanding ONE (a)(i) Lewis structure: [Total electron
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL, ORGANIG, AND BLOLOGIGAL CHEMISTRY JOHN R. HOLUM
FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL, ORGANIG, AND BLOLOGIGAL CHEMISTRY SIXTH EDITION JOHN R. HOLUM Augsburg College JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York / Ghichester / Weinheim Brisbane / Singapore / Toronto CONTENTS
More informationUNIT 1: BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT 1: BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 1: Biochemistry Chapter 6.1: Chemistry of Life I. Atoms, Ions, and Molecules A. Living things consist of atoms of different elements 1. An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter
More information2/25/2013. Electronic Configurations
1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2 Chemical Principles The Structure of Atoms Chemistry is the study of interactions between atoms and molecules The atom is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my Organic Chemistry Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups by Dr. Seema Zareen & Dr. Izan Izwan Misnon Faculty Industrial Science
More informationChapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins,
More informationChemical Alterations Occurring During Biomass Charring and their Impact on Char Recalcitrance
Chemical Alterations ccurring During Biomass Charring and their Impact on Char Recalcitrance Heike Knicker Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain Impact of fire on soil organic
More information1. 3-hour Open book exam. No discussion among yourselves.
Lecture 13 Review 1. 3-hour Open book exam. No discussion among yourselves. 2. Simple calculations. 3. Terminologies. 4. Decriptive questions. 5. Analyze a pulse program using density matrix approach (omonuclear
More informationBasic Concepts of NMR: Identification of the Isomers of C 4 O 2. by 1 H NMR Spectroscopy
Basic Concepts of NM: Identification of the Isomers of C H 8 O by H NM Spectroscopy Objectives NM spectroscopy is a powerful tool in determining the structure of compounds. Not only is it able to give
More informationChemistry 2 Summer 2008 Exam 3 KEY Chapters 11, 13, & 15
Chemistry 2 Summer 2008 Exam 3 KEY Chapters 11, 13, & 15 You might find the following useful. Answer the following by writing the word, words, letter, letters or number in each blank that best completes
More informationNORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE. Honors Biology I
NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-2, Biochemistry Honors Biology I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: Period: Seat #: Date: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE Honors Biology I Unit
More informationCHEMISTRY. 2 Types of Properties Associated with Matter. Composition of Matter. Physical: properties that do not change the identity of the substance
CHEMISTRY Composition of Matter Matter Mass Anything that occupies space and has mass Quantity of matter an object has Weight Pull of gravity on an object 2 Types of Properties Associated with Matter Physical:
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy: Identification of Unknown Substances
Infrared Spectroscopy: Identification of Unknown Substances Suppose a white powder is one of the four following molecules. How can they be differentiated? H N N H H H H Na H H H H H A technique that is
More informationGCSE CHEMISTRY REVISION LIST
GCSE CHEMISTRY REVISION LIST OCR Gateway Chemistry (J248) from 2016 Topic C1: Particles C1.1 Describe the main features of the particle model in terms of states of matter and change of state Explain, in
More informationTuesday, January 13, NMR Spectroscopy
NMR Spectroscopy NMR Phenomenon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance µ A spinning charged particle generates a magnetic field. A nucleus with a spin angular momentum will generate a magnetic moment (μ). If these
More information1. Atomic Concepts. The student should be able to: relate experimental evidence to models of the atom
1. Atomic Concepts The modern model of the atom has evolved over a long period of time through the work of many scientists. Each atom has a nucleus, with an overall positive charge, surrounded by negatively
More informationBasic Concepts of Chemistry
Basic Concepts of Chemistry Malone, L ISBN-13: 9780471741541 Table of Contents PROLOGUE INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY A. The Creation of Matter B. The Mystery of Fire C. The Scientific Method
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition. Chapter 2
Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 2 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 2 CHEMICAL BASIS OF
More informationSupporting Information for Polybenzimidazolium Salts: A New Class of. Anion-Conducting Polymer
Supporting Information for Polybenzimidazolium Salts: A ew Class of Anion-Conducting Polymer Owen D. Thomas, Kristen J. W. Y. Soo, Timothy J. Peckham, Mahesh P. Kulkarni and Steven Holdcroft* Department
More informationMagnetic Nuclei other than 1 H
Magnetic Nuclei other than 1 H 2 H (Deuterium): I = 1 H,D-Exchange might be used to simplify 1 H-NMR spectra since H-D couplings are generally small; - - - -O- - - -D 2 -O- triplet of triplets slightly
More informationChapter 6 Chemistry in Biology
Section 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 2: Chemical Reactions Section 3: Water and Solutions Section 4: The Building Blocks of Life Click on a lesson name to select. 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and
More informationHigh-Resolutio n NMR Techniques i n Organic Chemistry TIMOTHY D W CLARIDGE
High-Resolutio n NMR Techniques i n Organic Chemistry TIMOTHY D W CLARIDGE Foreword Preface Acknowledgements V VI I X Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. The development of high-resolution NMR 1 1.2. Modern
More informationChemistry Review Unit 5 Physical Behavior of Matter
Chemistry Review Phases of Matter, Changes of Phase, Substances, Mixtures, Solutions, Effect of Solute on Solution, Energy, Kinetics of Solids, Liquids and Gases Matter, Phases and Gas Laws 1. Matter is
More informationProtein Structure Determination using NMR Spectroscopy. Cesar Trinidad
Protein Structure Determination using NMR Spectroscopy Cesar Trinidad Introduction Protein NMR Involves the analysis and calculation of data collected from multiple NMR techniques Utilizes Nuclear Magnetic
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY BIOCHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION ORGANIZATION? MATTER. elements into the order and appearance we now
BIOCHEMISTRY MR. HULSE BVHS BIOLOGY MATTER Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass Lacked clarity and flow BIOCHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION Biochemistry study of chemical and physiological process
More informationBasic Chemistry. Chapter 2 BIOL1000 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos
Basic Chemistry Chapter 2 BIOL1000 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos Chapter 2 Objectives Following this chapter, you should be able to describe: - Atoms, molecules, and ions - Composition and properties - Types of
More information3 Use of Mass Spectra to Obtain Structural Information
3 Use of Mass Spectra to Obtain Structural Information 1 Mass Spectrometry One of the most sensitive and versatile analytical tools More sensitive than other spectroscopic methods (e.g. IR spectroscopy)
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. C is FALSE?
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following statements about the atom 12 6 C is FALSE? 1) A) It has 12 neutrons
More informationName: Date: Per: Chapter 2 & 3 Review ~ for Test on Friday September How many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of water?
Name: Date: Per: WATER Chapter 2 & 3 Review ~ for Test on Friday September 6 ~ Unit: Chemistry of Life 1. How many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of water? How many oxygen atoms are in a molecule of
More informationBiochemistry,530:,, Introduc5on,to,Structural,Biology, Autumn,Quarter,2015,
Biochemistry,530:,, Introduc5on,to,Structural,Biology, Autumn,Quarter,2015, Course,Informa5on, BIOC%530% GraduateAlevel,discussion,of,the,structure,,func5on,,and,chemistry,of,proteins,and, nucleic,acids,,control,of,enzyma5c,reac5ons.,please,see,the,course,syllabus,and,
More informationEdexcel Chemistry Checklist
Topic 1. Key concepts in chemistry Video: Developing the atomic model Describe how and why the atomic model has changed over time. Describe the difference between the plum-pudding model of the atom and
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationUnit 5 Test. Name: Score: 37 / 37 points (100%)
Name: Score: 37 / 37 points (100%) Unit 5 Test Matching (1 point each) Match each item with the correct statement below a activity series j product b chemical equation k reactant c coefficient l reduction
More informationCHAPTER 8 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS BY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
146 CHAPTER 8 ISLATIN AND CHARACTERIZATIN F PHYTCNSTITUENTS BY CLUMN CHRMATGRAPHY 8.1 INTRDUCTIN Column chromatography is an isolation technique in which the phytoconstituents are being eluted by adsorption.
More informationOrganic Chemistry 112 A B C - Syllabus Addendum for Prospective Teachers
Chapter Organic Chemistry 112 A B C - Syllabus Addendum for Prospective Teachers Ch 1-Structure and bonding Ch 2-Polar covalent bonds: Acids and bases McMurry, J. (2004) Organic Chemistry 6 th Edition
More informationThe Chemistry and Energy of Life
2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Chapter 2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Key Concepts 2.1 Atomic Structure Is the Basis for Life s Chemistry 2.2 Atoms Interact and Form Molecules 2.3 Carbohydrates
More informationPreparation of Series Schiff Bases and Studying of their Liquid Crystalline Behavior
Preparation of Series Schiff Bases and Studying of their Liquid Crystalline Behavior Dr. Kareem Jaber 1 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science. Email: karee2000@hotmail.com
More information16 years ago TODAY (9/11) at 8:46, the first tower was hit at 9:03, the second tower was hit. Lecture 2 (9/11/17)
16 years ago TODAY (9/11) at 8:46, the first tower was hit at 9:03, the second tower was hit By Anthony Quintano - https://www.flickr.com/photos/quintanomedia/15071865580, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38538291
More informationSwitching to OCR A from AQA
Switching to OCR A from AQA The content within the OCR Chemistry A specification covers the key concepts of chemistry and will be very familiar. We ve laid it out in a logical progression to support co-teaching
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Here we included the FT-IR, 1 H NMR, 1 H- 13 C HSQC and DSC spectra of new compounds we did not include in the body of the manuscript. All of these spectra were acquired using instruments
More informationCHEMISTRY Ch. 14 Notes: Mixtures and Solutions NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics.
CHEMISTRY Ch. 14 Notes: Mixtures and Solutions NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics. 14.1 notes I. Types of mixtures (mixture a physical blend of substances)
More informationQ.1 Draw structures for all amines of molecular formula C 4 H 11 N. Classify them as primary, secondary or tertiary amines.
1 AMIES Structure ontain the 2 group. lassification primary (1 ) amines secondary (2 ) amines tertiary (3 ) amines quarternary (4 ) ammonium salts + 1 2 3 4 Aliphatic Aromatic methylamine, ethylamine,
More informationUsing NMR and IR Spectroscopy to Determine Structures Dr. Carl Hoeger, UCSD
Using NMR and IR Spectroscopy to Determine Structures Dr. Carl Hoeger, UCSD The following guidelines should be helpful in assigning a structure from NMR (both PMR and CMR) and IR data. At the end of this
More informationYin and yang in chemistry education: the complementary nature of FTIR and NMR spectroscopies
APPLICATION NOTE Yin and yang in chemistry education: the complementary nature of FTIR and NMR spectroscopies No. 52742 Authors: Matthew Gundlach, Katherine Paulsen, Michael Garry, Steve Lowry, Thermo
More informationSupplementary Information. Rational Design of Soluble and Clickable Polymers Prepared by. Conventional Free Radical Polymerization of
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Polymer Chemistry. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Supplementary Information Rational Design of Soluble and Clickable Polymers Prepared by
More informationSupporting information for. Imino-Chitosan Biodynamers
Supporting information for Imino-Chitosan Biodynamers Luminita Marin, a Bogdan C. Simionescu, a,b Mihail Barboiu c* a PetruPoni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy 41A, Aleea Gr.
More informationChapter 9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Ch. 9-1
Chapter 9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Ch. 9-1 1. Introduction Classic methods for organic structure determination Boiling point Refractive index Solubility tests Functional group tests Derivative preparation
More informationThe Use of NMR Spectroscopy
Spektroskopi Molekul Organik (SMO): Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy All is adopted from McMurry s Organic Chemistry The Use of NMR Spectroscopy Used to determine relative location of atoms
More informationChemistry State Content Standards EXAM. from human beings! Explanations and Examples MUST be in Complete Sentences!
Chemistry State Content Standards EXAM You may use your Notes, PowerPoint, or Text on this exam but NO help from human beings! You MUST HAND WRITE THESE EXAMS in INK!! NO TYPED or PENCIL PAPERS WILL BE
More informationIsotope-same element (same atomic #), different # of neutrons so mass is different
Proton-subatomic particle located in nucleus. Charge of +1, mass of 1 amu Neutron-subatomic particle located in nucleus. No charge, mass of 1 amu Electron-subatomic particle located outside nucleus. Charge
More informationBiochemistry 530 NMR Theory and Practice
Biochemistry 530 NMR Theory and Practice Gabriele Varani Department of Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry University of Washington 1D spectra contain structural information.. but is hard to extract:
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
OCR Chemistry A 432 Spectroscopy (NMR) What is it? An instrumental method that gives very detailed structural information about molecules. It can tell us - how many of certain types of atom a molecule
More informationCM Chemical Spectroscopy and Applications. Final Examination Solution Manual AY2013/2014
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL & MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES CM 3011 - Chemical Spectroscopy and Applications Final Examination Solution Manual
More informationContents. 1 Matter: Its Properties and Measurement 1. 2 Atoms and the Atomic Theory Chemical Compounds Chemical Reactions 111
Ed: Pls provide art About the Authors Preface xvii xvi 1 Matter: Its Properties and Measurement 1 1-1 The Scientific Method 2 1-2 Properties of Matter 4 1-3 Classification of Matter 5 1-4 Measurement of
More informationCHEM 3.2 (AS91388) 3 credits. Demonstrate understanding of spectroscopic data in chemistry
CHEM 3.2 (AS91388) 3 credits Demonstrate understanding of spectroscopic data in chemistry Spectroscopic data is limited to mass, infrared (IR) and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Organic
More informationHyperlearning MCAT Instructor Qualifying Exam Organic Chemistry
Hyperlearning MCAT Instructor Qualifying Exam Organic Chemistry 30 Questions (5 pages); Time limit = 45 minutes Use of books or notes is not permitted. 1. When analyzed with a polarimeter, which of the
More informationNUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
NMR Spectroscopy 1 NULEAR MAGNETI RESONANE SPETROSOPY Involves interaction of materials with the low-energy radiowave region of the electromagnetic spectrum Origin of Spectra Theory All nuclei possess
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition. Chapter 2
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationCalifornia Science Content Standards Chemistry Grades 9-12
California Science Content Standards Chemistry Grades 9-12 Standards that all students are expected to achieve in the course of their studies are unmarked. Standards that all students should have the opportunity
More informationSPECTROSCOPY MEASURES THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHT AND MATTER
SPECTROSCOPY MEASURES THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHT AND MATTER c = c: speed of light 3.00 x 10 8 m/s (lamda): wavelength (m) (nu): frequency (Hz) Increasing E (J) Increasing (Hz) E = h h - Planck s constant
More informationThe Chemistry of Life
The Chemistry of Life Things you should be able to do 1. Describe how the unique properties of water support life on Earth. 2. Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. 3.
More informationSupporting Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Green Chemistry. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 AROMATICS FROM LIGNIN THROUGH ULTRAFAST REACTIONS IN WATER. Nerea Abad-Fernández a, Eduardo
More informationAnion binding vs. sulfonamide deprotonation in functionalised ureas
S Anion binding vs. sulfonamide deprotonation in functionalised ureas Claudia Caltagirone, Gareth W. Bates, Philip A. Gale* and Mark E. Light Supplementary information Experimental Section General remarks:
More informationChapter 2: Fundamentals of Chemistry. Question Type: Multiple Choice. 1) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Microbiology Principles and Explorations 9th Edition Black TEST BANK Full clear download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/microbiology-principles-explorations- 9th-edition-black-test-bank/ Microbiology
More informationAGS Chemistry 2007 Correlated to: Prentice Hall Chemistry (Wilbraham) including AGS Differentiated Instruction Strategies
- including AGS Differentiated Instruction 1-1 Chemistry 1-1 Chemistry and the Nature of Science Page 3: ELL/ESL Strategy; Page 4: Science ; Pages 5, 6: Applications-Global ; Pages 5, 7: Learning Styles-
More information12. Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy
12. Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure
More information7a. Structure Elucidation: IR and 13 C-NMR Spectroscopies (text , , 12.10)
2009, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario 7a.1 7a. Structure Elucidation: IR and 13 C-NMR Spectroscopies (text 11.1 11.5, 12.1 12.5, 12.10) A. Electromagnetic Radiation Energy is
More informationFigure S1 - Enzymatic titration of HNE and GS-HNE.
Figure S1 - Enzymatic titration of HNE and GS-HNE. Solutions of HNE and GS-HNE were titrated through their reduction to the corresponding alchools catalyzed by AR, monitoring the decrease in absorbance
More information