MeRGWT on Pipe Trunnion Dead Legs for Hidden Corrosion
|
|
- Jeffry Todd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MeRGWT on Pipe Trunnion Dead Legs for Hidden Corrosion R. Jenkins, I. Pettigrew, and S. Kenny Specialist Inspection Services, Oceaneering, Unit 5 Castell Close, Swansea, U.K. rjenkins@oceaneering.com, ipettigrew@oceaneering.com, skenny@oceaneering.com More info about this article: Abstract Corrosion initiating from entrapment of water and deposits in crevices in dead legs is a significant threat to the integrity of the upstream petroleum sector, with corrosion rates > 2 mm per year reported on lines with previously minimal historical wall loss. Conventional ultrasonic and radiographic examination methods are not generally possible due to the complex geometry and obstructions posed by a dead leg. Small-diameter dead legs can be interrogated with the use of profile radiography. However, this technique is unsuitable for larger-diameter dead legs. Medium-range guided wave testing (MeRGWT) is an in-service rapid-screening tool used to detect corrosion and erosion in areas that are inaccessible for direct contact methods, and it is particularly valuable where there is only single-sided access to the component. This paper presents a state-of-the-art qualitative solution for inspection of dead legs through the application of MeRGWT. Evidence is provided in the form of a feasibility study investigating simulated external damage on a pipe bend under a trunnion dead leg. The paper includes the use of reference plates for verification, semi-automated MeRGWT inspection of the pipe bend, and a comparison of results with visual and radiographic inspections. The inspection system incorporates an encoded chain scanner that can be used with rope access to allow greater flexibility of deployment without the need for scaffolding. This paper also demonstrates that MeRGWT is an effective tool for the detection and qualitative classification of corrosion, and, given the complex geometry of the test subject, that it is capable of determining the circumferential and axial extents of a corrosion patch within reasonable tolerances. Keywords: NDT, medium-range guided wave testing (MeRGWT), trunnion dead legs, localized corrosion 109 1
2 1.0 Background Industry standards identify critical design flaws that trap water or moisture in crevices, such as dead legs, as being more prone to attack from corrosion [1]. In a similar manner to corrosion under insulation, corrosion inside a dead leg is not visible, and, therefore, a structured and systematic approach to inspection is required. Many examples of dramatic loss in wall thickness have been documented resulting from stagnant conditions: Step Change in Safety [2] describes a case of a wall loss of 2.2 mm per year; the U.S. Department of Transportation [3] explained a case of a natural gas release where a 83.6% wall loss due to microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) caused a pipeline rupture at a dead leg; and the API Advisory Committee [4] defined internal corrosion in facilities as being almost exclusively confined to facility piping with intermittent or no flow, such as dead legs. Conventional inspection techniques, such as direct visual inspection and manual ultrasonic testing, are not practicable solutions for dead legs attached to pipework, particularly on bends. The application of profile radiography is limited to smaller-bore pipework normally less than 150 mm in diameter. 2.0 Medium-Range Guided Wave Testing (MeRGWT) Medium-range guided wave testing (MeRGWT) is a qualitative screening tool also referred to as short-range ultrasonic testing [5], long-range ultrasonics [6], or higher-order modes cluster (HOMC) guided wave testing [7], among others. The technique has been used extensively for many years, particularly for corrosion detection at locations with limited access, such as pipe supports, air to ground interfaces, clamp supports, and buried pipework. MeRGWT uses an ultrasonic transducer to pulse low-frequency torsional waves into the medium being inspected. The torsional wave mode converts into laminar waves and reflects back to the same transducer when an anomaly or feature is detected. The time of flight from the reflected signals determines the distance of the feature from the transducer exit position (Figure 1)
3 Figure 1 Simple dead leg with MeRGWT probe and corrosion patch Both the circumferential and axial position of responses can be established when scanning is carried out with an encoder tracking circumferential position. Benefits of the technique include being able to perform inspections in a limited space or in inaccessible areas and with close proximity, full data recording, and portability of the equipment. Capabilities of the technique are being able to inspect at high temperatures (up to 350 C/662 F), testing up to a range of 1 meter (3 feet) from the transducer, low-cost screening with full coverage, and flexibility of the inspection from small-bore pipe to flatplat geometries. Limitations of the method include the inability to differentiate between top and bottom side anomalies, no quantitative readings for wall thickness, and transducer surface placement cleanliness and access. Although MeRGWT relies on higher-order mode cluster guided waves, it is essentially a pulse-echo ultrasonic method. Therefore, in the case of trunnion supports on pipe bends, issues of complex geometry can be overcome by differentiating between the weld position of the trunnion on the bend and any corrosion indications located within that area. This paper details a fresh application of MeRGWT for the inspection of trunnion supports on pipe bends. The purpose of the inspection was to determine the ability of MeRGWT to detect artificial external surface flaws representative of corrosion under insulation (Figure 4), along with corrosion positioned underneath the trunnion supports on the extrados of the pipe bends, and then to compare the experimental results with radiography and visual testing. For most ultrasonic inspection methods, the amplitude response of indications is highly reliant on the morphology and orientation of the reflector [8]. Further variables, such as coupling, surface 109 3
4 conditions, mode conversions, and general scattering and attenuation of ultrasound can have an effect on the signal amplitude received [9]. As such, this paper also discusses the variation in MeRGWT responses obtained from different types of reflectors to show that there is no linear correlation in signal amplitude for the severity of all types of corrosion when performing MeRGWT, as discussed in Section Experimental Technique A low-frequency MeRGWT probe with an integrated wedge driven by a phased array flaw detector was used to inspect two test specimens with 90 bends and welded trunnion supports, as shown in Figure 2. The test specimens consisted of an 8-inch sch 40 (8.18-mm nominal wall) 90 elbow, butt-welded between two straight pipe sections. A trunnion support was fillet-welded onto the 90 elbow. Before attaching the trunnion support, external surface gouges were machined (Figures 4 and 5) to simulate localized corrosion found at dead leg locations, as illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 2 MeRGWT probe configuration for inspection of a pipe bend trunnion dead leg 109 4
5 Figure 3 Example of corrosion under insulation (CUI) a type of corrosion [1] Figure 4 Test Specimen One with external gouges on the extrados of the elbow 109 5
6 Figure 5 Test Specimen Two with external gouges on the extrados of the elbow Table 1 details the physical dimension measurements of the external gouges. Table 1 External physical measurements of gouged areas Test specimen no. Axial extents (mm) Radial extents (mm) One Two The maximum wall loss, or severity, for each test specimen was different. Profile radiography was performed to determine the maximum wall loss for the gouged areas, as shown in Figures 6 and 7 and in Table
7 Figure 6 Profile radiography for Test Specimen One Figure 7 Profile radiography for Test Specimen Two Table 2 details the measured wall loss for each specimen. Table 2 Wall loss for each test specimen, as measured by profile radiography Test specimen no. Wall loss (mm) Wall loss as a percentage of measured full wall (%) One Two
8 Figure 8 Test specimen pipe end showing probe positioning for the TCG The MeRGWT probe was calibrated for velocity and wedge delay by using standard industry calibration blocks, and the velocity of sound was found to be that of a standard shear wave in steel. A time corrected gain (TCG) calibration was carried out on the test specimen pipe ends with a six-point TCG created over a range of 100 mm to 600 mm, at 100-mm increments. The sensitivity for the test was also set in this way, with an additional 6 db added for scanning. Figure 8 illustrates the pipe end and probe positioning for the creation of the TCG. A reference test plate was manufactured with several round bottom holes of different depths to confirm that the system would detect localized corrosion in discrete locations that were artificially replicated in the test specimens. Ultrasound was directed perpendicularly to the plate edge toward the center of the plate at a fixed stand-off distance from the center line of the reference reflector. The deepest round bottom hole was the first reference reflector in the positive encoded direction. Figure 9 demonstrates the reference plate, round bottom holes (external), and probe positioning for the system calibration Figure 9 Reference test plate with round bottom holes showing probe positioning 109 8
9 Figure 10 is a data image from the MeRGWT data collected from the reference plate. The screenshot shows B-scan data on the right side of the image, along with A-scan data on the left side of the image. The A-scan shows the pulse echo response in relation to distance from the probe (vertical scale) and the amplitude of the response (horizontal scale). The B-scan is created from the A-scan raw data. The B-scan horizontal X-axis represents probe travel, and the vertical Y-axis represents distance from the probe. An A-scan was collected for each 1 mm of probe travel. A color palette was used to represent amplitude of the A-scan; red represents greater than 100% full screen height, while the large band of red at the top of the B-scan is the initial pulse and the large band of red at the bottom of the B-scan is the response from the far edge of the test plate. The variation in color is representative of a variation in wall thickness. The rainbow color palette represents blue at the top end of the thickness, decreasing in thickness through the color spectrum (green to yellow to orange), with the red area representing the thinnest of the wall thickness measurements. The four reference reflectors are annotated through the center of the B-scan. The deepest round bottom hole produces the greatest amplitude response, while the shallowest round bottom hole produces the lowest amplitude response. 1 [Gra 2 3 b 4 Figure 10 Reference plate MeRGWT data screenshot with deepest to shallowest hole depths (1 4) For scanning of the trunnion dead leg specimens, the probe configuration was mounted onto an encoded chain scanner and attached to the pipe (Figure 2). The probe was positioned on the bend side of the weld on both test specimens to eliminate the loss of energy encountered at welds. 4.0 Experimental Results The elbow trunnion extents were scanned with MeRGWT, which does not differentiate between wall loss and attachments to the wall, and, therefore, responses were obtained from the fillet weld of the 109 9
10 trunnion support. These geometric reflections on the B-scan data allowed definition of the trunnion weld position and any reflected responses within that area to be recorded. Figures 11 and 12 show the MeRGWT data for Test Specimen One and Test Specimen Two, with the fillet weld position annotated on each B-scan image. In the absence of corrosion, only material noise is expected. However, during these trials, the machined area representing localized hidden corrosion was detected on both specimens. Figures 11 and 12 show the cursor positions for sizing the indications from inside the fillet weld boundary on each specimen. In these figures, the A-scan data cursor is positioned through the indication of highest amplitude within the fillet weld boundary. Figure 11 Test Specimen One: MeRGWT data with the geometric reflection from the fillet weld (dashed line) and showing the additional reflections within the fillet weld corresponding to the position of the simulated localized corrosion (black box)
11 Figure 12 Test Specimen Two: MeRGWT data with the geometric reflection from the fillet weld (dashed line) and showing the additional reflections within the fillet weld corresponding to the position of the simulated localized corrosion (black box) Pulse-echo ultrasound relies on the reflection of energy, meaning that the morphology of corrosion has an effect on the amount of energy reflected back to the probe. Therefore, signal amplitude is an unreliable method for determining corrosion severity. However, the likely severity of corrosion may be inferred from the amplitude and extent of indications; for example, where geometry signals are present from welds, their amplitude may be compared to the signal amplitude of any other suspect indications. In this paper, a traffic light system is considered for the likely severity of corrosion responses when using MeRGWT. The density of indications and the amplitude response from the area are also considered when sentencing the welds. Based upon the amplitude of indications, a decision is presented made on the likely severity of corrosion indications as per the following traffic light system: No Corrosion Detected: No indications of corrosion are present. Minor Corrosion Likely: Indications of corrosion are present. However, the amplitude response is low compared to the geometry signals and is not considered a significant wall loss. Monitoring with MeRGWT or an alternative technique is recommended
12 Severe Corrosion Likely: Indications of corrosion are present. The amplitude response is high compared to the geometry signals and the wall loss must be considered to be significant. Immediate further investigation is recommended. A qualitative decision was made on the MeRGWT data for corrosion severity based upon this traffic light system. Figures 11 and 12 show that MeRGWT detected indications beneath the trunnion supports, suggesting that severe corrosion was likely in these locations due to the amplitude and density of these indications (Table 3). The trunnion support dead legs would be classified as such in this instance, and immediate further investigation would be recommended. Table 3 details the MeRGWT dimension measurements of the external gouges for each test specimen taken from the data shown in Figures 11 and 12. Table 3 MeRGWT dimension measurements of gouged areas Test specimen no. Axial extents (mm) Radial extents (mm) One Two Comparison of Results For Test Specimens One and Two, the visual inspection (used for measuring the axial and radial extents of the artificial corrosion), profile radiography (used for measuring the wall loss of the artificial corrosion), and MeRGWT results are provided in Tables 4 and 5. In comparison with visual inspection, the worst-case results show that the MeRGWT data measured axially within ±20% and radially within ±5% of the physical measurements. To correlate the traffic light system of likely severity with the profile-radiography wall loss percentages, the measured values of 24.3% and 52.9% were classified as Severe Corrosion meaning, in practical terms, that severe corrosion likely is indicative of a wall loss of approximately 25%
13 Table 4 Comparison of results for Test Specimen One Technique Axial extents (mm) Radial extents (mm) Maximum wall loss (mm) Corrosion severity classification MeRGWT Severe Corrosion Likely Visual Radiography 2.1 (24%) Table 5 Comparison of results for Test Specimen Two Technique Axial extents (mm) Radial extents (mm) Maximum wall loss (mm) Corrosion severity classification MeRGWT Severe Corrosion Likely Visual Radiography 4.6 (53%) 6.0 Variation of MeRGWT Responses to Reflector Shape MeRGWT was used to interrogate two reflectors of known dimensions in machined calibration plates of similar materials and a thickness of 10 mm to demonstrate the variation in amplitude response and, hence, illustrate the difficulty in making direct correlations between signal amplitude and corrosion severity if the morphology of the expected corrosion type is an unknown. One plate contained a 1- mm-deep notch to simulate an ultrasonic response nominally encountered from cone-shaped reflectors (Figure 13), and the second contained a 5-mm-deep-radius round bottom hole to simulate an ultrasonic response from a dome-shaped reflector (Figure 15), both examined at a standoff of 100 mm from the targets. The MeRGWT data shows that the 1-mm-deep notch produces a maximum amplitude response of 30% full screen height (FSH) (Figure 14). At the same sensitivity, the 5-mm round bottom hole gave a maximum amplitude response of 15% FSH (Figure 16), and, interestingly, there was a reduction in amplitude response by 14 db from the geometric response from the end of the plate
14 Figure 13 MeRGWT setup for examining the 1-mm-deep notch Figure 14 MeRGWT data from the 1-mm notch showing a maximum amplitude of 30% FSH
15 Figure 15 MeRGWT setup for examining the 5-mm-deep-radius round bottom hole Figure 16 MeRGWT data from the 5-mm-deep-radius round bottom hole showing a maximum amplitude of 30% FSH
16 7.0 Conclusion This paper has shown that MeRGWT is able to detect corrosion under trunnion dead leg supports on bend pipework for localized corrosion typically prevalent on this type of geometry. In practice, visual inspection is only achievable from the costly exercise of the removal of the dead leg. A comparison of the MeRGWT results with visual inspection has shown a good correlation of axial and radial extents, providing confidence that the extent of corrosion present can be sufficiently measured. The wall thickness measurements from profile radiography showed the worst wall loss areas to be 24.3% and 52.9% for Test Specimens One and Two, respectively. These areas were both detected on the MeRGWT data sets, with high amplitude responses providing confidence that wall loss 25% can be detected. Akin to conventional ultrasonic testing, the shape of a reflector, and, by extension, the morphology of corrosion, have a critical effect upon the ultrasonic amplitude received when inspecting with MeRGWT. Variation in geometric responses from the fillet weld may be used as additional information to assist in recognizing the severity and type of corrosion in the absence of high amplitude responses. 8.0 Future Work Further trials are in progress with a greater number of test pieces to qualify the accuracy of axial and radial sizing with varying types of corrosion severity from no corrosion or minor corrosion, to severe corrosion with different morphology to have a greater understanding of the limitations of the technique. As an alternative to relying on traditional geometry signals, it would also be beneficial to have a formal system of determining test sensitivity that would allow a more suitable method of categorizing signal amplitude as being low or high. References [1] Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry, API 571, 2011 [2] Step Change in Safety/Hydrocarbon release from operational dead leg, July 2017 <
17 [3] Roberson, G., Failure Investigation Report Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co. - Internal Corrosion, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2011 [4] PPTS Operator Advisory: The ins and outs of corrosion releases, API, USA, , 2014 [5] SRUT Short Range Ultrasonic Testing, July 2017, < [6] Hoppenbrouwers, M. B. and J. A. de Raad, The LORUS (Long Range UltraSonic) technique for corrosion detection in hard-to-access locations, 5th BANT/KINT, Liege, 1997 [7] Chandrasekaran, J., I. Anto, K. Balasubramaniam, K. S. Venkataraman, Higher order modes cluster (HOMC) guided waves for online defect detection in annular plate region of above-ground storage tanks, Insight, vol. 51, no. 11, pp , November 2009 [8] Gajdacsi, A. and F. Cegla, The effect of corrosion-induced surface morphology changes on ultrasonically monitored corrosion rates, Smart Mater. Struc., vol. 25, pp. 1-12, 2016 [9] Grosser, P., Ultrasonic detection and measuring of isolated or pitting corrosion, 12th A- PCNDT, Auckland, New Zealand,
Inspection of Welds in Small Pipes by NDT Ultrasonic Phased-Array techniques. Detection, positioning, sizing and classification of defects.
More info about this article: http://www.ndt.net/?id=22924 Inspection of Welds in Small Pipes by NDT Ultrasonic Phased-Array techniques. Detection, positioning, sizing and classification of defects. J.
More informationSmart Pigs. Adrian Belanger March 7,
Smart Pigs Adrian Belanger March 7, 2017 www.tdwilliamson.com Registered trademarks of T.D. Williamson, Inc. in the United States and in other countries. Copyright 2015 Oil and Gas Pipeline Network 2 Pipeline
More informationAxial Higher Order Modes Cluster (A-HOMC) Guided Wave for Pipe Inspection.
384 Proceedings of the National Seminar & Exhibition on Non-Destructive Evaluation NDE 2009, December 10-12, 2009 Axial Higher Order Modes Cluster (A-HOMC) Guided Wave for Pipe Inspection. Chandrasekaran
More informationBIT Inspection Technology (NDT/ Weld Inspection Training / Consultancy/ Third Party Inspection)
BIT Inspection Technology (NDT/ Weld Inspection Training / Consultancy/ Third Party Inspection) Technical Justification Doc. no. BIT/TJ/ 002 Ultrasonic response analysis Location : BIT Inspection Technology,
More informationCaution! Pay close attention to the special operation and safety instructions in the manual of the ultrasonic echoscope.
Ultrasonic B-Scan TEAS Related topics Sound velocity, reflection coefficient, ultrasonic echography, A-scan, B-scan, grey-scale dis-play, resolution, zone of focus, and image artefacts. Principle The fundamental
More informationPractical Results of Ultrasonic Imaging by Inverse Wave Field Extrapolation
ECNDT 2006 - Th.2.3.1 Practical Results of Ultrasonic Imaging by Inverse Wave Field Extrapolation Niels PÖRTZGEN, RTD Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Array technology in non-destructive inspection
More informationPhased Array Inspection at Elevated Temperatures
Phased Array Inspection at Elevated Temperatures Mohammad Marvasti 1, Mike Matheson 2, Michael Wright, Deepak Gurjar, Philippe Cyr, Steven Peters Eclipse Scientific Inc., 97 Randall Dr., Waterloo, Ontario,
More informationModeling of Magnetic Flux Leakage. Carbon Steel Plates
Presented at the COMSOL Conference 2010 India Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Magnetic Flux Leakage Technique e for Detection of Defects in Carbon Steel Plates W. Sharatchandra Singh, S. Thirunavukkarasu,
More informationCoating Requirements for Pipelines Installed by Horizontal Directional Drilling John D. Hair, P.E.*
Coating Requirements for Pipelines Installed by Horizontal Directional Drilling John D. Hair, P.E.* *President, J. D. Hair & Associates, Inc., 2121 South Columbia Avenue, Suite 101, Tulsa, OK 74114-3502;
More informationCHAPTER 4 BASICS OF ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT AND ANFIS MODELLING
37 CHAPTER 4 BASICS OF ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT AND ANFIS MODELLING 4.1 BASICS OF ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT All sound waves, whether audible or ultrasonic, are mechanical vibrations involving movement in the
More informationSONIC PULSE VELOCITY TESTING TO ASSESS CONDITION OF A CONCRETE DAM
SONIC PULSE VELOCITY TESTING TO ASSESS CONDITION OF A CONCRETE DAM Edward D. Billington, AG&E-Schnabel, Greensboro, NC Dennis A. Sack and Larry D. Olson, Olson Engineering Inc., Wheat Ridge, CO Abstract
More informationHiTACC Characterisation of Anti-corrosion Coatings
Date: 18 th March 2015 Author: Dr Nickie Smith Report Number: C3810-2 HiTACC Characterisation of Anti-corrosion Coatings Prepared by: Reviewed by: Dr Nickie Smith Glyn Morgan CEng CSci FIMMM Senior Scientist
More informationModel-Assisted Probability of Detection for Ultrasonic Structural Health Monitoring
4th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE - Th.2.A.2 Model-Assisted Probability of Detection for Ultrasonic Structural Health Monitoring Adam C. COBB and Jay FISHER, Southwest Research Institute,
More informationPhased Array Rotation Scanner Probe System for Ultrasonic Testing of Sleeve Shafts
ECNDT 2006 - Fr.1.3.3 Phased Array Rotation Scanner Probe System for Ultrasonic Testing of Sleeve Shafts Rainer BOEHM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany Wolfgang
More informationPHASED-ARRAY FOCUSING WITH LONGITUDINAL GUIDED WAVES IN A VISCOELASTIC COATED HOLLOW CYLINDER
PHASED-ARRAY FOCUSING WITH LONGITUDINAL GUIDED WAVES IN A VISCOELASTIC COATED HOLLOW CYLINDER W. Luo, J. L. Rose, J. K. Van Velsor, J. Mu Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, The Pennsylvania
More informationMAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE INVESTIGATION OF INTERACTING DEFECTS: COMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF STRESS CONCENTRATION AND MAGNETIC SHIELDING
MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE INVESTIGATION OF INTERACTING DEFECTS: COMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF STRESS CONCENTRATION AND MAGNETIC SHIELDING C Mandache 1,2 and L Clapham 1 1 Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L
More informationResolution of Magnetic Intelligent Tool in Case of Stress-corrosion Cracks Detection
17th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 5-8 Oct 008, Shanghai, China Resolution of Magnetic Intelligent Tool in Case of Stress-corrosion Cracks Detection Alexander N. KOVALENKO Public JSC «AVTOGAZ»,
More informationEDDY CURRENT TESTING
EDDY CURRENT TESTING Introduction Eddy current inspection is a method that use the principal of electromagnetism as the basis for conducting examinations. Eddy Current NDT is a technique that can test
More informationULTRASONIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN DISSIMILAR METAL WELDS APPLICATION OF A RAY-BASED MODEL AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
ULTRASONIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN DISSIMILAR METAL WELDS APPLICATION OF A RAY-BASED MODEL AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Audrey GARDAHAUT 1, Hugues LOURME 1, Frédéric JENSON 1, Shan LIN 2, Masaki
More informationApplication of an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor in a hydraulic laboratory
Application of an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor in a hydraulic laboratory Abstract Helmut Knoblauch 1, Roman Klasinc 1, Thomas Geisler 1 Velocity profile measurement using the ultrasound-pulse-doppler
More informationVelocity Measurement For Determining Ductility and Nodularity in Cast Iron
Velocity Measurement For Determining Ductility and Nodularity in Cast Iron Zhongqing You, PhD & Mike Moist Magnetic Analysis Corporation Background Traditional Ultrasonic Testing Sound travels into the
More informationDetection of trace contamination on metal surfaces using the handheld Agilent 4100 ExoScan FTIR
Detection of trace contamination on metal surfaces using the handheld Agilent 4100 ExoScan FTIR Ensuring ultimate cleanliness for maximum adhesion Application Note Author John Seelenbinder Agilent Technologies,
More informationNon-intrusive, Non-destructive FRP Inspection. Geoff Clarkson UTComp Inc
Non-intrusive, Non-destructive FRP Inspection Geoff Clarkson UTComp Inc How to effectively inspect FRP for mechanical integrity (MI) and Fitness for Service (FFS)? Non-destructive: Measurements are made
More information5. STRESS CONCENTRATIONS. and strains in shafts apply only to solid and hollow circular shafts while they are in the
5. STRESS CONCENTRATIONS So far in this thesis, most of the formulas we have seen to calculate the stresses and strains in shafts apply only to solid and hollow circular shafts while they are in the elastic
More informationExperiment (4): Flow measurement
Experiment (4): Flow measurement Introduction: The flow measuring apparatus is used to familiarize the students with typical methods of flow measurement of an incompressible fluid and, at the same time
More informationDetermine the Inside Wall Temperature of DSTs using an Infrared Temperature Sensor
SUMMARY DOCUMENT Determine the Inside Wall Temperature of DSTs using an Infrared Temperature Sensor Date submitted: July 29, 2016 Prepared by: Aparna Aravelli, Ph.D. Florida International University Collaborators:
More informationALASTAIR MCLACHLAN Applications Cameron
ALASTAIR MCLACHLAN Applications Cameron Have worked in the oil and gas flow measurement industry for 27 years primarily in custody transfer measurement using ultrasonic meters. Joined Cameron Caldon Ultrasonics
More informationSURFACE BARKHAUSEN NOISE INVESTIGATIONS OF STRESS AND LEAKAGE FLUX
SURFACE BARKHAUSEN NOISE INVESTIGATIONS OF STRESS AND LEAKAGE FLUX SIGNALS IN LINE PIPE INTRODUCTION C. Jagadish, L. Clapham, and D.L. Atherton Department of Physics Queen's University Kingston, Ontario,
More informationLamb Waves in Plate Girder Geometries
Lamb Waves in Plate Girder Geometries D.W. Greve, 1 N. L. Tyson 2, and I.J. Oppenheim 2 1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 2 Civil and Environmental
More informationNORTH SEA FLOW MEASUREMENT WORKSHOP 2004 In. St Andrews, Scotland
NORTH SEA FLOW MEASUREMENT WORKSHOP 2004 In St Andrews, Scotland From the 26 th to 28 th October, 2004 Tests of the V-Cone Flow Meter at Southwest Research Institute and Utah State University in Accordance
More informationDesignation: NWI DIF Horizontal Hail impact Standard
Designation: NWI DIF Horizontal Hail impact Standard 2.1.2015 Standard Test Method for Materials attached to Vertical or Near Vertical Surfaces and Their Resistance to Horizontally Propelled Freezer Ice
More informationSolid Particle Erosion in Slug Flow. Introduction
EROSION IN SLUG FLOW Solid Particle Erosion in Slug Flow Introduction Sand produced by oil and gas producers creates many problems such as accumulation of the sand in perforation tunnels, lines and pumps;
More informationCompensation-based non-destructive automatic quality control using acoustic methods
Compensation-based non-destructive automatic quality control using acoustic methods Abstract Keywords Ingolf Hertlin RTE Akustik + Prüftechnik GmbH Gewerbestr. 26, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany www.rte.de
More informationDefect Location Analysis of Tank Bottom Based on Acoustic Emission with Different Location Algorithms
Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 65, Issue, February 04, pp. 70-75 Sensors & Transducers 04 by IFSA Publishing, S. L. http://www.sensorsportal.com Defect Location Analysis of Tank Bottom Based on Acoustic Emission
More informationHydraulic Design Of Polyethylene Pipes
Hydraulic Design Of Polyethylene Pipes Waters & Farr polyethylene pipes offer a hydraulically smooth bore that provides excellent flow characteristics. Other advantages of Waters & Farr polyethylene pipes,
More informationASSESMENT OF THE EFFECT OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON CYLINDRICAL SHELL MODAL RESPONSES
ASSESMENT OF THE EFFECT OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON CYLINDRICAL SHELL MODAL RESPONSES ABSTRACT Eduards Skukis, Kaspars Kalnins, Olgerts Ozolinsh Riga Technical University Institute of Materials and Structures
More informationAutomatic Differential Lift-Off Compensation (AD-LOC) Method In Pulsed Eddy Current Inspection
17th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 25-28 Oct 2008, Shanghai, China Automatic Differential Lift-Off Compensation (AD-LOC) Method In Pulsed Eddy Current Inspection Joanna X. QIAO, John P. HANSEN,
More informationFAILURE ASSESSMENT DIAGRAM ASSESSMENTS OF LARGE-SCALE CRACKED STRAIGHT PIPES AND ELBOWS
Transactions, SMiRT-23, Paper ID 093 FAILURE ASSESSMENT DIAGRAM ASSESSMENTS OF LARGE-SCALE CRACKED STRAIGHT PIPES AND ELBOWS R A Ainsworth 1, M Gintalas 1, M K Sahu 2, J Chattopadhyay 2 and B K Dutta 2
More informationNumerical Simulation in Alternating Current Field Measurement
19 th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016 Numerical Simulation in Alternating Current Field Measurement Wenpei ZHENG 1 1 China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, China Contact e-mail:
More informationCHARACTERIZING CRACKS WITH ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY
CHARACTERIZING CRACKS WITH ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY J. Schlichting, G. N. Kervalishvili, Ch. Maierhofer, M. Kreutzbruck BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany 1. Introduction
More informationPractical Assessment of Phased Array Beam Generation
ECNDT 2006 - Th.2.6.3 Practical Assessment of Phased Array Beam Generation Neil B CAMERON, Barry J DIKSTRA, Mitsui Babcock, Renfrew, UK Abstract: A recent study by MBEL has confirmed that the characteristics
More informationStrain Measurement Techniques for Composite Coupon Testing
Strain Measurement Techniques for Composite Coupon Testing Introduction Characterization of the properties of anisotropic and inhomogeneous composite materials for use in demanding structural applications
More informationAcoustic Emission Source Identification in Pipes Using Finite Element Analysis
31 st Conference of the European Working Group on Acoustic Emission (EWGAE) Fr.3.B.2 Acoustic Emission Source Identification in Pipes Using Finite Element Analysis Judith ABOLLE OKOYEAGU*, Javier PALACIO
More informationThe Relationship between the Applied Torque and Stresses in Post-Tension Structures
ECNDT 6 - Poster 218 The Relationship between the Applied Torque and Stresses in Post-Tension Structures Fui Kiew LIEW, Sinin HAMDAN * and Mohd. Shahril OSMAN, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia
More informationMonitoring of Pipe-Wall Thickness and its Thinning Rate by Ultrasonic Technique
Int J Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 5/ No. 4/ September - 01 1 Monitoring of Pipe-Wall Thickness and its Thinning Rate by Ultrasonic Technique F. Salehi NDE Lab, Faculty of Mechanical
More informationExperiment P-5 Motion of a Cart on an Inclined Plane
1 Experiment P-5 Motion of a Cart on an Inclined Plane Objectives To learn about the four motion equations. To study the motion of a cart on an inclined plane. To study motion with constant acceleration.
More informationND TESTING ADVANCES ON CFRP WITH ULTRASONIC AND THERMAL TECHNIQUES
ND TESTING ADVANCES ON CFRP WITH ULTRASONIC AND THERMAL TECHNIQUES A. Carofalo 1, V. Dattoma 1, F. Palano 1 *, F.W. Panella 1 a Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
More informationUncertainty of the Measurement of Radial Runout, Axial Runout and Coning using an Industrial Axi-Symmetric Measurement Machine
3924: 38 th MATADOR Conference Uncertainty of the Measurement of Radial Runout, Axial Runout and Coning using an Industrial Axi-Symmetric Measurement Machine J E Muelaner, A Francis, P G Maropoulos The
More informationFull Scale Structural Durability Test Spectrum Reduction by Truncation Coupon Testing
Full Scale Structural Durability Test Spectrum Reduction by Truncation Coupon Testing Ogewu C. Agbese F-16/F-22 IFG Service Life Analysis Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Fort Worth, TX, USA ogewu.c.agbese@lmco.com
More informationNondestructive Evaluation of Pavements Ð Ultrasonic Tomography
Nondestructive Evaluation of Pavements Ð Ultrasonic Tomography Kyle Hoegh, Graduate Student Dr. Lev Khazanovich, Associate Professor Civil Engineering Department University of Minnesota Ð Twin Cities Outline!
More informationNon-contact evaluation of thickness reduction of plates and pipes using EMAT-generated guided wave
IV Conferencia Panamericana de END Buenos Aires Octubre 7 Non-contact evaluation of thickness reduction of plates and pipes using EMAT-generated guided wave Ik-Keun Park, Yong-Kwon Kim and Jin-Hyuk Lee
More informationGeotechnical verification of impact compaction
PII-73 Geotechnical verification of impact compaction P. J. Waddell1, R. A. Moyle2 & R. J. Whiteley1 1 2 Coffey Geotechnics, Sydney, Australia Coffey Geotechnics, Harrogate, UK Abstract Remediation of
More informationACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PE ELECTROFUSION JOINTS
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PE ELECTROFUSION JOINTS Peter Postma peter.postma@kiwa.nl Kiwa Technology Apeldoorn, Gelderland, The Netherlands SHORT SUMMARY On request of the Dutch
More informationLamb Wave Behavior in Bridge Girder Geometries
Lamb Wave Behavior in Bridge Girder Geometries I. J. Oppenheim a*, D. W. Greve b, N. L. Tyson a a Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 b Dept.
More informationEddyMax Tube Inspection
EddyMax Tube Inspection Client: Client a Facility: site b Items Inspected: Inlet Heater Inspection Method: Eddy Current Tube Inspection Commencement Date: 28 th June 2016 Completion Date: 29 th June 2016
More informationULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT WITH INTEGRATED TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COMPENSATION
ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT WITH INTEGRATED TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT COMPENSATION Benjamin E. McDonald, Lei Sui GE Oil & Gas - Measurement & Control 1100 Technology Park Dr., Billerica, MA 01821 USA * E-mail
More informationNumerical and Experimental analysis of long range guided waves for NonDestructiveTesting of pipes.
Numerical and Experimental analysis of long range guided waves for NonDestructiveTesting of pipes. F. BERTONCINI, M. RAUGI Department of Electric Systems and Automation University of Pisa Via Diotisalvi
More informationResearch on the defect types judgment in wind turbine blades using ultrasonic NDT
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Research on the defect types judgment in wind turbine blades using ultrasonic NDT To cite this article: Suwei Li et al 05 IOP
More informationDetermine the Inside Wall Temperature of DSTs using an Infrared Temperature Sensor
SUMMARY DOCUMENT Determine the Inside Wall Temperature of DSTs using an Infrared Temperature Sensor Date submitted: April 14, 2017 Prepared by: Aparna Aravelli, Ph.D. Florida International University Collaborators:
More informationUpgrade of 5m-Bench System for Traceable Measurements of Tapes and Rules at SASO-NMCC Dimensional Laboratory
Upgrade of 5m-Bench System for Traceable Measurements of Tapes and Rules at SASO-NMCC Dimensional Laboratory Bülent ÖZGÜR 1,*, Okhan GANİOĞLU 1, Nasser Al-Qahtani 2, Faisal Al-Qahtani 2 1 TÜBİTAK, National
More informationLECTURE NO. 4-5 INTRODUCTION ULTRASONIC * PULSE VELOCITY METHODS
LECTURE NO. 4-5 ULTRASONIC * PULSE VELOCITY METHODS Objectives: To introduce the UPV methods To briefly explain the theory of pulse propagation through concrete To explain equipments, procedures, calibrations,
More informationPROPERTY STUDY ON EMATS WITH VISUALIZATION OF ULTRASONIC PROPAGATION
More Info at Open Access Database www.ndt.net/?id=18576 PROPERTY STUDY ON EMATS WITH VISUALIZATION OF ULTRASONIC PROPAGATION T. Yamamoto, T. Furukawa, I. Komura Japan Power Engineering and Inspection Corporation,
More informationEffect of Stress Concentration on Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals from Blind-Hole Defects in Stressed Pipeline Steel
Res Nondestr Eval (1996) 8:83 100 1996 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Effect of Stress Concentration on Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals from Blind-Hole Defects in Stressed Pipeline Steel T. W. Krause, R.
More informationIN-LINE ULTRASONIC MONITORING OF POLYMER BLENDING IN A TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER
IN-LINE ULTRASONIC MONITORING OF OLYMER BLENDING IN A TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER Z. Sun 1, J. Tatibouët 1, C.-K. Jen 1, H. L. Liang 2, and C.-Y. Su 2 1 Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council
More informationHAWK TECHNOLOGY LTD.
Stard Trunnion Line HAWK TECHNOLOGY LTD. Going Beyond Everyday Hawk Technology Ltd has evolved with today's manufacturing requirements by planning, designing, building installing state-of -the-art robotic
More informationTable 6, replace the Key with: Table 6, change SBX 151 for dimension G, from: 5.59 mm to 5.56 mm mm to mm
Date of Issue: Ocber 2015 Affected Publication: ANSI/API Specification 17D/ISO 13628-4, Design and Operation of Subsea Production Systems Subsea Wellhead and Tree Equipment, Second Edition, May 2011 ERRATA
More informationMAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION (MPI)
MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION (MPI) Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) is a method that can be used to detect surface and near surface defects or flaws in ferromagnetic materials such as steel and iron.
More informationApplication Note. Understanding Performance Specifications for Low Background Alpha Beta Counters. FOM What Is It and Is It Useful?
Application Note Understanding Performance Specifications for Low Background Alpha Beta Counters Comparisons between vendors systems, often a tedious task, can lead to frustration and confusion. This application
More informationPractical Methods to Simplify the Probability of Detection Process
Practical Methods to Simplify the Probability of Detection Process Investigation of a Model-Assisted Approach for POD Evaluation Eric Lindgren, John Aldrin*, Jeremy Knopp, Charles Buynak, and James Malas
More informationASTM E545 TUTORIAL ON PROPER IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR USAGE
ASTM E545 IQI USAGE TUTORIAL Page 1 of 9 ASTM E545 TUTORIAL ON PROPER IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR USAGE Neutron radiography is a non-destructive testing method similar to the more familiar x- ray, but which
More informationAn industrial radiography exposure device based on measurement of transmitted gamma-ray intensity
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS An industrial radiography exposure device based on measurement of transmitted gamma-ray intensity To cite this article: C Polee et al 2015 J. Phys.:
More informationCreated by Neevia docuprinter LT trial version
October 10, 003 Agenda Item 650-464 Appendix for External Pressure Resp: John Lieb, TIC, lieb@tankindustry.com, FA 630-6-080 Purpose: The purpose of this item is to develop an appendix for API 650 to address
More informationSURFACE DEFORMATION TROUGHS INDUCED BY NORMAL FAULTING AND REVERSE FAULTING
SURFACE DEFORMATION TROUGHS INDUCED BY NORMAL FAULTING AND REVERSE FAULTING Chung-Jung LEE 1, Yu-Yi CHANG 2, and Wen-Yi HUNG 3 ABSTRACT A series of centrifuge normal faulting and reverse faulting tests
More informationSTUD & TRACK ROLL FORMING MACHINE
STUD & TRACK ROLL FORMING MACHINE R O L L F O R M E R S U S A I W W W. R O L L F O R M E R S - U S A. C O M Page1 Cantilevered Dual Headed 6,000 lb Decoiler Includes mandrel and stand Can accommodate 22
More informationTraining program for x-ray inspection film (RT)
of MTU Aero Engines AG Training program for x-ray inspection film (RT) In the NDT training course the following knowledge will be educated. approved by NANDTB Germany Preface + + + Introduction + + + Properties
More informationINDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY
1 BASICS INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY -Dr.O.Prabhakar, OP-TECH INTRODUCTION From the time Roentgen discovered X-rays and used it to radiograph his rifle, X-rays are being used in the industry to reveal internal
More informationPOWER UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN DP FLOW DEVICES
Proceedings of the ASME 2014 Power Conference POWER2014 July 28-31, 2014, Baltimore, Maryland, USA POWER2014-32205 UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN DP FLOW DEVICES Michael S. Hering Rosemount DP
More informationULTRASONIC NDE RHEALOGICAL MEASUREMENT TOOLS FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL
ULTRAONIC NDE RHEALOGICAL MEAUREMENT TOOL FOR INDUTRIAL PROCE CONTROL K. Balasubramaniam,. ankaran, and Akshay V. Rajwade Department of Mechanical Engineering and Centre for Nondestructive Evaluation Indian
More informationNON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION METHODS FOR COMPOSITE PILES
NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION METHODS FOR COMPOSITE PILES John F. Davila Graduate Research Assistant 2006 URI-UPRM SUMMER INTERNSHIP RESEARCH PROGRAM Kingstown, RI July 29 of 2006 PRESENTATION OUTLINE Introduction
More informationTable 5-1 Sampling Program Summary for Milltown Ford Avenue Redevelopment Area, NJ.
Table 5- Sampling Program Summary for Milltown Ford Avenue Redevelopment Area, NJ. Transformer Pads (9 pads: PAD 9) Evaluate if PCBs presently exist in soils adjacent to, and/or beneath the transformer
More informationPOWER-GEN Europe 30 th May 01 st June 2006 Cologne, Germany Lifetime extension through advanced non-destructive examination methods
POWER-GEN Europe 30 th May 01 st June 2006 Cologne, Germany Lifetime extension through advanced non-destructive examination methods Michael Clossen Dr. Michael Opheys Hans Rauschenbach Michael Siegel Siemens
More informationDetection of Wear in Oilwell Service Tubings using Magnetic Flux Leakage
Detection of Wear in Oilwell Service Tubings using Magnetic Flux Leakage Many methods have been developed and used for the inspection of oilwell service tubings to find wear, corrosion and fractures. One
More informationThe Influence of RCF Crack Propagation Angle and Crack Shape on the ACFM Signal
19 th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016 The Influence of RCF Crack Propagation Angle and Crack Shape on the ACFM Signal Jialong SHEN 1, Lei ZHOU 1, Jay WARNETT 1, Mark WILLIAMS 1, Hamed
More informationTHE IDEAL ANGLE BEAM PROBE FOR DGS EVALUATION
THE IDEAL ANGLE BEAM PROBE FOR DGS EVALUATION Wolf KLEINERT, York OBERDOERFER, Gerhard SPLITT, GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH, Huerth, Germany Introduction The discussion about the near field
More informationPRACTICAL GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY ASSAY TECHNIQUES FOR LARGE VOLUME LOW-LEVEL WASTE BOXES
PRACTICAL GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY ASSAY TECHNIQUES FOR LARGE VOLUME LOW-LEVEL WASTE BOES Steven C. Myers, Eberline Services, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, smyers@becorp.com Kathleen Gruetzmacher, Los Alamos
More informationULTRASONIC INSPECTION, MATERIAL NOISE AND. Mehmet Bilgen and James H. Center for NDE Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011
ULTRASONIC INSPECTION, MATERIAL NOISE AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS Mehmet Bilgen and James H. Center for NDE Iowa State University Ames, IA 511 Rose Peter B. Nagy Department of Welding Engineering Ohio State
More informationA Unified Approach to Uncertainty for Quality Improvement
A Unified Approach to Uncertainty for Quality Improvement J E Muelaner 1, M Chappell 2, P S Keogh 1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, UK 2 MCS, Cam, Gloucester, UK Abstract To
More informationAnalysis algorithm for surface crack detection by thermography with UV light excitation
Analysis algorithm for surface crack detection by thermography with UV light excitation * University West, University West, SE-461 86 Trollhättan, Sweden, patrik.broberg@hv.se by P. Broberg* and A. Runnemalm*
More informationReview of Anemometer Calibration Standards
Review of Anemometer Calibration Standards Rachael V. Coquilla rvcoquilla@otechwind.com Otech Engineering, Inc., Davis, CA Anemometer calibration defines a relationship between the measured signals from
More informationMitigation of Diesel Generator Vibrations in Nuclear Applications Antti Kangasperko. FSD3020xxx-x_01-00
Mitigation of Diesel Generator Vibrations in Nuclear Applications Antti Kangasperko FSD3020xxx-x_01-00 1 Content Introduction Vibration problems in EDGs Sources of excitation 2 Introduction Goal of this
More informationLaboratory Analysis Improves Crankshaft Design
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 1972 Laboratory Analysis Improves Crankshaft Design L. L. Faulkner Ohio State University
More informationWINTER 12 EXAMINATION Subject Code: (Section I) Model Answer Page No: 1/13 Que. Sub.
(ISO/IEC - 700-005 Certified) WINTER EXAMINATION Subject Code: 0 (Section I) Model Answer Page No: /3 Sub. No. ) a) Formula Ans. With unit u 0m/s s 98m t? s ut gt 98 0 (9.8)t 98x t 9.8 t 00.0 t =. sec.
More informationStudy of the accuracy of ultrasonic flowmeters for liquid
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com AASRI Procedia 3 (2012 ) 14 20 2012 AASRI Conference on Modelling, Identification and Control Study of the accuracy of ultrasonic flowmeters for liquid Liling
More informationMandatory Assignment 2013 INF-GEO4310
Mandatory Assignment 2013 INF-GEO4310 Deadline for submission: 12-Nov-2013 e-mail the answers in one pdf file to vikashp@ifi.uio.no Part I: Multiple choice questions Multiple choice geometrical optics
More informationGeotechnical Geotechnical Assessment
Site Investigation Site Investigation Pile Probing Pile Probing Geotechnical Logging Geotechnical and Sampling Logging and Sampling Streetworks and Utilities Streetworks Avoidance and Utilities Avoidance
More informationUnited States 3 The Ultran Group, Inc. Boalsburg, Pennsylvania, Unites States
NON-CONTACT ULTRASONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) M. Dunning 1, M. Karakouzian 2, R. Vun 3, and M. Bhardwaj 3 1 Clark County, Las Vegas; Nevada, United States 2 University of Nevada, Las
More informationRESOLUTION MEPC.147(54) Adopted on 24 March 2006 GUIDELINES ON THE ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL FILLET WELD BETWEEN DECK PLATING AND LONGITUDINALS
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEE, RECALLING Article 38(a) of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization concerning the functions of the Marine Environment Protection Committee
More informationToday s menu. Last lecture. Measurement of volume flow rate. Measurement of volume flow rate (cont d...) Differential pressure flow meters
Last lecture Analog-to-digital conversion (Ch. 1.1). Introduction to flow measurement systems (Ch. 12.1). Today s menu Measurement of volume flow rate Differential pressure flowmeters Mechanical flowmeters
More informationResidual Magnetic Flux Leakage: A Possible Tool for Studying Pipeline Defects
Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 22, No. 4, December 2003 ( 2004) Residual Magnetic Flux Leakage: A Possible Tool for Studying Pipeline Defects Vijay Babbar 1 and Lynann Clapham 1,2 Received
More informationF O R C E S I L E N T
E L E C T R I C A D J U S T A B L E & F O R C E V I B R A T O R S S P E E D S I L E N T S p e e d D i a l C o n t r o l o n A l l U n i t s L o w P o w e r C o n s u m p t i o n O v e r l o a d P r o t
More information