DENSITY FROM THE RINGS THROUGH INNER MAGNETOSPHERE
|
|
- Arline Brooks
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 O 2 AND O 2 DENSITY FROM THE RINGS THROUGH INNER MAGNETOSPHERE M.K. Elrod 1, R.E. Johnson 1, T. A. Cassidy 1, R. J. Wilson 2, R. L. Tokar 2, W. L. Tseng 3, W.H. Ip 3 1 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D466, Los Alamos, NM, Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Chung Li 320, Taiwan The main rings and the ice grains in the tenuous F and G rings are a source of O 2 ions for the inner magnetosphere (Tokar et. al. 2005). These ions are formed from neutral O 2 produced by the decomposition of ice by incident radiation (Johnson et. al. 2006). Since the principal source of O 2 ions is from the ionization of the neutral O 2 molecules through photo-ionization and electron interactions, O 2 becomes a marker for the radiation-induced decomposition of ice and the presence of O 2 neutrals. Recently, Martens et al (2008) described O 2 beyond the orbit of Enceladus, noting the possibility that Rhea is a source. Here we focus on O 2 inside the orbit of Enceladus. Through simulations of the neutral cloud created by photo-induced decomposition of the ice in the main rings and the tenuous F and G rings (Johnson et. al. 2006, Tseng et. al. 2008), it is possible to calculate the column density of the neutrals and the O 2 source rate in the inner magnetosphere. Using the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) data, we describe the density of the O 2 ions from the rings out to the orbit of Enceladus. The largest source of O 2 neutrals is expected to be the main rings. However, here we examine whether or not the energetic ion irradiation of grains in the F and G rings are significant sources of O 2 and if ion-neutral reactions in the Enceladus plume are a possible source. INTRODUCTION: The main rings of Saturn are primarily composed of icy grains ranging in size from microns to meters. When UV sunlight interacts with these ice grains, it causes the water in the ice to photo-disassociate. The disassociated species can react to produce H 2 and O 2 molecules which diffuse out of the ice. H 2 molecules, being much lighter in mass, tend to escape from the system much easier than the heavier O 2 molecules. As a result the O 2 molecules collect over the rings forming a tenuous O 2 atmosphere that extends into the inner magnetosphere. The plasma from the inner magnetosphere of Saturn and UV photons interacts with this neutral cloud of O 2 molecules, creating O 2 ions. Photo-chemistry of oxygen has shown the following reactions for molecular oxygen: O 2 hν -> O 2 e (1) O 2 hν -> O O e (2) O 2 hν -> O O (3) And for atomic oxygen: O hν -> O e (4) O O -> O O (charge exchange) (5) Thus the most effective method for the formation of a molecular oxygen ion over the main rings is through ionization of neutral molecular oxygen. When the Elrod Page 1
2 Cassini Space craft entered Saturn s orbit in 2004 in order to brake properly and enter a stable orbit for the mission, it passed very close to Saturn directly over the rings. This was the only pass over the rings that has occurred thus far in the mission. The spacecraft passed over the B-ring and crossed the ring plane just outside the F ring between the F and G rings. It was during this pass that the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) instrument detected ionized molecular oxygen (Tokar et. al. 2005, Johnson et. al., 2006). During subsequent orbits of Saturn the CAPS instrument detected O 2 ions beyond the rings but in significantly lower concentrations (Sittler et al, 2006). The fact that there is no other point where O 2 ions have such a high concentration indicates that the main rings are the primary source for O 2 ions throughout the inner magnetosphere. Our model of the neutral cloud from the rings show that the highest column density of molecular oxygen is over the A and B ring and trails off outward as seen in figure 1. The broad distribution of neutrals outside the rings is due to low energy, ion-neutral collision and charge exchange. This model also indicates that the inclination of the sun with the respect to the rings will affect the column density on the north side versus the south side of the rings (or lit and unlit sides) (Tseng et.al. 2009). The model used to obtain the result in figure 1 is a particle tracking simulation describing the neutral cloud where loss occurs through ionization processes and ion-neutral interactions. The model results shown in figure 1 demonstrate both the trailing edge over the ring, and the impact of the angle of inclination of the sun on the rings. Figure1. The neutral O 2 column density (molecules/cm 2 ) in four situations: red: 24 north of the ring plane; green: 24 north; blue: 14 north; pink: 4 north. (Tseng et.al. 2009) Having modeled the CAPS data over the rings, the subsequent goals of this study is to analyze the CAPS data of O 2 ions from the rings to just inside the orbit of Enceladus at around 4 Rs where Rs is the Saturn Radius (Rs = km). CAPS DATA ANALYSIS Early morning of July 1, 2004 the Cassini craft entered orbit around Saturn. On this initial pass over the rings, Cassini passed approximately 1.79 Rs over the main part of the B ring. On this initial pass starting at around 2.2 Rs until the ring crossing between the F and G ring at around 2.6 Rs, the CAPS instrument detected an increase in the ion density. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the trajectory of the Cassini spacecraft s trajectory as it entered the Saturn system. Elrod Page 2
3 singles mode for the instrument is designed to simply count the number of strikes made in a single sweep. Depending on the telemetry mode there can be 1-16 sweeps/ Acycle. Each Acycle lasts 4 seconds long, so in the highest telemetry mode, like that used during the 2004 entry pass, the highest amount of data will be collected. In all other telemetry modes, the counts will be summed up. Figure 2. Schematic of the Cassini trajectory near the Rings. Red regions indicate when CAPS rotated into the direction of plasma flow and ion densities were enhanced. As this trajectory shows, the spacecraft began at an altitude of approximately 0.25Rs north of the ring to about 0.15 Rs when the spacecraft rotated in the first area of interest, and then crossed the ring plane in the second area of interest. To determine the column density of the O 2 ions, it is necessary to determine the ion temperature, velocity relative to the space craft, and density at its position. It is also necessary to separate the different ion types entering the detector into the different species to correctly determine the temperature density and velocities. Since O 2 is twice the mass of the water group (also a dominate ion in the inner magnetosphere) and the O ion, it is much easier to determine the peak from the O peak by mass. Using Maxwell distribution to fit to the curve, it is possible to determine the moments of the phase space i.e., the temperature, density and velocity of the individual ions. The singles detector, used for this study, is part of the CAPS instrument on Cassini. It has 63 different energy bins or settings. As the ion enters the instrument, the charge/mass ratio will cause the trajectory of the ion to change and it will strike one of the different bins. The Since the ions have a temperature, the counts need to be converted to phase space and then fitted to a Maxwellian to determine T i. The counts are plotted vs energy. This flux F(E) is calculated from the Maxwellian fit to the counts vs energy bin: (6) Here eff(e) is the efficiency of the instrument as a function of ion energy E, G(E) is the geometrical factor of the instrument, v is the velocity of the particle. The key piece of this equation comes from the f(e) which is the Maxwellian fitting curve: Here n is the number density, m is the ion mass, T is the ion temperature in ev, and u is the velocity of the ion relative to the spacecraft. (7) This simple analysis gives a one dimensional approximation to the ion phase space distribution. When the spacecraft passed over the rings, the CAPS instrument was not actuating, meaning that the detector was pointing in one direction during the entire pass. To get a complete three dimensional analysis, the detector needs to be actuating or scanning across the field Elrod Page 3
4 both in and out of the line of view of the plasma, the peak of ion density. CAPS DATA Figure 3 shows a sample of the flux and fitting process for when the detector was over the B ring and pointed in the mean plasma flow direction. The higher peak in this graph is the O 2 ions while the lower peak is the O. The heavier ions will have the higher energy while the lighter mass ions will be at the lower energy. Figure 4. Density versus Rs of O 2 and O ions. Red line is O 2 and blue is O. Each anode that has a measurable peak, is individually analyzed, at each point. Then the anodes are averaged together to create one density per radial point. This curve was smoothed using a three point averaging to remove sharp jump in the density. Figure 3. Time 03:46:17 The blue line is the actual data, the red line is the O 2 flux fit and the green line is the O flux fit line with the black line the sum of the two. This is a snap shot measurement made near 1.92 Rs over the main rings specifically the B-ring. There are eight anodes on the detector. To accumulate the single densities from all anodes per Acycle, the densities are summed up to the Acycle resolution, then the anodes are averaged together for each point of measurement. Figure 4 is a graph of the densities at the space craft location. Figure 5 is the ion temperatures at the spacecraft location. Near the rings the plasma is moving close to the rotational velocity of Saturn s Magnetosphere, ~ km/s depending on position over the rings. These higher velocities of ions, as compared to further out in the magnetosphere make for the steep narrow curves seen in figure 3. Figure 5. Ion Temperature ev vs Rs.Red line is O 2 and blue is O. Similar to the density the anodes with measurable peaks are averaged together at each point to get the temperature of the O 2 and O. O 2 has lower temperature due to the fact that more energy is released in the O 2 reaction. This curve was also smoothed using a three point averaging. In order to determine the column density of the ions, we calculate the scale height H, a function of the temperature and ion mass. The projected density at the magnetic equator n o, depends on the altitude and the scale height. Elrod Page 4
5 (8) (9) indicates that there is also a slight increase in O 2 ions near Rhea indicating that Rhea might be a second source, though much less so than the rings (Martens et. al. 2007). (10) Here n = local density, z = altitude above the magnetic equator, q = ion charge, and m i = mass of the ion. Figure 6 shows the projected equatorial density for the region near the rings. Figure 6 shows the column density over the rings. Figure8. Column density of O 2 from the rings to Rhea. Diamonds indicate the density over the rings and squares out to Rhea (Tokar et al 2005, Martens et.al., 2007) DISCUSSION: Figure 6. Projected density of O 2 to the magnetic equator. The relatively high column density of O 2 over the rings indicates that the rings are by far the largest source of O 2 and, thus, O 2 ions in the inner magnetosphere of Saturn. While the Cassini spacecraft has passed several times near the plume of Enceladus, the source of the E-ring and the source of water ice grains, there has been little to no evidence for a strong O 2 source found in the plume or near Enceladus as yet. At present we are analyzing the CAPS data between Enceladus and the main rings. In this region very energetic ions interact with the tenuous F, G and E ring and might be and additional source of O 2 and consequently O 2. REFERENCES Figure 7. Column density of the region over the ring of O 2. Figure 8 compares the column density of O 2 from the ring out to 10Rs. This figure Bouhram, M.; R. E. Johnson; J.-J. Berthelier; J.- M. Illiano; R. L. Tokar; D. T. Young; F. J. Crary (2006), A test-particle model of the atmosphere/ionosphere system of Saturn's main rings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05016 Elrod Page 5
6 Luhmann, J.G., R.E. Johnson, R.L. Tokar, Ledvina, S.A. and T.E. Cravens (2006), A model of the ionosphere of Saturn s rings and its implications, Icarus, 181, Johnson, R.E., Liu, M., Sittler, E.C., Plasma-induced clearing and redistribution of material embedded in planetary magnetospheres. Geophys. Res Johnson, R.E., J.G. Luhmann, R.L. Tokar, M. Bouhram, J.J. Berthelier, E.C. Sittler, J.F.Cooper, T.W. Hill, F.J. Crary, and D.T. Young (2006), Production, ionization and redistribution of Saturn s O2 ring atmosphere, Icarus, 180, Martens, H.R., D.B. Reisenfeld, J.D. Williams, R.E. Johnson and H.T. Smith (2008), Observations of molecular oxygen ions in Saturn s inner magnetosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35 L Moses, J. Photochemistry of Saturn s Atmosphere: II Effect of an Influx of External Oxygen. Icarus (2000). Sittler, E.C., M. Thomson, R.E. Johnson et al., "Cassini observations of Saturn's inner plasmasphere: Saturn orbit insertion result", Planet. & Space Sci. 54, (2006). Tokar et al., (2005), Cassini observations of the thermal plasma in the vicinity of Saturn s main ring and the F and G rings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32 L14S04 Tomsen, M.F, Delapp, D.M., Numerical Moments Computation of CAPS/IMS. CAPS TEAM/Los Alamos National Labs Public Release, Feb Tseng, W-L., Ip, W-H., Johnson, R.E., Cassidy, T.A., Elrod, M.K., The Structure and Time Variability of the Ring Atmosphere and Ionosphere, Geophys Res Lett., submitted 3/09. Elrod Page 6
O 2 + FROM OVER THE MAIN RINGS INTO THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERE OF SATURN ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION SATURN ORBIT INSERTION
O 2 FROM OVER THE MAIN RINGS INTO THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERE OF SATURN M.K. Elrod 1, R.E. Johnson 1, T. A. Cassidy 1, R. J. Wilson 3, R. L. Tokar 2, W. L. Tseng 1 1 University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
More informationions in the Saturnian Magnetosphere
Main Rings Rhea Titan Enceladus torus Neutral H 2 and H 2 + ions in the Saturnian Magnetosphere Wendy Tseng 1, R. Johnson 1, M. Thomsen 2, T. Cassidy 3 and M. Elrod 1 1 University of Virginia, USA 2 Los
More informationTHE SEARCH FOR NITROGEN IN SATURN S MAGNETOSPHERE. Author: H. Todd Smith, University of Virginia Advisor: Robert E. Johnson University of Virginia
THE SEARCH FOR NITROGEN IN SATURN S MAGNETOSPHERE Author: H. Todd Smith, University of Virginia Advisor: Robert E. Johnson University of Virginia Abstract We have discovered N + in Saturn s inner magnetosphere
More informationCassini observations of the thermal plasma in the vicinity of Saturn s main rings and the F and G rings
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L14S04, doi:10.1029/2005gl022690, 2005 Cassini observations of the thermal plasma in the vicinity of Saturn s main rings and the F and G rings R. L. Tokar, 1 R. E.
More informationCassini Detection of Water Group Pick-up Ions in Saturn s Toroidal Atmosphere
Cassini Detection of Water Group Pick-up Ions in Saturn s Toroidal Atmosphere R.L.Tokar 1, R.J. Wilson 1, R.E. Johnson 2, M.G. Henderson 1, M.F.Thomsen 1, M.M. Cowee 1, E.C. Sittler, Jr. 3, D.T. Young
More informationTitan s Atomic and Molecular Nitrogen Tori
s Atomic and Molecular Nitrogen Tori H.T. Smith a, R.E. Johnson a, V.I. Shematovich b a Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 9 USA b Institute of Astronomy, RAS,
More informationThe plasma density distribution in the inner region of Saturn s magnetosphere
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: SPACE PHYSICS, VOL. 118, 970 974, doi:10.100/jgra.5018, 013 The plasma density distribution in the inner region of Saturn s magnetosphere A. M. Persoon, 1 D. A. Gurnett,
More informationEnceladus: The likely dominant nitrogen source in Saturn s magnetosphere
Icarus 188 (2007) 356 366 www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Enceladus: The likely dominant nitrogen source in Saturn s magnetosphere H.T. Smith d,, R.E. Johnson a, E.C. Sittler b, M. Shappirio b,d.reisenfeld
More informationThe Interaction of the Atmosphere of Enceladus with Saturn s Plasma
LA-UR-05-7699 The Interaction of the Atmosphere of Enceladus with Saturn s Plasma R.L.Tokar 1, R.E.Johnson 2, T.W.Hill 3, D.H.Pontius 4, W.S. Kurth 5, F. J.Crary 6, D.T. Young 6, M.F. Thomsen 1, D.B.Reisenfeld
More informationPlasma interaction at Io and Europa
Plasma interaction at Io and Europa Camilla D. K. Harris Tidal Heating: Lessons from Io and the Jovian System Thursday, Oct 18 2018 1. Jupiter s Magnetosphere 2. Moon-Magnetosphere Plasma Interaction 3.
More informationTest-particle simulation
Electron elastic collision by H 2 O originating from Enceladus: Test-particle simulation Hiroyasu Tadokoro 1 and Yuto Katoh 2 1 Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Now at Musashino University,
More informationSurprises from Saturn - and implications for other environments
Surprises from Saturn - and implications for other environments Andrew J. Coates a,b a Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, UK b The Centre for
More informationProperties of the thermal ion plasma near Rhea as measured by the Cassini plasma spectrometer
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115,, doi:10.1029/2009ja014679, 2010 Properties of the thermal ion plasma near Rhea as measured by the Cassini plasma spectrometer R. J.
More informationThe Plume Ionosphere of Enceladus as Seen by the Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer
The Plume Ionosphere of Enceladus as Seen by the Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer T. E. Cravens (1), R. L. McNutt Jr. (2), J. H. Waite Jr. (3), I. P. Robertson (1), J. G. Luhmann (4), W. Kasprzak
More informationPreliminary Interpretation of Titan Plasma Interaction as Observed by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer: Comparisons with Voyager 1
Preliminary Interpretation of Titan Plasma Interaction as Observed by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer: Comparisons with Voyager 1 R. E. Hartle 1, E. C. Sittler Jr. 1, F. M. Neubauer 2, R. E. Johnson 3,
More informationSaturn s neutral torus versus Jupiter s plasma torus
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 34, L09105, doi:10.1029/2007gl029437, 2007 Saturn s neutral torus versus Jupiter s plasma torus P. A. Delamere, 1 F. Bagenal, 1 V. Dols, 1 and L. C. Ray 1 Received 22
More information2.A Material sources of gas and plasma
2.A Material sources of gas and plasma The magnetosphere, extending from the top of the Saturn magnetosphere to beyond the magnetopause is dominated by neutral gas. The main components are atomic hydrogen,
More informationTenuous ring formation by the capture of interplanetary dust at Saturn
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110,, doi:10.1029/2004ja010577, 2005 Tenuous ring formation by the capture of interplanetary dust at Saturn C. J. Mitchell, 1 J. E. Colwell, and M. Horányi 1 Laboratory
More informationTest-particle simulation of electron pitch angle scattering due to H 2 O originating from Enceladus
Test-particle simulation of electron pitch angle scattering due to H 2 O originating from Enceladus Hiroyasu Tadokoro 1 and Yuto Katoh 2 1 Tokyo University of Technology E-mail: tadokorohr@stf.teu.ac.jp
More informationElectron density dropout near Enceladus in the context of watervapor
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 36, L10203, doi:10.1029/2008gl037108, 2009 Electron density dropout near Enceladus in the context of water-vapor and water-ice W. M. Farrell,
More informationCold ionospheric plasma in Titan s magnetotail
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 34, L24S06, doi:10.1029/2007gl030701, 2007 Cold ionospheric plasma in Titan s magnetotail H. Y. Wei, 1 C. T. Russell, 1 J.-E. Wahlund, 2 M. K. Dougherty, 2 C. Bertucci,
More informationEnceladus Water Vapor Plume
Enceladus Water Vapor Plume Candice J. Hansen 1*, L. Esposito 2, A. I. F. Stewart 2, J. Colwell 2, A. Hendrix 1, W. Pryor 4, D. Shemansky 3, R. West 1 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute
More informationConsequences of negative ions for Titan s plasma interaction
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 39,, doi:10.1029/2012gl053835, 2012 Consequences of negative ions for Titan s plasma interaction Stephen A. Ledvina 1 and Stephen H. Brecht 2 Received 11 September 2012;
More informationThe global plasma environment of Titan as observed by Cassini Plasma Spectrometer during the first two close encounters with Titan
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L20S05, doi:10.1029/2005gl022646, 2005 The global plasma environment of Titan as observed by Cassini Plasma Spectrometer during the first two close encounters with
More informationProduction, ionization and redistribution of O 2 in Saturn s ring atmosphere
Icarus 180 (2006) 393 402 www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Production, ionization and redistribution of O 2 in Saturn s ring atmosphere R.E. Johnson a,b,, J.G. Luhmann c, R.L. Tokar d, M. Bouhram e, J.J.
More informationModeling of electron fluxes in the Enceladus plume
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117,, doi:10.1029/2011ja017497, 2012 Modeling of electron fluxes in the Enceladus plume N. Ozak, 1 T. E. Cravens, 1 G. H. Jones, 2,3 A. J. Coates, 2,3 and I. P. Robertson
More informationAmazing Saturn. Saturn from the ground
1 Amazing Saturn Saturn from the ground 2 Saturn Information Overload The Cassini Mission started orbiting Saturn in 2004. 3 Getting There Planetary pinball with passes by Venus, Venus, Earth, and Jupiter
More informationPlanetary Temperatures
Planetary Temperatures How does Sunlight heat a planet with no atmosphere? This is similar to our dust grain heating problem First pass: Consider a planet of radius a at a distance R from a star of luminosity
More informationJupiter. Jupiter is the third-brightest object in the night sky (after the Moon and Venus). Exploration by Spacecrafts
Jupiter Orbit, Rotation Physical Properties Atmosphere, surface Interior Magnetosphere Moons (Voyager 1) Jupiter is the third-brightest object in the night sky (after the Moon and Venus). Exploration by
More informationTopside interactions with the Titan atmosphere. Anne Wellbrock
Topside interactions with the Titan atmosphere Anne Wellbrock Outline 1. About me 2. Introduction 3. Introducing Titan and its atmosphere 4. The UCL Titan thermosphere code 5. The interaction with Saturn
More informationLongitudinal plasma density variations at Saturn caused by hot electrons
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L03107, doi:10.1029/2007gl031095, 2008 Longitudinal plasma density variations at caused by hot electrons P. A. Delamere 1 and F. Bagenal 1 Received 22 June 2007;
More informationDavid versus Goliath 1
David versus Goliath 1 or A Comparison of the Magnetospheres between Jupiter and Earth 1 David and Goliath is a story from the Bible that is about a normal man (David) who meets a giant (Goliath) Tomas
More information12a. Jupiter. Jupiter Data (Table 12-1) Jupiter Data: Numbers
12a. Jupiter Jupiter & Saturn data Jupiter & Saturn seen from the Earth Jupiter & Saturn rotation & structure Jupiter & Saturn clouds Jupiter & Saturn atmospheric motions Jupiter & Saturn rocky cores Jupiter
More informationA diffusive equilibrium model for the plasma density in Saturn s magnetosphere
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114,, doi:10.1029/2008ja013912, 2009 A diffusive equilibrium model for the plasma density in Saturn s magnetosphere A. M. Persoon, 1 D. A. Gurnett, 1 O. Santolik,
More informationDetection of negative ions in the deep ionosphere of Titan during the Cassini T70 flyby
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 39,, doi:10.1029/2012gl051714, 2012 Detection of negative ions in the deep ionosphere of Titan during the Cassini T70 flyby K. Ågren, 1 N. J. T. Edberg, 1 and J.-E. Wahlund
More informationSodium recycling at Europa: what do we learn from the sodium cloud variability?
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L19201, doi:10.1029/2008gl035061, 2008 Sodium recycling at Europa: what do we learn from the sodium cloud variability? F. Cipriani, 1
More informationHII regions. Massive (hot) stars produce large numbers of ionizing photons (energy above 13.6 ev) which ionize hydrogen in the vicinity.
HII regions Massive (hot) stars produce large numbers of ionizing photons (energy above 13.6 ev) which ionize hydrogen in the vicinity. Detailed nebular structure depends on density distribution of surrounding
More informationJupiter and Saturn. Guiding Questions. Long orbital periods of Jupiter and Saturn cause favorable viewing times to shift
Jupiter and Saturn 1 2 Guiding Questions 1. Why is the best month to see Jupiter different from one year to the next? 2. Why are there important differences between the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn?
More informationModeling the electron and proton radiation belts of Saturn
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 30, NO. 20, 2059, doi:10.1029/2003gl017972, 2003 Modeling the electron and proton radiation belts of Saturn D. Santos-Costa, 1 M. Blanc, 1 S. Maurice, 2 and S. J. Bolton
More informationParticle pressure, inertial force and ring current density profiles. in the magnetosphere of Saturn, based on Cassini measurements.
1 2 Particle pressure, inertial force and ring current density profiles in the magnetosphere of Saturn, based on Cassini measurements. 3 4 5 6 N. Sergis 1, S.M. Krimigis 1,2, E.C. Roelof 2, C.S. Arridge
More informationThe University of Birmingham
The University of Birmingham School of Physics and Astronomy 2005/6 Literature Survey Construction of Ion Mobility Spectra for Titan s Lower Atmosphere By Peter Stevens Supervisor: Karen Aplin Peter Stevens
More informationInitial interpretation of Titan plasma interaction as observed by the Cassini plasma spectrometer: Comparisons with Voyager 1
ARTICLE IN PRESS Planetary and Space Science 54 (2006) 1211 1224 www.elsevier.com/locate/pss Initial interpretation of Titan plasma interaction as observed by the Cassini plasma spectrometer: Comparisons
More informationJovian Meteoroid Environment Model JMEM: Dust from the Galilean Satellites
Jovian Meteoroid Environment Model JMEM: Dust from the Galilean Satellites J. Schmidt, X. Liu (U Oulu) M. Sachse, F. Spahn (U Potsdam) R. Soja, R. Srama (U Stuttgart) N. Altobelli, C. Vallat (ESA) (images:
More informationJupiter and Saturn: Lords of the Planets
11/5/14 Jupiter and Saturn: Lords of the Planets Guiding Questions 1. Why is the best month to see Jupiter different from one year to the next? 2. Why are there important differences between the atmospheres
More informationJuno. Fran Bagenal University of Colorado
Juno Fran Bagenal University of Colorado Cassini 2000 Cassini 2000 Jupiter s Pole When the Galileo Probe entered Jupiter clouds Expected ammonia + water clouds But found! very few clouds Probe entered
More informationPlanetary Atmospheres
Planetary Atmospheres Structure Composition Clouds Meteorology Photochemistry Atmospheric Escape EAS 4803/8803 - CP 22:1 Where do planetary atmospheres come from? Three primary sources Primordial (solar
More informationPlasma convection in Saturn s outer magnetosphere determined from ions detected by the Cassini INCA experiment
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L04102, doi:10.1029/2007gl032342, 2008 Plasma convection in Saturn s outer magnetosphere determined from ions detected by the Cassini INCA experiment M. Kane, 1 D.
More informationAtmospheric escape. Volatile species on the terrestrial planets
Atmospheric escape MAVEN s Ultraviolet Views of Hydrogen s Escape from Mars Atomic hydrogen scattering sunlight in the upper atmosphere of Mars, as seen by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph on NASA's
More informationSpace Science: Atmospheres Part- 7b. Venus, Earth and Mars Where is the H 2 O on Venus? Planetary Escape Isotope Fractionation Hydrodynamic Escape
Space Science: Atmospheres Part- 7b Venus, Earth and Mars Where is the H 2 O on Venus? Planetary Escape Isotope Fractionation Hydrodynamic Escape Result of Simple Model Mars The Ice Planet Water primarily
More informationS E C T I O N 7 P R O B E S C I E N C E R E S U L T S
S E C T I O N 7 P R O B E S C I E N C E R E S U L T S Under surveillance by telescopes here on Earth as well as the Hubble Space Telescope, observations of Jupiter show that the probe apparently entered
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS. Planetary and Space Science
Planetary and Space Science 58 (2010) 327 350 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Planetary and Space Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pss Saturn s magnetospheric interaction with
More informationSignatures of Enceladus in Saturn s E ring
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 34,, doi:10.1029/2006gl029120, 2007 Signatures of Enceladus in Saturn s E ring Antal Juhász, 1 Mihály Horányi, 2,3 and Gregor E. Morfill 2
More informationPlanetary Atmospheres
Planetary Atmospheres Structure Composition Meteorology Clouds Photochemistry Atmospheric Escape EAS 4803/8803 - CP 20:1 Cloud formation Saturated Vapor Pressure: Maximum amount of water vapor partial
More informationPROBLEM 1 (15 points) In a Cartesian coordinate system, assume the magnetic flux density
PROBLEM 1 (15 points) In a Cartesian coordinate system, assume the magnetic flux density varies as ( ) where is a constant, is the unit vector in x direction. a) Sketch the magnetic flux density and the
More informationContents of this file Text S1-S3. Figures S1-S2. Tables S1-S2.
Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics) Supporting Information for Cassini Plasma Observations of Saturn's Magnetospheric Cusp Jamie M. Jasinski, 1,2,3 Christopher S. Arridge, 4 Andrew J. Coates,
More informationComplex molecules in Titan s upper atmosphere
Complex molecules in Titan s upper atmosphere Panayotis Lavvas GSMA/CNRS Roger V Yelle LPL, University of Arizona 52 nd ESLAB Meeting, ESTEC, 14 th May 2018 INTRODUCTION From ATOMS to MOLECULES to MACROMOLECULES
More informationMagnetic Reconnection
Magnetic Reconnection? On small scale-lengths (i.e. at sharp gradients), a diffusion region (physics unknown) can form where the magnetic field can diffuse through the plasma (i.e. a breakdown of the frozenin
More informationInterstellar Neutral Atoms and Their Journey Through the Heliosphere Elena Moise
Interstellar Neutral Atoms and Their Journey Through the Heliosphere Elena Moise Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai i Solar and Heliospheric Influences on the Geospace Bucharest, 1-5 Oct 2012
More informationThe Sun s Influence on Planetary Atmospheres
The Sun s Influence on Planetary Atmospheres Frank Eparvier eparvier@colorado.edu University of Colorado, Laboratory for Atmospheric & Space Physics Who am I? Dr. Frank Eparvier Research Scientist @ LASP
More informationSpace Physics: Recent Advances and Near-term Challenge. Chi Wang. National Space Science Center, CAS
Space Physics: Recent Advances and Near-term Challenge Chi Wang National Space Science Center, CAS Feb.25, 2014 Contents Significant advances from the past decade Key scientific challenges Future missions
More informationAstronomy 241: Review Questions #2 Distributed: November 7, 2013
Astronomy 241: Review Questions #2 Distributed: November 7, 2013 Review the questions below, and be prepared to discuss them in class. For each question, list (a) the general topic, and (b) the key laws
More informationMoons of Sol Lecture 13 3/5/2018
Moons of Sol Lecture 13 3/5/2018 Tidal locking We always see the same face of the Moon. This means: period of orbit = period of spin Top view of Moon orbiting Earth Earth Why? The tidal bulge in the solid
More informationA Peek At Cassini After 7 Years In Saturn Orbit
After becoming humankind's first artificial satellite of Saturn on 1 July 2004, the Cassini orbiter shared headlines with its companion spacecraft Huygens until the latter reached the surface of Saturn's
More informationEnergy Balance in the Core of the Saturn Plasma Sheet
UNCLASSIFIED SPACE ENVIIRONMENT TECHNOLOGIIES 1070 SET TR 2011-001 Energy Balance in the Core of the Saturn Plasma Sheet Jean Michi Yoshii Contract F19628-03-C-0076 Dec 2011 Notice: This document is released
More informationThe Performance of the EUV Spectroscope (EXCEED) Onboard the SPRINT-A Mission
The Performance of the EUV Spectroscope (EXCEED) Onboard the SPRINT-A Mission K. Yoshioka, G. Murakami, A. Yamazaki, K. Uemizu, T. Kimura (ISAS/JAXA), I. Yoshikawa, K. Uji (Univ. Tokyo) F. Tsuchiya, and
More informationRing Rain and Other Drivers Luke Moore, Marina Galand, Arv Kliore, Andy Nagy, James O Donoghue
Ring Rain and Other Drivers Luke Moore, Marina Galand, Arv Kliore, Andy Nagy, James O Donoghue Outline Introduction to Saturn s ionosphere Basic properties and theory Observations: what do we know? Radio
More informationPeriodicity in Saturn s magnetosphere: Plasma cam
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 36, L14203, doi:10.1029/2009gl039043, 2009 Periodicity in Saturn s magnetosphere: Plasma cam J. L. Burch, 1 A. D. DeJong, 1 J. Goldstein,
More informationA plasmapause like density boundary at high latitudes in Saturn s magnetosphere
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 37,, doi:10.1029/2010gl044466, 2010 A plasmapause like density boundary at high latitudes in Saturn s magnetosphere D. A. Gurnett, 1 A. M. Persoon, 1 A. J. Kopf, 1 W.
More informationModeling of Saturn s magnetosphere during Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 encounters
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115,, doi:10.1029/2009ja015124, 2010 Modeling of Saturn s magnetosphere during Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 encounters M. Chou 1 and C. Z. Cheng 1,2 Received 20 November
More informationThe Jovian Planets (Gas Giants)
The Jovian Planets (Gas Giants) Discoveries and known to ancient astronomers. discovered in 1781 by Sir William Herschel (England). discovered in 1845 by Johann Galle (Germany). Predicted to exist by John
More informationDirect observation of warping in the plasma sheet of Saturn
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L24201, doi:10.1029/2008gl035970, 2008 Direct observation of warping in the plasma sheet of Saturn J. F. Carbary, 1 D. G. Mitchell, 1 C. Paranicas, 1 E. C. Roelof,
More informationEnergetic electron microsignatures as tracers of radial flows and dynamics in Saturn s innermost magnetosphere
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115,, doi:10.1029/2009ja014808, 2010 Energetic electron microsignatures as tracers of radial flows and dynamics in Saturn s innermost magnetosphere
More informationThe Fathers of the Gods: Jupiter and Saturn
The Fathers of the Gods: Jupiter and Saturn Learning Objectives! Order all the planets by size and distance from the Sun! How are clouds on Jupiter (and Saturn) different to the Earth? What 2 factors drive
More informationLast Class. Today s Class 11/28/2017
Today s Class: The Jovian Planets & Their Water Worlds 1. Exam #3 on Thursday, Nov. 30 th! a) Covers all the reading Nov. 2-28. b) Covers Homework #6 and #7. c) Review Space in the News articles/discussions.
More informationUppsala universitet Institutionen för astronomi och rymdfysik Anders Eriksson och Jan-Erik Wahlund
Tentamen för Rymdfysik I och Rymdfysik MN1 2001-12-20 Uppsala universitet Institutionen för astronomi och rymdfysik Anders Eriksson och Jan-Erik Wahlund Please write your name on all papers, and on the
More informationSurvey of the Solar System. The Sun Giant Planets Terrestrial Planets Minor Planets Satellite/Ring Systems
Survey of the Solar System The Sun Giant Planets Terrestrial Planets Minor Planets Satellite/Ring Systems The Sun Mass, M ~ 2 x 10 30 kg Radius, R ~ 7 x 10 8 m Surface Temperature ~ 5800 K Density ~ 1.4
More informationGeneral Comments about the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets
General Comments about the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets Mercury Very little atmosphere Contents: vaporized micrometeorites, solar wind Sky is black Venus Very thick (10% density of water), dense
More informationPhotoionization Modelling of H II Region for Oxygen Ions
Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 2015, 3, 7-16 Published Online April 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/msce http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msce.2015.34002 Photoionization Modelling
More informationOutline. Planetary Atmospheres. General Comments about the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets. General Comments, continued
Outline Planetary Atmospheres Chapter 10 General comments about terrestrial planet atmospheres Atmospheric structure & the generic atmosphere Greenhouse effect Magnetosphere & the aurora Weather & climate
More informationCollisions and transport phenomena
Collisions and transport phenomena Collisions in partly and fully ionized plasmas Typical collision parameters Conductivity and transport coefficients Conductivity tensor Formation of the ionosphere and
More informationESA s Juice: Mission Summary and Fact Sheet
ESA s Juice: Mission Summary and Fact Sheet JUICE - JUpiter ICy moons Explorer - is the first large-class mission in ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme. Planned for launch in 2022 and arrival at Jupiter
More information6. Interstellar Medium. Emission nebulae are diffuse patches of emission surrounding hot O and
6-1 6. Interstellar Medium 6.1 Nebulae Emission nebulae are diffuse patches of emission surrounding hot O and early B-type stars. Gas is ionized and heated by radiation from the parent stars. In size,
More informationExploring the ionosphere of Mars
Exploring the ionosphere of Mars This hazy region contains the atmosphere and ionosphere of Mars Paul Withers Boston University (withers@bu.edu) Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa,
More informationInternal structure and atmospheres of planets
Internal structure and atmospheres of planets SERGEI POPOV 1312.3323 Sizes and masses Radius vs. mass Results of modeling. Old (relaxed) planets. Colors correspond to different fractions of light elements.
More informationChapter 8 Geospace 1
Chapter 8 Geospace 1 Previously Sources of the Earth's magnetic field. 2 Content Basic concepts The Sun and solar wind Near-Earth space About other planets 3 Basic concepts 4 Plasma The molecules of an
More informationLecture Outlines. Chapter 11. Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Outlines Chapter 11 Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Chapter 11 Jupiter Units of Chapter 11 11.1 Orbital and Physical Properties 11.2 Jupiter s Atmosphere Discovery 11.1 A Cometary
More informationAstronomy November, 2016 Introduction to Astronomy: The Solar System. Mid-term Exam 3. Practice Version. Name (written legibly):
Astronomy 101 16 November, 2016 Introduction to Astronomy: The Solar System Mid-term Exam 3 Practice Version Name (written legibly): Honor Pledge: On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized
More informationSaturn and Planetary Rings 4/5/07
Saturn and Planetary Rings Announcements Reading Assignment Chapter 15 5 th homework due next Thursday, April 12 (currently posted on the website). Reminder about term paper due April 17. There will be
More informationThermosphere Part-3. EUV absorption Thermal Conductivity Mesopause Thermospheric Structure Temperature Structure on other planets
Thermosphere Part-3 EUV absorption Thermal Conductivity Mesopause Thermospheric Structure Temperature Structure on other planets Thermosphere Absorbs EUV Absorption: Solar Spectrum 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8
More informationStatistical analysis of injection/dispersion events in Saturn s inner magnetosphere
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 113,, doi:10.1029/2008ja013166, 2008 Statistical analysis of injection/dispersion events in Saturn s inner magnetosphere Y. Chen 1 and T. W. Hill 1 Received 18 March
More informationReduction of Trapped Energetic Particle Fluxes in Earth and Jupiter Radiation Belts
Reduction of Trapped Energetic Particle Fluxes in Earth and Jupiter Radiation Belts Robert Hoyt, Michelle Cash Tethers Unlimited, Inc. 11711 N. Creek Pkwy S., Suite D-113, Bothell, WA 98011 (425) 486-0100
More informationZach Meeks. Office: Ford ES&T Phone: (918) Please let me know if you have any questions!
Zach Meeks Office: Ford ES&T 2114 Email: zachary.meeks@gatech.edu Phone: (918) 515-0052 Please let me know if you have any questions! The scope of space physics Solar-Terrestrial Relations Solar-Terrestrial
More informationDIN EN : (E)
DIN EN 16603-10-04:2015-05 (E) Space engineering - Space environment; English version EN 16603-10-04:2015 Foreword... 12 Introduction... 13 1 Scope... 14 2 Normative references... 15 3 Terms, definitions
More informationSolar System. The Jovian Satellites. Regular vs. Irregular Satellites. Jovian satellites reside beyond the frost line
The Jovian Satellites Satellites are common around Jovian planets Some are as large as Mercury, & thus are like planets Some have atmospheres Discovery of the first Jovian satellites In 1610, Galileo discovered
More informationLast Class. Jupiter. Today s Class
Today s Class: Jupiter & Its Waterworld Moons 1. Reading for Next Class: Saturn and its moons Chapter 11 in Cosmic Perspective. 2. Homework #8 will be due next Wednesday, April 18. 3. Need 2 more volunteers
More informationJupiter and Saturn s Satellites of Fire and Ice. Chapter Fifteen
Jupiter and Saturn s Satellites of Fire and Ice Chapter Fifteen ASTR 111 003 Fall 2006 Lecture 12 Nov. 20, 2006 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6) Planets and Moons (chap.
More informationAssessment of the magnetospheric contribution to the suprathermal ions in Saturn s foreshock region
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112,, doi:10.1029/2006ja012084, 2007 Assessment of the magnetospheric contribution to the suprathermal ions in Saturn s foreshock region M. F. Thomsen, 1 J. P. DiLorenzo,
More informationLecture 24: Saturn. The Solar System. Saturn s Rings. First we focus on solar distance, average density, and mass: (where we have used Earth units)
Lecture 24: Saturn The Solar System First we focus on solar distance, average density, and mass: Planet Distance Density Mass Mercury 0.4 1.0 0.06 Venus 0.7 0.9 0.8 Earth 1.0 1.0 1.0 Mars 1.5 0.7 0.1 (asteroid)
More informationPhys 214. Planets and Life
Phys 214. Planets and Life Dr. Cristina Buzea Department of Physics Room 259 E-mail: cristi@physics.queensu.ca (Please use PHYS214 in e-mail subject) Lecture 29. Search for life on jovian moons. Habitability.
More informationSolar System. The Jovian Satellites. Regular vs. Irregular Satellites. Jovian satellites reside beyond the frost line
The Jovian Satellites Satellites are common around Jovian planets Some are as large as Mercury, & thus are like planets Some have atmospheres Discovery of the first Jovian satellites In 1610, Galileo discovered
More information