Scintillation by Extraterrestrial Refractors

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1 Search for Galactic hidden gas The Optical Scintillation by Extraterrestrial Refractors A&A 412, (2003) (astro-ph/ ) Marc MONIEZ, IN2P3, CNRS Project Tucson 03/19/2010

2 OSER project: measure the last unknown contribution to the baryonic hidden matter: cold H 2 (+He)

3 OSER project: measure the last unknown contribution to the baryonic hidden matter: cold H 2 (+He) Cold (10K) => no emission. Transparent medium.

4 OSER project: measure the last unknown contribution to the baryonic hidden matter: cold H 2 (+He) Cold (10K) => no emission. Transparent medium. In the thick disk or/and in the halo

5 OSER project: measure the last unknown contribution to the baryonic hidden matter: cold H 2 (+He) Cold (10K) => no emission. Transparent medium. In the thick disk or/and in the halo Average column density toward LMC

6 OSER project: measure the last unknown contribution to the baryonic hidden matter: cold H 2 (+He) Cold (10K) => no emission. Transparent medium. In the thick disk or/and in the halo Average column density toward LMC 250g/m 2 <=> column of 3m H 2 (normal cond.)

7 OSER project: measure the last unknown contribution to the baryonic hidden matter: cold H 2 (+He) Cold (10K) => no emission. Transparent medium. In the thick disk or/and in the halo Average column density toward LMC Fractal structure: covers ~1% of the sky. Clumpuscules ~10 AU (Pfenniger & Combes 1994) 250g/m 2 <=> column of 3m H 2 (normal cond.) ~300m H 2 over 1% of the sky

8 These clouds refract light

9 These clouds refract light Extra optical path due to H 2 medium Varies from 0 (99% sky) to ~80 000λ λ=500nm

10 These clouds refract light Extra optical path due to H 2 medium Varies from 0 (99% sky) to ~80 000λ λ=500nm If the medium has column density fluctuations (turbulences) of order of a few 10-6 then wavefront distorsions may be detectable

$by: Fresnel diffraction + «global» refraction Pattern moves at the speed of the$

11 Scintillation through a diffusive screen Propagation of distorted wave surface driven by: Fresnel diffraction + «global» refraction Pattern moves at the speed of the screen

14 Point source Extended source Simulation Monochromatic λ=2.18 m=1.08 m=0.23 towards B68 Polychromatic (Ks passband) m=0.76 m=0.23 m = σ I /I = modulation index

15 Point source Extended source Simulation Monochromatic λ=2.18 m=1.08 m=0.23 towards B68 Illumination in Ks by a K0V star@8kpc (m V =20.4) through a cloud@160pc Polychromatic (Ks passband) m=0.76 m=0.23 m = σ I /I = modulation index

16 Point source Extended source Simulation Monochromatic λ=2.18 m=1.08 m=0.23 towards B68 Illumination in Ks by a K0V star@8kpc (m V =20.4) through a cloud@160pc Polychromatic (Ks passband) m=0.76 m=0.23 m = σ I /I = modulation index

17 Point source Extended source Simulation Monochromatic λ=2.18 m=1.08 m=0.23 towards B68 Illumination in Ks by a K0V star@8kpc (m V =20.4) through a cloud@160pc Polychromatic (Ks passband) m=0.76 m=0.23 m = σ I /I = modulation index Simulated light curve

18 Distance scales

19 Distance scales 5 distance scales are found in the speckle pattern

20 Distance scales 5 distance scales are found in the speckle pattern Diffusion radius R diff separation such that: σ[φ(r+r diff )-φ(r)] = 1 radian Characterizes the turbulence

21 Distance scales 5 distance scales are found in the speckle pattern Diffusion radius R diff separation such that: σ[φ(r+r diff )-φ(r)] = 1 radian Characterizes the turbulence Fresnel radius R F scale of Fresnel diffraction ~10 3 for gas@1kpc

22 Distance scales 5 distance scales are found in the speckle pattern Diffusion radius R diff separation such that: σ[φ(r+r diff )-φ(r)] = 1 radian Characterizes the turbulence Fresnel radius R F scale of Fresnel diffraction ~10 3 for gas@1kpc Refraction radius R ref diffractive spot of R diff patches ~ 2πR F 2/R diff

23 Distance scales 5 distance scales are found in the speckle pattern Diffusion radius R diff separation such that: σ[φ(r+r diff )-φ(r)] = 1 radian Characterizes the turbulence Fresnel radius R F scale of Fresnel diffraction ~10 3 for gas@1kpc Refraction radius R ref diffractive spot of R diff patches ~ 2πR F 2/R diff Larger scale structures of the diffusive gaz can play a role if focusing/defocusing configurations happen

24 Distance scales 5 distance scales are found in the speckle pattern Diffusion radius R diff separation such that: σ[φ(r+r diff )-φ(r)] = 1 radian Characterizes the turbulence Fresnel radius R F scale of Fresnel diffraction ~10 3 for gas@1kpc Refraction radius R ref diffractive spot of R diff patches ~ 2πR F 2/R diff Larger scale structures of the diffusive gaz can play a role if focusing/defocusing configurations happen Projected source size R S speckle from a pointlike source is convoluted by the source projected profile

$of Fresnel diffraction ~10 3 km @λ=1µ for gas@1kpc Refraction radius R ref diffractive spot of R diff patches ~ 2πR F 2/R diff Larger scale structures of the diffusive gaz can play a role if$

25 Distance scales 5 distance scales are found in the speckle pattern Diffusion radius R diff separation such that: σ[φ(r+r diff )-φ(r)] = 1 radian Characterizes the turbulence Fresnel radius R F scale of Fresnel diffraction ~10 3 for gas@1kpc Refraction radius R ref diffractive spot of R diff patches ~ 2πR F 2/R diff Larger scale structures of the diffusive gaz can play a role if focusing/defocusing configurations happen Projected source size R S speckle from a pointlike source is convoluted by the source projected profile

26 R diff : Statistical characterization of a stochastic screen Size of domain where σ(phase)= 1 radian i.e. (at λ = 500 nm) σ(column density nl) = 1.8x10 18 molecules/cm 2 This corresponds to - Δnl/nl ~ 10-6 for disk/halo clumpuscule - Δnl/nl ~ 10-4 for Bok globule (NTT search)

27 Modulation index Essentially depends on R S /R ref -> not on the details of the power spectrum of the fluctuations σ I /I R S /R ref z 1 is the cloud-source distance

28 Modulation index Essentially depends on R S /R ref -> not on the details of the power spectrum of the fluctuations σ I /I Scintillation of Sun@10kpc through a cloud with R diff =1000km at λ = 1 µm R S /R ref z 1 is the cloud-source distance

29 Time scale If R diff < R ref, then R ref is the largest scale and : Where z 0 is the distance to the cloud V T is the relative speed of the cloud w/r to the l.o.s.

30 Signature of scintillation

31 Signature of scintillation Stochastic light-curve (not random)

32 Signature of scintillation Stochastic light-curve (not random) Autocorrelation (power spectrum)

33 Signature of scintillation Stochastic light-curve (not random) Autocorrelation (power spectrum) Characteristic times (10 s minutes)

34 Signature of scintillation Stochastic light-curve (not random) Autocorrelation (power spectrum) Characteristic times (10 s minutes) Modulation index can be as high as 5% decreases with star radius depends on cloud structure

35 Signature of scintillation Stochastic light-curve (not random) Autocorrelation (power spectrum) Characteristic times (10 s minutes) Modulation index can be as high as 5% decreases with star radius depends on cloud structure Signatures of a propagation effect

36 Signature of scintillation Stochastic light-curve (not random) Autocorrelation (power spectrum) Characteristic times (10 s minutes) Modulation index can be as high as 5% decreases with star radius depends on cloud structure Signatures of a propagation effect Chromaticity (optical wavelengths) Long time-scale variations (10 s min.) ~ achromatic Short time-scale variations (~ min.) strongly change with λ

37 Signature of scintillation Stochastic light-curve (not random) Autocorrelation (power spectrum) Characteristic times (10 s minutes) Modulation index can be as high as 5% decreases with star radius depends on cloud structure Signatures of a propagation effect Chromaticity (optical wavelengths) Long time-scale variations (10 s min.) ~ achromatic Short time-scale variations (~ min.) strongly change with λ Correlation between light-curves obtained with 2 telescopes decreases with their distance

38 Fore and back-grounds

39 Fore and back-grounds Atmospheric turbulence Prism effects, image dispersion, BUT ΔI/I < 1% at any time scale in a big telescope BECAUSE speckle with 3cm length scale is averaged in a >1m aperture

40 Fore and back-grounds Atmospheric turbulence Prism effects, image dispersion, BUT ΔI/I < 1% at any time scale in a big telescope BECAUSE speckle with 3cm length scale is averaged in a >1m aperture High altitude cirruses Would induce easy-to-detect collective absorption on neighbour stars. Scintillation by a 10AU structure affect one only star.

41 Fore and back-grounds Atmospheric turbulence Prism effects, image dispersion, BUT ΔI/I < 1% at any time scale in a big telescope BECAUSE speckle with 3cm length scale is averaged in a >1m aperture High altitude cirruses Would induce easy-to-detect collective absorption on neighbour stars. Scintillation by a 10AU structure affect one only star. Gas at ~10pc Scintillation would also occur on the biggest stars

42 Fore and back-grounds Atmospheric turbulence Prism effects, image dispersion, BUT ΔI/I < 1% at any time scale in a big telescope BECAUSE speckle with 3cm length scale is averaged in a >1m aperture High altitude cirruses Would induce easy-to-detect collective absorption on neighbour stars. Scintillation by a 10AU structure affect one only star. Gas at ~10pc Scintillation would also occur on the biggest stars Intrinsic variability Rare at this time scale and only with special stars (UV Ceti, flaring Wolf-Rayet)

43 Optical depth due to halo gas towards LMC

44 Optical depth due to halo gas towards LMC τ scintillation = 10-2 x α x S

45 Optical depth due to halo gas towards LMC τ scintillation = 10-2 x α x S

46 Optical depth due to halo gas towards LMC τ scintillation = 10-2 x α x S Where

47 Optical depth due to halo gas towards LMC τ scintillation = 10-2 x α x S Where 10-2 is the max. surface coverage of the fractal structures

48 Optical depth due to halo gas towards LMC τ scintillation = 10-2 x α x S Where 10-2 is the max. surface coverage of the fractal structures α is the fraction of halo into molecular gas

49 Optical depth due to halo gas towards LMC τ scintillation = 10-2 x α x S Where 10-2 is the max. surface coverage of the fractal structures α is the fraction of halo into molecular gas S depends on the structuration Unknown

50 Requirements for detection towards LMC

51 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules)

52 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 )

53 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 )

54 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 ) Smaller than A5 type in LMC => M V ~20.5

55 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 ) Smaller than A5 type in LMC => M V ~20.5 Characteristic time ~ 1 min. => few sec. exposures

56 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 ) Smaller than A5 type in LMC => M V ~20.5 Characteristic time ~ 1 min. => few sec. exposures Photometric precision required ~1%

57 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 ) Smaller than A5 type in LMC => M V ~20.5 Characteristic time ~ 1 min. => few sec. exposures Photometric precision required ~1%

58 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 ) Smaller than A5 type in LMC => M V ~20.5 Characteristic time ~ 1 min. => few sec. exposures Photometric precision required ~1%

59 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 ) Smaller than A5 type in LMC => M V ~20.5 Characteristic time ~ 1 min. => few sec. exposures Photometric precision required ~1% Dead-time < few sec. =>

60 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 ) Smaller than A5 type in LMC => M V ~20.5 Characteristic time ~ 1 min. => few sec. exposures Photometric precision required ~1% Dead-time < few sec. => B and R partially correlated =>

61 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 ) Smaller than A5 type in LMC => M V ~20.5 Characteristic time ~ 1 min. => few sec. exposures Photometric precision required ~1% Dead-time < few sec. => B and R partially correlated => Optical depth probably small =>

62 Requirements for detection towards LMC Assuming R diff = 1000km (10 AU clumpuscules) 5% modulation@500nm => r s < r A5 (10 5 /deg 2 ) Smaller than A5 type in LMC => M V ~20.5 Characteristic time ~ 1 min. => few sec. exposures Photometric precision required ~1% Dead-time < few sec. => B and R partially correlated => Optical depth probably small => Telescope > 2 meters Fast readout Camera 2 cameras Wide field

63 What will we learn from detection or non-detection?

64 What will we learn from detection or non-detection? Expect 1000xα fluctuating light-curves (>5%) when monitoring 10 5 stars if column density fluctuations > 10-6 within 1000km

65 What will we learn from detection or non-detection? Expect 1000xα fluctuating light-curves (>5%) when monitoring 10 5 stars if column density fluctuations > 10-6 within 1000km If detection Get details on the clumpuscule (structure, column density -> mass) through modelling (reverse problem) Measure contribution to galactic hidden matter

66 What will we learn from detection or non-detection? Expect 1000xα fluctuating light-curves (>5%) when monitoring 10 5 stars if column density fluctuations > 10-6 within 1000km If detection Get details on the clumpuscule (structure, column density -> mass) through modelling (reverse problem) Measure contribution to galactic hidden matter If no detection Get max. contribution of clumpuscules as a function of their structuration parameter R diff (fluctuations of column density)

67 Test towards Bok globule B68 NTT IR (2 nights in june 2006)

68 Test towards Bok globule B68 NTT IR (2 nights in june 2006) 9599 stars monitored

69 Test towards Bok globule B68 NTT IR (2 nights in june 2006) 9599 stars monitored ~ 1000 exposures/night

70 Test towards Bok globule B68 NTT IR (2 nights in june 2006) 9599 stars monitored ~ 1000 exposures/night Search for ~10% variability on the 933 best measured stars

71 Test towards Bok globule B68 NTT IR (2 nights in june 2006) 9599 stars monitored ~ 1000 exposures/night Search for ~10% variability on the 933 best measured stars Signal if Δ(nl)/(nl) ~ 10-4 per ~1000 km (nl = column density)

72 Test towards Bok globule B68 NTT IR (2 nights in june 2006) 9599 stars monitored ~ 1000 exposures/night Search for ~10% variability on the 933 best measured stars Signal if Δ(nl)/(nl) ~ 10-4 per ~1000 km (nl = column density) Mainly test for background and feasibility

73 Test towards Bok globule B68 NTT IR (2 nights) one fluctuating star? (other than known artifacts) Time (10 3 s)

74 Conclusion: optical interstellar scintillation with LSST

75 Conclusion: optical interstellar scintillation with LSST LSST has the capacity for this search Large enough (diameter and field) Fast readout (2s) -> allows fast sampling

76 Conclusion: optical interstellar scintillation with LSST LSST has the capacity for this search Large enough (diameter and field) Fast readout (2s) -> allows fast sampling But current sampling strategy does not fit Need few hours series of short exposures But no need for regular long time sampling (contrary to microlensing or SN searches)

77 Conclusion: optical interstellar scintillation with LSST LSST has the capacity for this search Large enough (diameter and field) Fast readout (2s) -> allows fast sampling But current sampling strategy does not fit Need few hours series of short exposures But no need for regular long time sampling (contrary to microlensing or SN searches) Complementary synchronized observations for test of chromaticity decorrelation with distant simultaneous observations

78 complements

79 For the future

80 For the future A network of distant telescopes

81 For the future A network of distant telescopes Would allow to decorrelate scintillation from interstellar clouds and atmospheric effects

82 For the future A network of distant telescopes Would allow to decorrelate scintillation from interstellar clouds and atmospheric effects Snapshot of interferometric pattern + follow-up Simultaneous R diff and V T measurements => positions and dynamics of the clouds Plus structuration of the clouds (inverse problem)

83 Expected difficulties, cures

84 Expected difficulties, cures Blending (crowded field)=> differential photometry

85 Expected difficulties, cures Blending (crowded field)=> differential photometry Delicate analysis Detect and Subtract collective effects Search for a not well defined signal VIRGO robust filtering techniques (short duration signal) Autocorrelation function (long duration signal) Time power spectrum, essential tool for the inversion problem (as in radio-astronomy)

86 Expected difficulties, cures Blending (crowded field)=> differential photometry Delicate analysis Detect and Subtract collective effects Search for a not well defined signal VIRGO robust filtering techniques (short duration signal) Autocorrelation function (long duration signal) Time power spectrum, essential tool for the inversion problem (as in radio-astronomy) If interesting event => complementary observations (large telescope photometry, spectroscopy, synchronized telescopes )

7. Telescopes: Portals of Discovery Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison Wesley

7. Telescopes: Portals of Discovery Parts of the Human Eye pupil allows light to enter the eye lens focuses light to create an image retina detects the light and generates signals which are sent to the