Measurement in Scientific Study
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1 Measurement in Scientific Study
2 Scientific Method Observations Data Hypothesis Proposal Experiment Variables Model 13 June
3 13 June 2013 by: RBG 3
4 Mars Probe Lost to Simple Math Error In 1999, NASA lost $125,000,000 because a spacecraft was lost in translation. Navigation team used the metric system (units in newton-seconds), while designers used the English system (units in poundseconds). The spacecraft flew 100 km lower into Mars atmosphere, leading to the loss June
5 SI Units There are 7 basic units of measure that we need to know: 13 June
6 Know the prefixes! Scientists also use the metric system in measurements. 13 June
7 Practice Problem The average radius of a molecule of lysozyme, an enzyme in tears, is 1430 pm. What is its radius in nanometers (nm)? 13 June
8 Derived Quantities Using the 7 basic units, we can derive other quantities: 13 June
9 A liter (L) is defined as the volume occupied by a 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm cube. 1 cm 3 = 1 ml 1000 cm 3 = 1000 ml = 1 L 13 June
10 Practice Problem The volume of a certain bacterial cell is 2.56 μm 3. (a) What is its volume in cubic millimeters (mm 3 )? (b) What is the volume of 10 5 cells in liters (L)? 13 June
11 Density is a physical property of a substance that describes the ratio of mass to its volume occupied. Specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density of liquid water at 25 ºC (density of water at 25 ºC = g/cm 3 ) This tells you the density of a substance at 25 ºC. 13 June
12 Practice Problem The substances at the right are clear liquids. You are asked to identify an unknown liquid which is on the list. You transfer 3.50 ml sample of the unknown into a beaker. The empty beaker had a mass of g, and the beaker containing the sample weighed g. Liquid Specific Gravity Glycerol Ethylene glycol Ethanol Acetic acid Water June
13 Dimensional Analysis A tool that uses conversion factors to express a measured quantity in different units Example: Light travels at 2.99 x cm per second in a vacuum. What is its speed in km/hr? 13 June
14 Converting units of length *Angstrom, Å = m 13 June
15 Converting units of mass 13 June
16 Converting units of volume 13 June
17 Converting units of temperature 13 June
18 Converting units of temperature From ºC to Kelvin: From ºC to ºF, and vice versa: 13 June
19 Practice Problem 1. The volume of an irregularly shaped solid can be determined from the volume of water it displaces. A graduated cylinder contains 19.9 ml of water. When a small piece of galena, an ore of lead, is added, it sinks and the volume increases to 24.5 ml. What is the volume of the piece of galena in cm 3 and in L? 13 June
20 Practice Problem 2. International communications are often carried by optical fibers in cables laid along the ocean floor. If one strand of optical fiber weighs 1.19 x 10-3 lb/m, what is the mass (in kg) of a cable made of six strands of optical fiber, each long enough to link New York and Paris (8.84 x10 3 km)? (Note: 1 kg = lb) 13 June
21 Practice Problem 3. Perform the following conversions: a. 106 ºF (the body temperature of many birds) to K and ºC. b ºC (the melting point of tungsten, the highest for any element) to K and ºF. c. 6.1 x 10 3 K (the surface temperature of the Sun) to ºF and ºC. 13 June
22 Practice Problem 4. What is the diameter of the moon in kilometers if the moon has a mass of 7.4 x kg and its density is 3.3 g/cm 3? 13 June
23 13 June 2013 by: RBG 24
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