Appendix 2. Planetary Parameters. J. W. Weiss. University of Colorado, Boulder. m n A (degrees) (degrees) (degrees)

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1 Appendix Planetary Parameters J. W. Weiss University of Colorado, Boulder Table A.. Jupiter's orbital parameters. a Period e (AU) (Years) i. m n A These orbital data is given for Jupiter in epoch J (JD.). The orbital elements in are a Orbital semi-major axis Period Sidereal orbital period e Orbital eccentricity Orbital inclination (with respect to the ecliptic) m Longitude of perihelion n Longitude of the ascending node A Mean longitude The last three quantities are taken with respect to the vernal equinox of J. Data are from Seidelmann and Kenneth (99) and can be found on JPL's Solar System Dynamics website ( maintained by Robert Jacobson. Table A.. Rates of change in Jupiter's orbital parameters. a e (AU /century) ( century- ) i (arcsecjcentury) w (arcsec/century) n,\ (arcsecjcentury) ( arcsec /century) Quantities are the same as in Table A.. Data are from Seidelmann and Kenneth (99) and can be found on JPL's Solar System Dynamics website ( maintained by Robert Jacobson. Table A.. Bulk physical data on Jupiter. Mean Radius Mass (kg) Density g cm- Sidereal Rotation Period (hours) Obliquity V(,) (mag) Geometric Albedo 699 ± X Data are from Yoder (99) and can be found on JPL's Solar System Dynamics website ( maintained by Robert Jacobson. Table A.4. Jupiter radii. Radius Mean Equatorial Polar Ionospheric Value 699±6 749 ± ± 74 Data from Lindal et al. (98). These are data represent the bar radius of the planet. From Dessler ( 98) With a spin period of just under hours, Jupiter's equatorial and polar radii are significantly different. Additionally, there are several other radii that are commonly used in different fields.

2 7 Weiss Table A.. Higher order gravitational moments of Jupiter. (.4697 ±.) X - ( -.84 ±.) X - 4 (. ±.) X - All of these are normalized so that J =. See Chapter for a more complete discussion of the derivation and use of these moments. Data are based Campbell and Synnott (98). An equatorial radius of 749 km was used to calculate these parameters. (Campbell and Synnott (98) use a radius of 78 km, so there is a slight difference in these moments.) Table A.6. Zonal wind speeds on Jupiter. Planetographic Latitude Planetocentric Latitude Wind Speed (m s- ) Planetographic Planetocentric Latitude Latitude Wind Speed (m s- ) Planetographic Latitude Planetocentric Latitude Wind Speed (m s- ) The data are based on Simon and Beebe (996). Note that latitude on Jupiter (as an oblate planet) can be given in two ways: planetocentric and planetographic. The former is based on the angle between the equator and the point in question, as seen from the planet's center. The latter is the angle between the local gravity vector and the equatorial plane. See Chapter 6 for further discussion of jovian winds. The conversion between the two forms is (approximately): tan (&graphic) where the Req is the equatorial radius of Jupiter and Rp is the polar radius. (See Table A.4.)

3 Planetary Parameters 7 Table A. 7. Jupiter's magnetic field. Magnetic Moment (gauss) Tilt Tilt Longitude Am (LH) Tilt Longitude AM (RH) Offset (R.J) Offset Latitude Offset Longitude Offset, tilted dipole (the 6 model of Connerney (99)) model of the jovian magnetic field. For a detailed discussion of the magnetic field of Jupiter, please see Chapter 4. Longitudes given here are in "System III", a left-handed coordinate system where longitude increases clockwise as seen from about the north pole of the planet. This system was chosen so that the longitude will always be increasing as an outside observer looks at the rotating planet from space. The spin period of System III is the spin period of the jovian magnetosphere, as judged by the radio emissions. Subtracting Am from 6 provides AM longitude, a right-handed system used in Chapter 4. A more detailed discussion of coordinate systems, including history, is available in Appendix B of Dessler (98). Table A.8. A comparison of jovian magnetic field models. Parameter P 4 6 Ulysses VIP4 Amalthea M (gauss) BM(deg) AM (deg) RH Am (de g) LH Note Note that in Chapter 4, the right-handed coordinate system was used. We give both right-handed (RH) and left-handed (LH) systems here. Table A.9. Discovery circumstances for named satellites of Jupiter. Satellite Number Discovery Date Discoverer Metis (S/979 J) XVI 98 S. P. Synnott/ Voyager Adrastea (S/979 J) XV 979 D. C. Jewitt, E. Danielson A mal thea v 89 E. E. Barnard Thebe (S/979 J) XIV 98 S. P. Synnott/ Voyager Io 6 Galileo Europa II 6 Galileo Ganymede III 6 Galileo Callisto IV 6 Galileo Themisto (S/97 J) XVIII S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Led a XIII 974 C. Kowal Himalia VI 94 C. Perrine Lysithea X 98 S. Nicholson Elara VII 9 C. Perrine Euporie (S/ JlO) XXXIV S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Orthosie (S/ J9) XXXV S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Euanthe (S/ J7) XXXIII S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Thyone (S/ J) XXIX S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Harpalyke (S/ J) XXII S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Hermippe (S/ J) XXX S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Praxidike (S/ J7) XXVII S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Iocaste (S/ J) XXIV S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Ananke XII 9 S. Nicholson Eurydome (S/ J4) XXXII S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Autonoe (S/ Jl) XXVIII S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Pasithee (S/ J6) XXXVIII S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Chaldene (S/ J) XXI S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Isonoe (S/ J6) XXVI S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Kale (S/ J8) XXXVII S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Aitne (S/ J) XXXI S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Erinome (S/ J4) XXV S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Taygete (S/ J9) XX S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Car me XI 98 S. Nicholson Sponde (S/ J) XXXVI S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, J. Kleyna Kalyke (S/ J) XXIII S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Pasiphae VIII 98 P. Melotte Megaclite (S/ J8) XIX S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier Sinope IX 94 S. Nicholson Callirrhoe (S/999 J) XVII 999 J. V. Scotti, T. B. Spahr, R. S. McMillan, J.A. Larsen, J. Montani, A. E. Gleason, T. Gehrels Satellites are listed with their numeric designation, their IAU Designation, discovery year and discoverers. Check for up to date information. For references, see Chapter in Burns and Matthews (986). S/97 J is also S/ Jl.

4 7 Weiss Table A.. Discovery data for unnamed satellites of Jupiter (as of July ). Satellite Number Discovery Date Discoverer Reference S/ J S. S. Sheppard, D. C. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, G. Magnier S/ J S. S. Sheppard IAUC 8 S/ J S. S. Sheppard IAUC 887 S/ J8 B. Gladman IAUC 86 S/ S. S. Sheppard IAUC 889 S/ J4 S. S. Sheppard IAUC 887 S/ J6 B. Gladman IAUC 86 S/ J S. S. Sheppard, B. Gladman IAUC 88 S/ J6 S. S. Sheppard IAUC 887 S/ J8 S. S. Sheppard IAUC 888 S/ J S. S. Sheppard IAUC 889 S/ J S. S. Sheppard IAUC 86 S/ S. S. Sheppard IAUC 889 S/ J7 B. Gladman IAUC 86 S/ J S. S. Sheppard IAUC 8 S/ J9 S. S. Sheppard IAUC 889 S/ J7 S. S. Sheppard IAUC 887 S/ J9 B. Gladman IAUC 8 S/ S. S. Sheppard IAUC 86 S/ J S. S. Sheppard IAUC 887 S/ J4 S. S. Sheppard IAUC 86 S/ J S. S. Sheppard IAUC 887 S/ J S. S. Sheppard IAUC 887 Satellites listed with their numeric designation, their IAU Designation, discovery year and discoverers. Check for up to date information. See Chapter for further discussion. Table A.. Orbital data for named satellites. Satellite al a Period el i w n lvf Epoch (RJ) (clays) vietis Jan. 6. Adrastea Jan. 6. Amalthea Jan. 6. Thebe Jan. 6. Io Jan. 6. Europa Jan. 6. Ganymede Jan. 6. Callisto Jan. 6. Themisto May. 6. Led a Jan.. Hi mali a Jan.. Lysithea Jan.. Elara Jan.. Euporie May. 6. Orthosie May. 6. Euanthe May. 6. Thyone May. 6. Harpalyke May. 6. Hermippe May. 6. Praxiclike May. 6. Iocaste May. 6. Ananke Jan.. Eurydome May. 6. Autonoe May. 6. Pasithee May. 6. Chaldene May. 6. Isonoe May. 6. Kale May. 6. Aitne May. 6. Erinome May. 6. (cont.)

5 Planetary Parameters 7 Table A.. (cont.) Satellite a Period (days) i w n M Epoch Taygete Car me Sponde Kalyke Pasiphae Megaclite Sinope Callirrhoe May. 6. Jan.. May. 6. May. 6. Jan.. May. 6. Jan.. May. 6. All elements are referenced to the local Laplace plane, unless otherwise stated. See Table A. for the meanings of the columns except for M (the mean anomaly) and w (the argument of pericenter). Note: Because of the short orbital periods of these satellites, the data should not be used for accurate ephemeris calculations. See jsalelem.html for updated data. The peri jove ( q) and apojove ( Q) distances can be calculated from the quantities given by the following formulae: q=a(-e) Q = a( +e) Orbital elements are with respect to the ecliptic. Indicates that the eccentricity is forced. Tidal damping would damp these eccentricities to lower values, but the Laplace resonance continues to pump them back up. Table A.. Orbital data for unnamed satellites (as of July ). Satellite a Period (days) i w n M Epoch S/ J S/ J S/ J S/ Jl8 S/ Jl S/ J4 S/ Jl6 S/ J S/ J6 S/ J8 S/ Jl S/ Jl S/ J S/ J7 S/ J S/ J9 S/ J7 S/ Jl9 S/ J S/ J S/ J4 S/ J S/ J May. 6. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. May. 6. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. Jun.. All elements are referenced to the local Laplace plane, unless otherwise stated. See Table A. for the meanings of the columns except for M (the mean anomaly) and w (the argument of pericenter). Note: Because of the short orbital periods of these satellites, the data should not be used for accurate ephemeris calculations. See jsat_elem.html for updated data. The peri jove ( q) and apojove ( Q) distances can be calculated from the quantities given by the following formulae: q = a(- e) Q = a(l +e) Orbital elements are with respect to the ecliptic.

6 74 Weiss Table A.. Physical data for named satellites of Jupiter. Satellite Mass Mean Radius Density Geometric Albedo (kg) (g cm- ) Metis (. ±.) X 7. ±...6 ±. Adrastea (7.4 ± 4.4) X 8. ±... ±.4 A mal thea (.9 ±.6) X ±.4.86 ±.7.9 ±. Thebe (.49 ±.) X ±...47 ±. Io (8.94 ±.9) X 8.6 ±..8 ±.6.6 Europa ( 4.87 ±.4) X 6.8 ±..4 ±..68 Ganymede (.484 ±.) X 6. ± ±.. Callisto (.76 ±.) X 4. ±..84 ±.4.9 Themisto 6.8 X Led a X Himalia 6.7 X Lysithea 6. X Elara 8.6 X Euporie.4 X Orthosie.4 X Euanthe 4.4 X Thyone 8.9 X Harpalyke. X Hermippe 8.9 X Praxidike 4. X Iocaste.9 X Ananke.9 X Euryclome 4.4 X Autonoe 8.9 X Pasithee.4 X Chaldene 7.4 X Isonoe 7.4 X Kale.4 X Aitne 4.4 X Erinome 4.4 X Taygete.6 X Carme. X Sponde.4 X Kalyke.9 X Pasiphae.9 X Megaclite X Sin ope 7.4 X Callirrhoe 8.6 X Note that most satellites are too small to measure the radii directly. In these cases, an albedo has been assumed so that a radius can be estimated. Also, very few satellites have had their masses measured directly, so in most cases a density has been assumed so that the mass can be calculated. For a discussion of the Galilean satellites' interiors, see Chapter. Indicates that mass is derived from an assumed density and/or an estimated radius. (See subsequent notes.) Indicates that radius is derived from visual magnitude and assumed albedo. Indicates that density is assumed. 4 Indicates that albedo is assumed. Table A.4. Physical data for unnamed satellites (as of July ). Satellite Mass Mean Radius (kg) S/ Jll 8.9 X. S/ J 4.4 X. S/ J.4 X. S/ J8.4 X. S/ J.4 X. S/ J4.4 X. S/ J6.4 X. (cont.)

7 Planetary Parameters 7 Table A.4. (cont.) Satellite S/ J S/ J6 S/ J8 S/ J S/ J S/ Jll S/ J7 S/ J S/ J9 S/ J7 S/ Jl9 S/ J S/ J S/ J4 S/ J S/ J Mass (kg).4 X 8.9 X 4.4 X.4 X.4 X.4 X.4 X 4.4 X.4 X 8.9 X.4 X.4 X 8.9 X.4 X 8.9 X.4 X Mean Radius Note that all of these satellites are too small to measure the radii directly. Therefore, a geometric albedo of.4 has been assumed so that a radius can be estimated. In addition, these satellites have not had their masses measured directly, so a density of.6 g cm- has been assumed so that the mass can be estimated. Table A.. Shape data on selected satellites. Satellite S u bplanetary Along Orbit Polar Radius Equatorial Radius Equatorial Radius Metis. ±.. ±. 7. ±. Adrastea. ±. 8. ±. 7. ±. Amalthea. ±. 7. ±. 64. ±. Thebe 8. ±. 49. ±. 4. ±. Io 86. ±. 8.7 ±. 8. ±. Europa 6.4 ±.6 6. ± ±.6 Ganymede 6. ±. 6.8 ±. 6.4 ±. Callisto 48.4 ± ± ±.9 These are the only satellites for which the data allow these calculations. The polar radius measures the radius from center of the satellite to either of the poles. The subplanetary radius measures the radius from the center of the moon to the sub-jovian point. (All of these satellites are synchronously rotating.) The final radius, along the orbit in the equator, measures from the center of the satellite to the surface in the direction of the satellite's orbit. Data from Thomas et al. (998). Data from Davies et al. (998). Table A.6. Data on Jupiter's rings. Ring Inner Edge Outer Edge Thickness Optical Depth Halo 9 X - 6 Main 8 94 < X - 6 Gossamer 894 X - 7 Optical depth data are from Yoder (99), thickness and boundaries are from Ockert-Bell et al. (999). Inner and outer edges are measured from the center of Jupiter. Thickness is the full thickness from below the equatorial plane to above it, except for the halo. The halo thickness is the full-width half-maximum thickness of the halo component.

8 76 Weiss REFERENCES Burns, J. A. and M. S. Matthews, eds, Satellites, University of Arizona Press, 986. Campbell, J. K. and S. P. Synnott, Gravity field of the jovian system from Pioneer and Voyager tracking data, AJ 9, 64-7, 98. Connerney, J. E. P., Magnetic fields of the outer planets, J. Geophys. Res. 98, , 99. Davies, M. E., T. R. Colvin, J. Oberst, W. Zeitler, P. Schuster, G. Neukum, A. S. McEwen, C. B. Phillips, P. C. Thomas, J. Veverka, M. J. S. Belton, and G. Schubert, The control networks of the Galilean satellites and implications for global shape, Icarus, 776, 998. Dessler, A. J., ed., Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere, Cambridge University Press, 98. Lindal, G. F., G. E. Wood, G. S. Levy, J. D. Anderson, D. N. Sweetnam, H. B. Hotz, B. J. Buckles, D. P. Holmes, P. E. Dams, V. R. Eshleman, G. L. Tyler, and T. A. Croft, The atmosphere of Jupiter: An analysis of the Voyager radio occultation measurements, J. Geophys. Res. 86, , 98. Ockert-Bell, M. E., J. A. Burns, I. J. Daubar, P. C. Thomas, J. Veverka, M. J. S. Belton, and K. P. Klaasen, The structure of Jupiter's ring system as revealed by the Galileo imaging experiment, Icarus 8, 88-, 999. Seidelmann, P. K. and P. Kenneth, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, 99. Simon, A. A. and R. F. Beebe, Jovian tropospheric features: Wind field, morphology, and motion of long-lived systems, Icarus,, 996. Thomas, P. C., Burns, J. A., L. Rossier, D. Simonelli, J. Veverka, C. R. Chapman, K. Klaasen, T. V. Johnson, and M. J. S. Belton, The small inner satellites of jupiter, Icarus, 6-7, 998. Yoder, C., Astrometric and Geodetic Properties of the Earth and solar system, American Geophysical Union, 99.