Chapter 8 2/19/2014. Lecture Outline. 8.1 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter. Moons, Rings, and Plutoids. 8.1 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter

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1 Lecture Outline Chapter 8 Moons, Rings, and Plutoids All four Jovian planets have extensive moon systems, and more are continually being discovered. The Galilean moons of Jupiter are those observed by Galileo: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Chapter 8 Moons, Rings, and Plutoids This image shows Jupiter with two of its Galilean moons. Units of Chapter 8 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter The Large Moons of Saturn The Medium-Sized Jovian Moons Planetary Rings Beyond Neptune Plutoids and the Kuiper Belt Summary of Chapter 8 The Galilean moons and their orbits 1

2 Their interiors Europa has no craters; surface is water ice, possibly with liquid water below. Tidal forces stress and crack ice; water flows, keeping surface relatively flat. Io is the densest of Jupiter s moons, and the most geologically active object in the solar system. It has many active volcanoes, some quite large. Io can change surface features in a few weeks. Io has no craters; they fill in too fast Io has the youngest surface of any solar system object. Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system larger than Pluto and Mercury. It has a history similar to Earth s Moon, but with water ice instead of lunar rock. Callisto is similar to Ganymede; no evidence of plate activity. Io is very close to Jupiter, and also experiences gravitational forces from Europa. The tidal forces are huge, and provide the energy for the volcanoes. 2

3 Titan has been known for many years to have an atmosphere thicker and denser than Earth s; mostly nitrogen and argon. Makes surface impossible to see; the picture at right was taken from only 4000 km away. Trace chemicals in Titan s atmosphere make it chemically complex. Infrared image of Titan, showing detail, and possible icy volcano Few craters, consistent with active surface Complex chemical interactions in atmosphere Triton is in a retrograde orbit; its surface has few craters, indicating an active surface. Nitrogen geysers have been observed on Triton, contributing to the surface features. The Huygens lander took these images of the surface of Titan. Densities of these moons suggest that they are rock and water ice. 3

4 Moons of Saturn, in natural color Note the similarities, as well as the large crater on Mimas. The ring system of Saturn is large and complex, and easily seen from Earth. The other Jovian planets have ring systems as well. Moons of Uranus and Neptune The rings are not solid; they are composed of small rocky and icy particles. Miranda shows evidence of a violent past, although the origin of the surface features is unknown. Our view of Saturn s rings changes as the planets move in their orbits. 4

5 The Roche limit is where the tidal forces of the planet are too strong for a moon to survive; this is where rings are formed. Shepherd moons define the edges of some of the rings. All observed ring systems are within this limit. Jupiter has been found to have a small, thin ring. Voyager probes showed Saturn s rings to be much more complex than originally thought. Earth is shown on the same scale as the rings. The rings of Uranus are more complex. 5

6 Two shepherd moons keep the epsilon ring from diffusing. 8.5 Beyond Neptune Pluto s moon, Charon, was discovered in It is orbitally locked to Pluto, and about a sixth as large. Pluto also has two smaller moons, Nix and Hydra, discovered in Neptune has five rings, three narrow and two wide. 8.5 Beyond Neptune Charon s orbit is at a large angle to the plane of Pluto s orbit. 8.5 Beyond Neptune Pluto was discovered in It was thought to be needed to explain irregularities in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, but it turned out that there were no such irregularities. 8.6 Plutoids and the Kuiper Belt The first Kuiper belt objects were observed in the 1990s, and more than 700 are now known. Some of them are comparable in size to Pluto. These images show Eris and its moon Dysnomia. 6

7 8.6 Plutoids and the Kuiper Belt This figure shows several of the largest known trans-neptunian objects, now collectively called plutoids. Summary of Chapter 8 Outer solar system has 6 large moons, 12 medium ones, and many smaller ones. Titan has a thick atmosphere and may have flowing rivers of methane. Triton has a fractured surface and a retrograde orbit. Medium-sized moons of Saturn and Uranus are mostly rock and water ice. Saturn s rings are complex, and some are defined by shepherd moons. Summary of Chapter 8, cont. The Roche limit is the closest a moon can survive near a planet; inside this limit rings form instead. Jupiter, Uranus, all have faint ring systems. Pluto has three moons, Charon, Nix, and Hydra. Dwarf planets beyond Neptune (including Pluto) are now known as plutoids. 7

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