Some Historical Notes on Noctilucent Cloud Studies. John Olivero Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
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1 Some Historical Notes on Noctilucent Cloud Studies John Olivero Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
2 ABSTRACT A brief history of noctilucent cloud studies both from an objective point of view, along with a personal history of my exposure to some of these themes. I came, I saw, and I am still confused!
3 Some Basic History 1880s First recorded observations Cloud height estimated as 82.9 km [Jesse, 1889] Why are cloud heights so constant? Ground based (passive) observers (N. Europe, Russia, Canada) [Witt,1962] 1960s sounding rocket observations (Sweden, Canada) particle capture attempts photometry Evolution of rocket campaigns
4 Basic History (cont,) 1960s (continued) OGO 6 makes first global measurements The first of many satellites s Gadsden s contributions (observations, spectroscopy, polarimetry, and modeling 1980s LIDAR studies begin to characterize the MLT: temperature, dynamics, meteoric metals, NLC in high time & space resolution.
5 Basic History (Cont,) 1980s (cont,) Microphysical models [Turco, et al 1982] Full dynamical/microphysical models First trends estimate [Nature paper Thomas et al 1989] CH 4 H 2 O leading to observable NLC 2000s SBUV satellite series detects trend and a solar cycle effect
6 POLAR MESOSPHERIC CLOUD OBSERVATIONS FROM SATELLITE INSTRUMENTS Instrument (Satellite) Dates (PMC data) Observing method Key references OGO 6 June 1969 Dec.1970 Limb scattering (visible) Donahue et al. (1972) SBUV (Nimbus 7), SBUV/2 Nov present Nadir backscatter (visible) Thomas et al. (1991) and (NOAA 9, 11, 14, 16, 17) DeLand et al. (2003) UVS (SME) Oct Dec.1986 Limb scattering (UV) Thomas (1984) and Thomas and Olivero (1989) METEOSAT 1983 present Limb scattering (visible) Gadsden (2000)
7 SAGE II (ERBS) Oct Nov.2000 Solar occultation (UV, visible, Burton and Thomason near IR) (2000) and Shettle et al. (2002b) WINDII (UARS) Sep July1996 Limb scattering (visible) Evans et al. (1995) and Shettle et al. (2002a) HALOE (UARS) Sep.1991 present Solar occultation (IR) Hervig et al. (2001) and Hervig and Siskind (2005) POAM (SPOT Oct Nov.1996; Solar occultation (UV, Debrestian et al visible, near IR) (1997a, b) and Shettle et al. (20 MAHRSI (Shuttle) Nov.1994 & Aug1997 Limb scattering (UV) Stevens et al. (2001) CRISTA (Shuttle) Nov.1994 & Aug1997 Thermal emission (IR) Stevens et al. (2003)
8 SPIRIT III (MSX) May 1996 Feb 1997 Thermal emission (IR) O Neil et al. (2001) UVISI (MSX) May 1996 Dec.1999 Limb scattering (UV) Carbary et al. (1999, 2004) UVS (SNOE) Feb.1998 Dec.2003 Limb scattering (UV) Merkel et al. (2003) and Bailey et al. (2005) OSIRIS (Odin) Nov present Limb scattering g (UV, visible) Petalina et al. (2005a) SCIAMACHY (Envisat) Apr 2002 present Limb scattering (UV, vis, IR) von Savigny et al. (2004) OMI (AURA) 2004 present Nadir scatter (UV, vis.) Deland et al (2010) CIPS (AIM) 2007 present Nadir backscatter (UV, vis) Rusch et al (2009) SOFIE (AIM) 007 present Solar occultation (IR) Gordley et al (2009) and Russell et al (2009)
9 A Personal History 1966 Heard Fiocco s talk on NLC at NASA Conference 1970 Dissertation on MLT at Michigan 1972 OGO 6 shows widespread phenomena used data to estimate particle radii < 100 nm 1980s Thomas contacts me for two theses on NLC + informs me of plans for SME satellite studies helps me take a sabbatical at LASP We publish first global climatology of NLC from SME observations We dare to call observations PMC
10 l POAM II & III SH PMCs (with Shettle, Rusch, Randall, et al) Three Satellite Study (with Thomas, Shettle, and Evans) SME + SAGE II +UARS WINDII SBUV Thomas tries to interest me, but I suggest it is like hunting Arctic hares in a snowstorm Eventually I give in this is the only long term global data set collaboration with Thomas Shettle, Evans and DeLand)
11 POAM II & III SH PMCs (with Shettle, Rusch, Randall, et al) Three Satellite Study (with Thomas, Shettle, and Evans) SME + SAGE II +UARS WINDII SBUV observations Thomas tries to interest me, but my comment was it was like hunting Arctic Hares in a Snowstorm Eventually I do give in the are no other long term NLC/PMC data sets available (collaboratewith Thomas, DeLand, Shettle, and Evans.
12 Where are we now? SOFIE AIM is giving us the most detailed look into NLC structure in the vertical CIPS AIM is helping us visualize NLC horizontal structure LIMA model is achieving impressive results Particle size workshops made real progress, but also reminded us how difficult it is to do this well PMC trends are still unsettled science
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